MASONRY COURSE TEXT
MASONRY COURSE TEXT 1ST EDITIONCOURSE TEXT5A Century Drive, Trincity Industrial Estate,Macoya, Trinidad, West IndiesTel: (868) 663-4MIC (4642)Fax: (868) 663-6055Email: micl@tstt.net.ttWebsite: www.mic.co.tt1ST EDITION
NOTICE TO THE READERThe reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt ALL safety precautions that might be indicated by the activitesin this text, and to use common sense to avoid ALL potential hazards. By following the instructions contained in thetext, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions.BRAND DISCLAIMERMIC does not necessarily recommend or endorse any particular company or brand name product that may bediscussed or pictured in this text. Brand name products are used because they are readily available, likely to beknown to the reader, or their use may aid in the understanding of the text. MIC recognizes that other brand names orgeneric products may be substituted and work as well or even better than those featured in the text.Copyright 2011by Metal Industries Company Limited (MIC)Funded by the European Development Fund (EDF)All rights reserved. No part of this text may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of MIC Ltd.edf Non-University Tertiary Education Sector“ Aiding the GROWTH of Global Minds”Funded by the European UnionThe Government of Trinidad and Tobago
MASONRYCOURSE TEXT1ST EDITION
ivCONTENTSELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONCHAPTER 1 - SAFETYMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE)ELECTRICAL SAFETYFIRST AIDSCAFFOLDINGGENERAL SAFETY MEASURESSAFETY WORK PRACTICESHOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?155889101112CHAPTER 2 - TOOLSTOOLS COMMONLY USED IN MASONRYPOWER MASONRY TOOLSHOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?15162932CHAPTER 3 - MASONRY MATERIALSSTONESANDGRAVELCEMENTMORTARCONCRETECLAY AND CONCRETE BUILDING MATERIALSWIREHOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?33343637373942495456CHAPTER 4 - BLUEPRINT READING AND DRAFTINGBASIC INFORMATION ABOUT BLUEPRINTSTHE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SKETCHES/DRAWINGSMASONRY ABBREVIATIONSBLUEPRINT SYMBOLSSCALESDRAFTINGHOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?5960606465717274CHAPTER 5 - MEASURING/LAYING OUT WORK AREALAYING OUT A WALLPREPARING THE FOOTINGLAYING OUT A SIMPLE RECTANGULAR BUILDING WITH THE USE OF BATTER BOARDS77787980
CHAPTER 2 SQUARING USING THE SIX-EIGHT-TEN METHODSQUARING USING THE DIAGONAL METHODHOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW? v848586CHAPTER 6 - LAYING BLOCKS/BRICKS TO LINE 89CUTTING WALLING MATERIALS 91BONDS 93LAYING THE BLOCKS 98LINTELS 101POINTING 105HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW? 108CHAPTER 7 - APPLYING PLASTER (MORTAR) TO WALLS PROPER SELECTION OF TOOLS FOR PLASTERINGPREPARATION OF (BACKGROUND) WALLMEASURING THE CORRECT QUANTITY AND SELECTING THE BEST QUALITYMATERIALS FOR MORTARPREPARATION OF PLASTER MORTARPLACING OF REFERENCE POINTSESTABLISHING SCREEDS AS GUIDESFILLING AND RODING BETWEEN SCREEDSSPREADING AND FLOATINGMAKING EDGESSPONGING WALLSSOME CHALLENGES PLASTERERS ENCOUNTER HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW? 111112112CHAPTER 8 - TILES AND TILING TOOLS COMMONLY USED IN TILE SETTING MATERIALS USED IN TILING PREPARATION OF WORK AREA FOR SETTING TILES LAYING TILES TECHNICAL IMAGES USED IN TILING HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW? 2GLOSSARY 175BIBLIOGRAPHY 179
viSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONpecial thanks to the following persons fortheir invaluable input in the developmentand production of this Course Text:The Course Text Committee which was responsiblefor researching, writing, reviewing, designing andlaying out the text:Curtis AdamsAdam AndrewsShawn BaptisteJulianna BaptisteDavid FarnumAncel BhagwandeenRaymond La CroixGwenyth BleasdellCurtis MitchellDr. Sheila CooperChristopher MulliganJeremy HarewoodDon RampersadJamila LewisCrystal SealyElizabeth Warner-DavidWinzie SinghElon WilliamsAvinash JagassarThe Trainees:Roselyn BaggooIn Collaboration with:Hilton GeorgeMr. Derick Thompson – Masonry Technical Expert,Content Specialist, External Verifier (NTA),Examination Moderator (N.E.C).Shaundell JonesAnthony Lee FoonMikhail Passee
