Insects Feed Trees - Colorado State University
INSECTSTHAT FEED ONCOLORADOTREES AND SHRUBS1Whitney CranshawDavid LeathermanBoris KondratieffBulletin 506ATABLE OF CONTENTSDEFOLIATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Leaf Feeding Caterpillars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cecropia Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Polyphemus Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada Buck Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pandora Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Io Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fall Webworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tiger Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Dagger Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redhumped Caterpillar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Achemon Sphinx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 1. Common sphinx moths of ColoradoDouglas-fir Tussock Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.88899101011121313141415Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension etnomologist and associate professor, entomology; DavidLeatherman, entomologist, Colorado State Forest Service; Boris Kondratieff, associate professor, entomology. 8/93. ColoradoState University Cooperative Extension. 1994. For more information, contact your county Cooperative Extension office.Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperationwith the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Milan Rewerts, interim director of Cooperative Extension,Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Cooperative Extension programs are available to allwithout discrimination. No endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of productsnot mentioned.
Insects That Feed on Colorado Trees and ShrubsPage 2Western Spruce Budworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine Budworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Large Aspen Tortrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cankerworms and other Loopers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 2. A summary of the life history of common inchworms (Family:Geometridae) developing on trees and shrubs in Colorado . . . . .Uglynest Caterpillar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fruittree Leafroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Juniper Webworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forest Tent Caterpillar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sonoran Tent Caterpillar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Western Tent Caterpillar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 3. Tent-making caterpillars and sawflies of Colorado . . . . . . . . .Snailcase Bagworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spiny Elm Caterpillar/Mourning Cloak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hackberry Butterfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine Butterfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Leaf Feeding Beetles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rabbitbrush Beetle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cottonwood Leaf Beetle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elm Leaf Beetle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flea Beetles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ashgray Blister Beetle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black Vine Weevil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Severity of Defoliation injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Leaf Feeding Sawflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pearslug (Pear sawfly) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Imported Currantworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Brownheaded Ash Sawfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poplar Leaffolding Sawfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Conifer Sawflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bull Pine Sawfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Juniper Sawfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Web-spinning Sawflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 4. Sawflies recorded from Colorado that feed on trees and shrubs7Leafcutter Bees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grasshoppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323233333434353636303939LEAF AND NEEDLEMINERS . . .Aspen Leafminer . . . . . . . .Spotted Tentiform LeafminerLilac Leafminer . . . . . . . . .41414242.
Insects That Feed on Colorado Trees and ShrubsPage 3Ponderosa Pine Needle Miner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pinyon Needleminer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine Needle Sheath Miner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spruce Needleminer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .White Fir Needleminer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poplar Blackmine Beetle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elm Leafminer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Birch Leafminer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 5. A Key to Common Insect Groups causing Foliage Injuries toPlant Foliage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Woody.4343444445454646. . . 47GALL MAKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Petiolegall Aphids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poplar Vagabond Aphid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hackberry Nipplegall Maker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hackberry Budgall Psyllid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eriophyid Mites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 6. Common deformities to woody plants caused bymites in Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poplar Budgall Mite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ash Flowergall Mite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pinyon Spindlegall Midge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pinyon Stunt Needlegall Midge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stubby Needlegall Midge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gouty Veingall Midge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Honeylocust Podgall Midge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Willow Cone Gall Midge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Juniper Tip Midge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poplar Twiggall Fly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rabbitbrush Gall Makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rose Gall Wasps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gall Wasps Associated With Oak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rough Bulletgall Wasp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Willow Gall Sawflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Willow Redgall Sawfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6262636464TIP MOTHS, TWIG AND TERMINAL BORERSSouthwestern Pine Tip Moth . . . . . . . . .Pinyon Pitch Nodule Moth . . . . . . . . . .Cottonwood Twig Borer . . . . . . . . . . . .Peach Twig Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6666676768.