TPREFACEhis text has been developed for the purposeof assisting tutors and trainees in meetingthe requirements of the Helping You Prepare forEmployment (HYPE) training programme.HYPE is premised on helping young peopleovercome unemployment barriers while gainingskills, knowledge and confidence that will helpthem to be self supporting.With the rapid expansion of the constructionindustry fuelled by the building of thousands ofhomes per year and other mega projects, the realpossibility exist for the creation of thousands ofsustainable jobs through the various buildingconstruction programmes.The HYPE programme offers trainees agolden opportunity to utilize these avenuesfor employment so that they can play ameaningful role in our country’s human resourcedevelopment.This text therefore is in keeping with MIC’sgoal to provide trainees with the basic abilityto develop skills in the occupational areas ofMasonry and Tile setting.N.B. This text is NOT a construction engineeringtext book and therefore it should NOT be used tosolve problems of a building nature.The text addresses the following: Knowledge of Tools and EquipmentKnowledge of Masonry MaterialsKnowledge of Safety and how it relates tothe Occupational Safety and Health Act2004 of Trinidad and Tobago.Processes involved in: Brick LayingRendering/PlasteringTile LayingLaying out simple projectsCHAPTER 2 viiBricklaying modules include: Measuring and Laying out of walls and floorsErecting profilesMixing mortarLaying blocks/ bricks to lineFinishes given to brick/ block workPlumb walls and level floors.Cutting blocks and bricks.Plastering/Rendering includes: Preparation of backgroundLayout of background to place buttonsPlacing buttons and making screedsApplying plaster (mortar) to wallsRod/Float and Sponge background surfacesMaking edges.Tile Laying provides knowledge in the areas of: Preparation of surfacesLaying out of walls and floorsAdhesives used in installing tilesPointing/ cleaning of tiles.The text is divided into eight main chapters:Chapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8SafetyTools Commonly used in MasonryMasonry MaterialsBlueprint Reading and DraftingMeasuring/Laying Out Work AreaLaying Blocks/Bricks To LineApplying Plaster (Mortar) To WallsTiles and TilingAs all trainees work towards acquiring skillsthat will give them confidence and the necessarycompetence geared towards a successful careerin masonry, it is important to note that this isthe start of a long journey with endless careeropportunities.
viiiTINTRODUCTIONELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONhis Masonry Textforms partof a series of Technical/ Vocational booksaimed at sharing knowledge applicable to levelone Technical Vocational Education and Training(TVET). It takes the reader on a journey fromgeneral safety to tools and materials, to processesand outcomes. The text outlines the necessaryskills in the specialized area of Masonry. Itis simple in language and easy for a level oneMasonry student\ trainee to understand. Thelevel outlined in this course is representativeof the criteria for level one training outlined inthe Trinidad and Tobago National VocationalQualifications Framework (TTNVQ) and theCaribbean Vocational Qualification (CVQ)accepted by accrediting bodies in Trinidad andTobago including the Accreditation Council ofTrinidad and Tobago (ACTT) and the NationalTraining Agency (NTA). According to the “DraftTertiary Qualifications Framework” (2007),an individual who has achieved a level onequalification should be able to demonstrate thefollowing: Knowledge and skills of/for various tasksrequired for the performance of a routinejob.Practical skills necessary for the effectiveperformance of jobs and/or tasks.Apply solutions to complex problems.Communicate effectively.Undertake the training necessary toimplement changes in working practicesDisplay the necessary qualities foremployment under supervision.Apply technology to research technicalinformation.In order to ensure that this course text facilitatesdifferent types of learning several techniquesare used. The text is highly pictorial, with bothpicture diagrams and drawings meant to assistall explanations and ensure that learning is madeeasy.
CHAPTER 2 Evident throughout the course text is the useof the character Vern. Vern is used to highlightreminders, safety requirements and points toSafety first!Vern reminds you aboutsafety tips and requirementsthat help prevent injury andthe occurence of accidentson the job.ixnote. The following is a graphical representationof the different ways Vern appears throughoutthis book and what each representation means:Vern wields his trusty trowel as heinforms you of important points to note.From time to time he also offers ideasand suggestions aimed at helpingyou increase your knowledge andproductivity, and enhance your masonryskills and techniques.Vern is looking for answers andhe’s asking: “How much do youknow?”At the end of each chapter, you willencounter a practice test with MultipleChoice, True/False and Essay typeitems, to test your knowledge on thecompleted chapter.Vern the graduate will give youmoral support as you do thosepractice tests. So let’s see howmuch you know.It is hoped that you are now equippedwith all the information necessary tounderstand the material presented inthis course text.
CHAPTER 1SAFETYSafety and Health is the responsibility of everymason. It should be a ‘first priority’ at anyjob site or for any masonry activity. There are somesafety factors that are universal – exist in all masonryactivities – but there are others that are specific to aparticular task/job. This section of the text focuseson general safety and as such will highlight thefollowing: SafetyMaterial Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)Electrical SafetyFirst AidSummaryHow much do you know?
MASONRY2SafetyAll technical working environments inTrinidad and Tobago are subjected to therules and regulations outlined by the OccupationalSafety and Health Authority/Agency (OSHA).According to the Occupational Safety and HealthAct 2004 “Work of engineering construction”means the construction, structural alteration orrepair (including re-pointing and re-painting) orthe demolition of any other works prescribed bythe minister.Safety is necessary not only because it is citedby the Occupational Safety and Health Act2004, but also because good safety practices andtraining can minimize work related injury andfatal accidents. Thus a safety prepared masonshould be aware of his/her work environment aswell as the safety required for specific masonryrelated tasks. Such a mason should also be awarethat the jobsite is a hazardous environment, andnot just in the area where he/she may be situatedfor the work day. Thus Personal ProtectionEquipment (PPE) should be warn at all times andthe mason should be aware of various situations,for example, openings in the floor, objects thatcould fall, chemicals used on the site, ceilings,walls, vehicle movement and other potentiallydisastrous activities existing on the job site.Mason shouldwear glovesand helmetUnsafebalancing act!Scaffolds shouldbe properlyconstructed andThe mason mustwear proper PPEand observe safepractices at ALLtimes to reducethe occurenceUse leather gloves when using tools.These will protect the hands and fingersfrom cuts, bruises and scrapes. Whenworking with mortar, avoid direct contactTry to keep work area as cleanas possible and free fromTools should be placed within easy reach on hisperson. Placing on the scaffold can result in a trip orA diagram of a jobsite highlighting potentially hazardous circumstances
CHAPTER 1 SafetyThe following diagram shows some of the Safety Signs that may be seen at a job site.Type of SignMeaning(s) ExamplesProhibitionSignsYou must not,Do not, Stop!STOPNoDo NotNoMandatorySignsOBEYYou mustcarry out theaction shown.SafetyBootsFaceshieldHard Hat/ HelmetWarningSignsDANGERCaution, Riskof Danger,HazardHighIndustrialSafe Conditionsand First AidSignsSAFETYThe safeway, First Aidequipment,FirstFire SignsFIRELocationand Type offire fightingequipment,.FireFire3
4MASONRYThe following chart is representative of theOSHA Safety Sign Classification TableDANGER(Emergency)WARNING(Be on Guard)Danger tags shall be used in major hazard situations where animmediate hazard presents a threat of death or serious injury toemployees.OSHA §1910.145(f)(5)Warning tags may be used to represent a hazard level between“Caution” and “Danger,” instead of the required “Caution” tag,provided that they have a signal word of “Warning” and an appropriatemajor message.OSHA §1910.145(f)(7)CAUTIONCaution tags shall be used in minor hazard situations where a nonimmediate or potential hazard or unsafe practice presents a lesserthreat of employee injury.OSHA §1910.145(f)(6)NOTICE(Information)Other tags may be used in addition to those required by §1910.145(f),or in situations where §1910.145(f) does not require tags, provided thatthey do not detract from the impact or visibility of the signal word ormajor message of any required tag.OSHA §1910.145(f)(9)SAFETY(and First Aid)BIOHAZARDSafety instruction signs shall be used where there is a need for generalinstructions and suggestions relative to safety measures.OSHA §1910.145(c)(3)Biological hazard tags shall be used to identify the actual or potentialpresence of a biological hazard and to identify equipment,containers, rooms, experimental animals, or combinations thereof, thatcontain or are contaminated with hazardous biological agents.OSHA §1910.145(f)(8)(i)