Insects That Feed on Colorado Trees and ShrubsPinyon Tip Moth . . . . .White Pine Weevil . . . .Gouty Pitch Midge . . . .Pemphredon Wasps . . .Rose Stem-Boring Sawfly.Page 4.6969717172BARK AND TWIG BEETLES . . . . . . .Twig Beetles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Western Cedar Bark Beetles . . . .Mountain Pine Beetle . . . . . . . . .Douglas-fir Beetle . . . . . . . . . . .Red Turpentine Beetle . . . . . . . .Engraver Beetles . . . . . . . . . . . .Ash Bark Beetles . . . . . . . . . . . .Shothole Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle.74747575777878797980BORERS OF TRUNKS AND LARGER BRANCHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pinyon "Pitch Mass" Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 7. Flight Periods and Hosts of Common Woody Plant Borers in.Zimmerman Pine Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Carpenterworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Peach Tree Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 8. Common Colorado Clearwing Borers (Sesiidae) Captured byPheromone Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Currant Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lilac/Ash Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Raspberry Crown Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elder Shoot Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cottonwood Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Locust Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pole Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blackhorned Pine Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ponderous Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine Sawyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redheaded Ash Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poplar Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Juniper Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flatheaded Appletree Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bronze Birch Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rose Stem Girdler/Bronze Cane Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado. . 82. . 82.83848586.8687888990909191929293939495969697.
Insects That Feed on Colorado Trees and ShrubsPage 5Pigeon Tremex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Poplar and Willow Borer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99SCALE INSECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 9. Comparison of General Characteristics of Armored Scales versus the’Soft’ Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oystershell Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .San Jose Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Walnut Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine Needle Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scurfy Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Juniper Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black Pineleaf Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Common Falsepit Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pinyon Needle Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Striped Pine Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cottony Maple Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European Fruit Lecanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spruce Bud Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kermes Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European Elm Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Golden Oak Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 10. General Timing of Scale Crawler Appearance for Common ColoradoScale Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .APHIDS, LEAFHOPPERS AND RELATED INSECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 11. Common Colorado Aphids That Alternate Between Woody andHerbaceous Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Green Peach Aphid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Honeysuckle "Witches Broom" Aphid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elm Leaf Aphid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Boxelder and Maple Aphids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Giant Conifer Aphids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Giant Willow Aphid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 12. Aphids That Commonly Create Nuisance Problems with Honeydewin Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Leafcurl Ash Aphid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Woolly Apple Aphid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Woolly Pine Adelgids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawthorn Mealybug (Two-Circuli Mealybug) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grape Mealybug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pear Psylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09110. 111. . 112.112113114115115115116.116117117118119119120
Insects That Feed on Colorado Trees and ShrubsWhite Apple Leafhopper . . . . . . . . .Virginia Creeper (Ziczac) LeafhopperHoneylocust Leafhopper . . . . . . . . .Juniper Spittlebug . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Putnam’s Cicada . . . . . . . . . . . . . .’TRUE’ BUGS (Hemiptera) .Honeylocust Plant BugAsh Plant Bug . . . . .Lacebugs . . . . . . . . .Page 6.121122123123124.126126127127SPIDER MITES . . . . . . . . . . .Honeylocust Spider MiteSpruce Spider Mite . . . .Twospotted Spider Mite.128128129129.known from 139140140141141142136143144144INSECTS THAT FEED ON FRUIT, SEEDS, AND CONES . .Western Conifer Seed Bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Boxelder Bug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lygus Bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Codling Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Speckled Green Fruitworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Western Cherry Fruit Fly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 13. Key to the adult stages of Rhagoletis fruit flies.Chokecherry Gall Midge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rose Curculio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cherry Curculio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH COLORADO TREES ANDSHRUBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rough Stink Bug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dog-day Cicadas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Buffalo Treehopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arid-land Subterranean Termite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Broadwinged Katydid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Prairie Walkingstick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European Earwig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Giant Ichneumon Wasp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cicada Killer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Baldfaced Hornet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Carpenter Ants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insects That Feed on Colorado Trees and ShrubsPage 7Twotailed/Western Swallowtails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Bumble Flower Beetle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Tenlined June Beetle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146VERTEBRATE DAMAGE THAT IS SIMILAR TO INSECT INJURIES . . . . . . . . . . 147Woodpeckers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Squirrel Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS OF INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH TREES ANDSHRUBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lady Beetles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clerid Beetles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Green Lacewings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Brown Lacewings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Syrphid Flies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Predatory Stink Bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assassin Bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Predatory Mites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spiders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hunting Wasps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tachinid Flies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Braconid and Ichneumonid Wasps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chalcid Wasps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Insect Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GLOSSARY OF 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155HOST PLANT INDEX OF INSECT PESTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158APPROXIMATE TIMING OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELATED TO INSECTSAFFECTING TREES AND SHRUBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171RELATED PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
DEFOLIATORSLEAF FEEDING CATERPILLARSCaterpillars are the immature stages of moths orbutterflies and belong to the order Lepidoptera. Theyare typical of insects that develop in a pattern knownas complete metamorphosis, involving the egg, larva,pupa, and adult stages. Each developmental stage isseparated by a molt, and there are typically four tosix molts during the larval stage.Caterpillars feed by chewing plants. Mostcommon are those that consume leaves and needles.However, many trees and shrubs support species thattunnel leaves or needles (see Leaf and Needleminers), bore into cones or fruit (see the sectionInsects that Feed on Fruit, Seeds, and Cones), ortunnel into branches and trunks (see the sectionBorers of Trunks and Larger Branches).Although a great many caterpillars feed onColorado trees and shrubs, most occur chronically inlow numbers and are rarely damaging. Consecutiveannual problems are not common except for a fewserious outbreak species such as Douglas-fir tussockmoth and certain budworms.Because caterpillars eat most of their foodvolume during the latest (i.e., largest) larval stages,defoliation may appear to occur very suddenly.Often, problems are not detected until feeding isnearly over and treatments are no longer of benefit.Detection of incipient problems can be made bywatching for small larvae and the early phases of leafor needle feeding. In some situations the pelletedcaterpillar excrement (frass) on the ground canindicate a possible infestation within a tree.For most caterpillars on shade trees and shrubsPyrenone, Tempo, Talstar, Orthene, Tame, and Sevinare highly effective insecticides for control. Also, Bacillus thuringiensis (e.g., Dipel, Thuricide, MVP,Steward), the active ingredient in a group ofmicrobial insecticides with exceptional safetycharacteristics, is also effective against mostcaterpillars if it is applied in a manner that allowsingestion by the insect larvae.Insecticide applications made against caterpillarsthat produce protective structures (fall webworm,leafrollers, etc.) must be made shortly after eggshatch. Treatments made later will generally fail tocontact the insect. The addition of a wetting agent,such as soap, can improve coverage and is particularly useful for additional control of hairycaterpillars.Specific recommendations for these insectsappear in the supplement on insect controlrecommendations. Sections in the supplement whichdeal with leaf feeding caterpillars include: Leaf feeding caterpillars, Douglas-fir tussock moth, Budworms, Fall webworm, and Leafrollers.CECROPIA MOTHHyalophora cecropia (L.)Family: SaturniidaeAppearance: Adults - Large and colorful mothswith a wingspan of five and one half to six and onehalf inches. Brownish-gray wings with whitecrescent-shaped eye-spots, a dark spot near the tip ofeach forewing and red bordered crossbands. Thebody is thick and red, crossed with white lines.Larvae - Large, sluggish green caterpillars, from 3to 4 inches long, with bright blue lateral tuberclesand yellow dorsal tubercles which turn bright rednear the head.Late instar larva of a crecopia moth. Photograph byD.A. Leatherman.Hosts: At least 50 species of deciduous trees andshrubs are hosts of larvae of the cecropia moth.Lilac, elder, ash, and various species of viburnum areamong the more common local landascape plants onwhich it feeds.Damage: The larvae chew leaves and mature caterpillars consume very large amounts of foliage in ashort period of time. However, defoliation occurs late