CHAPTER 1 SafetyMaterial SafetyData Sheets (MSDS)AMaterial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) isa “document that provides informationabout the hazards of a material or product, howto use the material safely and what to do in caseof emergency.” This sheet can be found in anyjob site or technical environment and is placed inlocations where is can be easily accessed.5facility, job site or Technical VocationalEducation and Training (TVET) environment,for all individuals to wear PPE.PPE can be separated into the followingcategories: EyeFaceHeadFeetHandsKneesEarsBodyFallFireMinor injuryRespiratory/ inhalationElectrical devicesWelding, cutting, and brazingThe most commonly used apparatus for eyesafety is the safety glasses and goggles. Themain function of the protective goggles is tokeep from the eye particles of material, dust andother harmful agents, while the mason is at work.PersonalProtectionEquipment (PPE)A hazard is anything that can cause or createhurt/injury or illness. It is necessary in hazardousenvironments such as that existing in a technicalAlthough thereare safety glasses that have sideshields to keepdebris from entering throughthe sides ofthem, they donotprovidecomplete protection for all
6MASONRYtasks or masonry environments. In most casesgoggles provide more efficient protection andare therefore the preferred choice.For face safety, the mostcommonly usedform of PPE isthe face shield.This instrumentminimizes injury caused by flying debris. Mostcommon incidences wherethis is used are therefore, those that involve cutting and brazing. It must be noted however, thatthe face shield does not provide adequate safetyfor the eyes. Safety glasses or goggles shouldtherefore be worn while using a face shield.Thehathardand/orhelmetis used forhead safety.It helps toprotectthemason’s headfrom fallingdebrisorobjects whichmay have become loose, dislodged or blown withheavy winds, at higher levels on constructionsites.Steel tipped shoes/boots are used for feetprotection. They protect the feet from protrud-ing nails, splinters, sharp objects and falling debris of a heavy nature. These types of boots aremade withstrong leather material,andhavereinforcedsteeltoesand non-skidthick soles orrubber soles.Leather gloves are worn by the mason toprevent his/her hands from sustaining cuts,bruises and other abrasions during the course ofhis/her work activity.Rubber gloves are used when the mason isworking within a wet environment or in othercases where materials are damp or of a wet nature.This type of glove keeps the mason’s hands dryand also preventsmortar and othermaterialsfromcausing injury tofingers.Kneepadsaremost commonlyused for kneeprotection.For protection of the body an overall is used.
CHAPTER 1 SafetyFor fall protection it isalways necessary to usea secure harness, lifelineor lanyard. There areseveral types that are asfollows:For noise protection,ear muffs/defendersor ear plugs can be usedinterchangeably depending on the environment.Dust masks are used forprotection of therespiratory system.Forinjuriesminorit isalways wise tohave a first aidkit nearby.Afireextinguisher ishandy in case of afire emergency,however it must be noted that different classes offires (for example Class A, B, C and D) requiredifferent extinguishing methods. Lanyard AnchorBody beltShork absorbinglanyardLifelineRope grabHarness7
MASONRY8Electrical SafetyFFirst AidelectricalasafetyorGround Fault CircuitInterrupter (GFCI) isnecessary. This is anelectric componentthat interrupts thepowersuppliedto a power tool ifdangerous conditionsexist.If one is not installed in the job site it isrecommended that a portable GFCI is used.Safety Tip: Always ensure that anextension cord in use is unpluggedfrom the power source before it isrolled or unrolled. Failure to follow thisinstruction can lead to unexpectedelectrocution.First Aid items are necessary for everyjobsite or technical environment oranywhere there is hazardous activity. Plumbersor any other ‘tradesman’ is accustomed to minorcuts and bruises that are simply in need of someantibacterial ointment and a band-aid. Allplumbers should be aware however that the useof equipment such as power saws and hacksawscould lead to serious injury needing immediateattention. Thus all plumbers should be familiarwith basic first aid as well as the use of a first aidkit. It would also be helpful to know methods tostop massive bleeding.A first aid kit should always be accessible andfully equipped with cleaning products andantibiotic creams or ointments. This kit shouldbe inspected on a regular basis to ensure that itis always fully stocked. The following is a list ofitems that can be found in a first aid kit: Plasters/band-aidsSurgical glovesBurn creamAntibiotic creamAntibiotic ointmentBandagesGauze pads
CHAPTER 1 Safety ScaffoldingScissorsAdhesive tapeInstant cold packTweezersSting and bite ointmentSafety Tip: Always ensure that youreyes, nose and mouth are protectedbefore attempting first aid on afellow student/trainee or instructor.Remember performing mouth-tomouth resuscitation can expose you toviruses.Safety in the workplace is of paramountimportance. This involves everyone whoeither works on the site or occasionally visits thesite for whatever reason. Safety therefore, mustbe recognized as everyone’s concern.In the building industry, accidents are a frequentoccurrence. These accidents in many cases resultin the loss of jobs or serious injury to personsand sometimes resulting in death.It is generally recognized that accidents canbe minimized if not prevented. However, thereduction of accidents ultimately depends onthe efforts made by everyone to sharpen theirconcern on all aspects of safety while on theworksite.Hereunder are some safety considerations thatmust be followed, so that the work done by themason can be carried out in an environment wheresafety is uppermost on the minds of everyone.9Amason depends to a large extent onscaffolds to do his job. Because of this,when erecting scaffolds, care and attention mustbe given to all elements of safety. Towards thisend, scaffolds must be erected and designed tosupport the load it is expected to carry.Three main causes of injury that are associatedwith scaffolds are:1. Falling from the scaffold with the loss ofone’s balance.2. Faulty construction of scaffolds.3. Tools and materials falling from the scaffoldand striking others below.These accidents can in every case be prevented ifthe simple rules of safety are obeyed.1. Plumb and level all scaffolds.2. Fasten all braces securely3. Do not use ladders or makeshift devices ontop of scaffolds to increase the height.4. Do not overload scaffolds.5. Inspect erected scaffolds regularly.
10MASONRYGeneral SafetyMeasures Use leather gloves when using tools. Thesewill protect the hands and fingers from cuts,bruises and scrapes.Prevent and correct burrs, teeth and dents onthe sharp edges of tools.The handles of tools must be kept properlyfitted, without splinters or cracks. When using cutting tools, always cut awayfrom the body.Do not place tools on ladders or scaffoldswhere they may fall and cause injury toothers.Keep eyes protected by wearing eyeprotection. Always store blocks and bricks in tiers thatrest on a solid foundation. Do not stackhigher than 7 feet.When stacking bags of cement, lay everyother layer clockwise. Do not stack morethan 8 sacks high.When pouring cement from the sack, doso slowly and as close as possible to theaggregate as this will prevent dust fromrising and getting into eyes and nostrils.Always use gloves and boots when handlingmaterials with sharp edges.The gloves will protect hands from thefriction of the blocks and the boots willprotect the feet from possible blows.Take care when using the trowel. The edgesbecome sharp with constant use.When cutting with the chisel, always workwith the chisel below eye level.Wash and clean tools after use and storethem properly.Do not use ladders with broken rungs.Keep ladders out of walkways and trafficareas.Never stand on the highest rung of theladder.When lifting heavy loads, lift with your legs,not with your back. When moving materials with thewheelbarrow keep the body erect and avoidputting strain on the back.Do not overload wheel barrows.
CHAPTER 1 SafetySafety WorkPracticesThe mason together with those who are on thework site must carry out a risk assessmentexercise to identify potential safety hazards.Everyone on the job must know where accidentsare likely to occur and how to prevent them fromhappening. Above all, there must be a keen senseof responsibility for other workers.Here are some points that the mason may use asguidelines:1. Be alert and determine where accidents arelikely to happen.2. Properly secure tools after use and storethem in places where they cannot beinterfered with.3. Do not use faulty tools and equipment.4. Follow safe work practices. Do not takeshortcuts or expose yourself to dangerunnecessarily.5. Keep the work area clean.6. Wear all necessary PPE required for the jobor task.7. Do not exceed the capacity of machineswhen using them.8. Ensure that machines are in stable positionsbefore operating them.9. Never operate a machine when someone isstanding in the path of an object that mightbe thrown from the machine.10. Never reach into the inside of a cementmixer while it is running or still in operation.11SummaryThis chapter provides general safetyinformation for a healthy workenvironment. It is by no means the only sourceof health and safety information and any safetyconscious mason would make himself/herselffamiliar with other literature on this topic. It isalso recommended that you become familiarwith the regulations outlined by OSHA keepingyourself up-to-date with safety for masons.Remember that every job site has hazards thatare common and those that are unique andyou should be aware of all potential hazardsin your work environment. Always wear PPEand be aware of the cautionary signs in yourenvironment.
12MASONRYHOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?1.Why is it considered important to wear safety boots?2.List six safety workshop rules.3.Why are respirators worn/used?4.Explain briefly four (4) causes of workshop accidents.5.A hard hat is required on all construction sites. True/ False6.Wearing shorts and tennis shoes on the worksite is a good practice. True/ False7.Describe three causes of injury owing to faulty scaffolds.8.What safety measures must be employed when using cutting tools?9.What precautions must one take when lifting heavy loads?10.Why must ladders be kept out of walkways and traffic areas?11.Which of the following sources is not a component of the Fire Triangle?(a) Fuel(b) Oxygen(c) Mixture(d) Heat12.According to the OSHA Laws of Trinidad and Tobago, the primary responsibility for safety restswith the: (a) safety officer(b) employer(c) employee(d) contractor13.Which of the following accident types causes the most injusries in the workplace?(a) falls to the ground(b) overexertion(c) struck by an object
CHAPTER 1 Safety13MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS: Circle the letter (only) of your answer. Circle one answer only.1.2.3.4.5.What type of protection best describes the Safety Symbol diagram shown below?(a)Respiratory(b)Eye(c)Face(d)HeadWhich one of the following best describes the Safety Symbol diagram shown below?(a)Safety Glasses(b)Gas Mask(c)Face Protection(d)Respiratory ProtectionWhat type of protection, best describes the Safety Symbol diagram shown below?(a)Hand(b)Ankle/ Toes(c)Foot(d)Heel/ InstepWhat type of protection best describes the Safety Symbol diagram shown below?(a)Hearing(b)Respiratory(c)Hand(d)HeadWhich one of the following best describes the Safety Symbol diagram shown below?(a)Leather Gloves(b)Welding Gloves(c)Hand Protection(d)Fingers’ Protection
MASONRY146.The symbols below, show items which must be worn on a construction job site.Which one of the following ACRONYMS can best describe the symbols above?(a)PAHO(b)PPE(c)O.S.H.A.(d)WHOFILL IN THE BLANK SPACES: Use the words in Part A, to fill in the four (4) blank spaces beloweach safety symbol in Part B.Part AGas maskGlovesGogglesHand ProtectionRespiratorSafety GlassesFace maskRespiratory ProtectionDust maskLeather glovesRubber bootsSteel-Tip bootsOxygen maskHead gearFoot ProtectionHelmetHead ProtectionEye ProtectionSteel- Toe shoesPlastic glovesRubber glovesHard hatSafety spectaclesPart B
CHAPTER 2TOOLSThe hallmark of a good mason is howwell he puts to use the tools andmaterials at his disposal. Tools used in thecorrect manner greatly assist the masonin carrying out his job successfully. It istherefore important for every mason tolearn how to use each tool skilfully if he isto make a success of his trade.
16MASONRYTOOLS COMMONLYTrowels come in different sizes and types.USED IN MASONRYTrowelThe trowel is used for spreading and applyingmortar unto various surfaces (masonry based andnon-masonry based surfaces).It is the tool that is most used by the masonhowever it is important to note that there aredifferent types of trowels, also known as specialpurpose trowels, e.g. pointing trowel andpipe trowel.Large trowels are used in the construction ofwalls, facings and pavements.The trowel is made of various parts as identifiedin the diagram below.The smaller trowel is used for finishing operationsand decorative work.In order for the trowel to provide maximumassistance to the mason, it must be kept clean andfree from old mortar.handleferruleshankbladeheelpointThe blade is joined to the handle by the shank.Wooden handles usually have a metal bandcalled a ferrule around the end of the shank.This adds strength to the handle and prevents itfrom splitting.The part of the blade nearest the handle is wideand is called the heel while the narrow end of theblade is called the point.Towels are available in lengths from 2’’ to 9’’ andin widths from 4 ½’’ to 7’’.Mason’s trowels are produced with wide sharpheels or narrow rounded heels. Special purposetrowels allow the mason to perform somespecialized jobs better.The selection of a trowel for use should dependon the weight, size, thickness, quality of thematerial, flexibility of the blade and the angle inwhich the blade is set in the handle.The blade must be made of a fine grade of steelto withstand rather rough usage. Cutting a brickwith the edge of the blade can damage or destroythe tool and it also subjects it to considerableshock. The constant wearing action of brick andmortar requires a metal that is well tapered andof good quality.