Insects that Feed on Colorado Trees and Shrubsin the season. Because injury is late and large numbers of larvae rarely occur damage is minimal, although it commonly attracts attention.Life Historyand Habits: Pupaeoverwinter in largedouble-walledcocoons fastened tobranches. The adults(which have nomouthparts) emergein the spring, mate,lay eggs and die.Eggs are laid insmall groups ontwigs and larvaehatch and feed fromJune throughSeptember. Whenfull grown thelarvae wander from Cocoon of a crecopia moth.Photograph by W.S. Cranshaw.the plant in searchfor a pupation site. There is one generation per year.Related Species: A closely related species,Hyalophora gloveri gloveri, which occurs at higherelevations in Colorado. It most always is found onRhus trilobata but is reported to feed on maple, willow and many other trees and shrubs.Miscellaneous Notes: The cecropia moth and thepolyphemus moth are the two largest moths foundcommonly in Colorado yards. Both may be attractedto lights in spring and can be easily collected.Control: Defoliation occurs late in the seasonand is rarely extensive. Controls are not recommended.POLYPHEMUS MOTHAntheraea polyphemus (Cramer)Family: SaturniidaeAppearance: Adults - Large tan moths with awingspan of 4 to 5 inches. Circular, translucenteyespots appear on each wing; the hind wing spotsare distinctively rimmed with yellow, blue and black.Larvae - Large, sluggish apple-green caterpillars, upto three and one half inches long at maturity, withPage 9six rows of even-sized orange or golden tuberclesarising from red spots.Hosts: Many deciduous trees and shrubs. Dogwood shrubs and plum are among the more commonhosts in Colorado.Damage: Mature larvae chew leaves of a varietyof plants and feed very heavily for a short time inlate summer as they near maturity. However the timeof injury and infrequency of outbreaks makes thisinsect primarily a curiosity.Late instar caterpillar of the polyphemus moth.Photograph by J.L. Capinera.Life History and Habits: The polyphemus mothoverwinters as a pupa in broadly oval cocoons foundon the ground or suspended on branches. In thespring, adults emerge, mate, and lay eggs on twigs.Larvae spend the summer feeding and pupate earlyin the fall. There is one generation per year.Control: Defoliation occurs late in the seasonand is rarely extensive. Controls are not recommended.NEVADA BUCK MOTHHemileuca nevadensis StretchFamily: SaturniidaeAppearance: Adults - Wingspan of the moth isabout three inches. Each wing is dark with a whitetransverse band containing a small eyespot marking.The abdomen has a reddish tuft. Larvae - Caterpillars are black when young, turning yellow as theymature. Older caterpillars have red heads andbranched, black and white lateral spines, plus tworows of yellow dorsal spines.Hosts: Cottonwood, poplars and willow, occasionally aspen
Insects that Feed on Colorado Trees and ShrubsDamage: Larvae feed on foliage and during outbreaks can defoliate trees. The spines can cause skinirritation.Life History and Habits: Egg masses that ringthe twigs are the overwintering stage. These hatch inlate April or early May. Larvae first feed gregariously, later dispersing. They grow and molt fivetimes before dropping to the ground to pupate. Mostadults emerge in fall, although some may overwinteras pupae. The name "buck moth" was given becauseadults can be observed during fall deer huntingseason.Mature caterpillar of the Nevada buck moth.Photograph by D.A. Leatherman.Related Species: Several Hemileuca species alsoma
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Cooperative Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. No endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. THAT FEED ON COLORADO TREES AND SHRUBS1 Whitney Cranshaw David Lea
FAO FORESTRY PAPER FAO FORESTRY PAPER 171 171 FAO Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security 171 Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security I3253E/1/04.13 ISBN 978-92-5-107595-1 ISSN 0258-6150 9 789251 075951
b. Insects play an important part in the food chain by providing food for other animals. c. Some insects destroy other insects that are considered harmful. d. Insects pollinate crops. e. Insects damage or destroy crops, food and fiber products, and wood. f. Insects provide food (honey from the h
3/30/2015 2 Pollinators Bees Wasps Flies Others Decomposers Break down dead animals and plants Recycle nutrients Natural Enemies Beneficial insects or other organisms that destroy harmful insects Predators eat other insects Parasitoids develop in other insects Pathogens cause diseases in insects P
The Man Who Planted Trees Curriculum Guide ABOUT TREES, pg. 1 ABOUT TREES, cont. pg. 12 Author Jean Giono once said that he wrote The Man Who Planted Trees because he wanted to “to make people love trees, or more precisely to make people love planting trees.” Read on to learn more about trees and the many
and other insects, as well as other related animals (known as arthropods), such as spiders and scorpions. Why Study Insects? Insects are all around us. There are more species of insects than of any other group of animals, and many have not even been discovered yet. Insects affect man
To be called aquatic insects, insects must spend part of their lives in water. They may live beneath the water surface or skim along the top. Some examples of aquatic insects are mosquitoes, dragonflies and caddisflies. Aquatic insects come in many shapes and sizes, and they all have some interesting ways of dealing with living in and on water.
To be called aquatic insects, insects must spend part of their lives in water. They may live beneath the water surface or skim along the top. Some examples of aquatic insects are mosquitoes, dragonflies and caddisflies. Aquatic insects come in many shapes and sizes, and they all have some interesting ways of dealing with living in and on water.
repair genes) in the datasets created in this research are as follows: ageing-related DNA repair genes‟ protein products tend to interact with a considerably larger number of proteins; their protein products are much more likely to interact with WRN (a protein whose defect causes the Werner‟s progeroid syndrome) and XRCC5 (KU80, a key protein in the initiation of DNA double-strand repair .