CHAPTER 2 ToolsFor those just starting work as a mason, amanageable trowel should be selected. The largertrowel has a long handle and narrow blade whichrequires a stronger wrist, owing to the weight ofthe mortar so far out from the handle.However, as the mason develops his skill, thelarge trowel can be handled with equal dexterityas a short trowel.17Please NoteAvoid dropping the folding rule onits end. This may result in the jointsbeing loosened causing inaccuratemeasurements. Even the slightestmovement at each joint multiplies intofractions of an inch over several feet.RulesAs in many other occupations, the rule is anessential tool that is used by the mason. It is ameasuring tool and the most common are:a.The folding ruleb.The retractable steel tape.Retractable TapeFolding RuleMany masons carry a retractable steel tape fortheir convenience, since the tape retracts into thecase at the push of a button.The 6ft. folding rule is a standard tool used bythe mason. It is equipped with a metal slidingextension.This rule can be used to take accurate internalmeasurements. It can be extended and held abovethe head to measure heights. Thus, measurementscan be taken by one person where a flexible rulemay require two persons and a ladder.A hook at the end permits the tape to catch on theend or edge of a piece of stock so that it can bepulled out to make the measurement.The newer, wide tapes are stiff enough whenextended to permit overhead measurements to bemade by an individual mason.The wide tapes are generally 15ft., 25ft., or morein length. Tapes of comparable lengths are alsoavailable in metric measurements.
18MASONRYSquaresCombination Squar
Bricklaying modules include: Measuring and Laying out of walls and fl oors Erecting profi les Mixing mortar Laying blocks/ bricks to line Finishes given to brick/ block work Plumb walls and level fl oors. Cutting blocks and bricks. Plastering/Rendering includes: Preparation of background
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Masonry lintel design is a critical part of an efficient structural masonry solution. The design of masonry . Figure 2: Steel lintel at bearing Figure 3: Masonry lintel intersection masonry jamb. 2020. Lintel design criteria for all tables below: - Masonry design is based on f'm 2500 psi, strength design, and is designed using NCMA .
Home Walls Masonry Walls Roof-to-Masonry-Wall Connections Roof-to-Masonry-Wall Connections In older houses with masonry walls it is common to find a 2x8 lumber plate that is bolted or strapped flat like a plate to the top of the masonry wall. The trusses or rafters are then connected to this plate. In older homes the connection may be
masonry school, it would have been a major issue for tilt-up construction. Masonry adapts well to almost any terrain while tilt-up requires a flat surface and sometimes considerable in-fill. Still, there was probably additional site work that would have increased the masonry school cost. (2) The masonry school had a greater window area.
retrofitting an existing masonry wall for increased loads. Masonry Properties: Shear and flexural masonry strength is dependent on the specified compressive strength (f'm) of the existing masonry assembly. The value of f'm, in turn, is dependent on the combination of the net compressive strength of the masonry units and the mortar type.
Concrete Masonry andoo 1 1 Principal Differences between Blockwork and Brickwork Masonry is the word used to describe walls built out of masonry units laid on a mortar bed. Masonry Units are commonly called: ksBloc (which are generally large hollow units) and; icks Br (which are smaller units, either solid or with small cores).File Size: 634KB
10th Canadian Masonry Symposium, Banff, Alberta, June 8 – 12, 2005 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS W.C. McEwen1 and R.R. Marshall2 1 Executive Director, Masonry Institute of British Columbia, 3636 East 4th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5M 1M3, info@masonrybc.org 2 Executive Director, Masonry Canada, 4628 10th Lin
masonry mass with heat. The mass then radiates heat into the area around the masonry heater for up to 24 hours. As a heat-storage device with a high thermal mass, masonry heaters offer steady heat output with typi-cally one to two full loads of fuel per day only. Masonry heaters are, in general, low heat output devices
