Features Of The Travel And Tourism Industry Chapter 1

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Cambridge University Press978-1-316-60063-4 — Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism CoursebookSue Stewart , Fiona Warburton , John D. SmithExcerptMore Information1Chapter 1Features of the travel and tourism industryIn this section of the syllabus you will learn about: the nature of travel and tourism, including the main types of tourism, types of destination,the main reasons why people travel and characteristics of the industrythe scale of the travel and tourism industryfactors afecting tourismthe structure of the travel and tourism industrythe subsectors of the industry. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-316-60063-4 — Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism CoursebookSue Stewart , Fiona Warburton , John D. SmithExcerptMore InformationCambridge International AS and A Level Travel and TourismIntroductionThe past 70 years have seen a remarkable growth intourism-related activities. For example, the number ofinternational arrivals shows an evolution from a mere 25million international arrivals in 1950 to nearly 12 billionin 2015, corresponding to an average annual growth rateof over 6%. Today travel and tourism is one of the world’slargest industries, it was responsible for 9.8% of worldGDP (US 7.6 trillion) in 2014, 5.4% of total exports and nowsupports nearly 277 million people in employment, whichequates to 1 out of every 11 people, in both the advancedand emerging economies. Furthermore, growth in tourismis expected to continue at a rate of 4% each year withtourists expected to continue spending more per trip andto stay longer on their holidays in the next ten years.2The Cambridge International AS and A Level syllabusintroduces candidates to the dynamic nature of the traveland tourism industry and to the various ways in whichit responds to change. This gives the readers a broadunderstanding of one of the world’s fastest growingindustries. This book investigates the reasons for the rapidgrowth in the modern travel and tourism industry andshows why it is described as ‘the world’s biggest industry’.Readers will learn that the international travel and tourismindustry consists of a wide variety of commercial and noncommercial organisations that work together to supplyproducts and services to tourists. During your studies, youwill develop an appreciation of the values and attitudes ofdiferent organisations and the significance of travel andtourism to the economies of many countries.To help introduce you to the content here are a few simplestarter activities. You may or may not have studied thetravel and tourism industry before but you will knowsomething about it. Complete the following holidaysurvey, based on your most recent experience, with asmany details as you can remember about the trip.Holiday FeaturesDetailsdestinationlength of iesfood & drinktype of bookingTable .The details you provide will be valid illustrations ofaspects of the Travel and Tourism syllabus content. Thedestination you visited determines whether you wouldbe classified as a domestic or an outgoing tourist. Thedestination, if abroad, may have been long haul or shorthaul; at home it may have been a short break or you werevisiting friends and relatives, which is known as VFR.actIvIty 11 You should be able to identify and provide examplesof the main Travel, Tourism and Hospitalitycomponent activities present in your local area. Youshould be aware that it is possible to place theseinto categories. Name three examples in your localarea of each of the following: places of entertainment travel service providers (travel agents etc.) transport services (air, rail and road) catering facilities accommodation types sport and leisure venues/providers other visitor attractions.2 These are all examples of the things that help tomake tourism come alive not just in your local area in this web service Cambridge University Pressbut in all types of destination. You will have paidmoney and been a customer in some of them.If you went to primary school in your local area youwill have seen lots of changes over the last decade.Think and write about some illustrations of thefollowing: new building developments new events new attractions.3 Have you been a guest at a wedding reception orsome other similar event? Where was it held and whatdid the event involve as far you can remember? Youranswers to all these questions will show that you havesome basic familiarity with the products, services andfacilities provided by travel and tourism organisations.www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-316-60063-4 — Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism CoursebookSue Stewart , Fiona Warburton , John D. SmithExcerptMore InformationChapter 1: Features of the travel and tourism industryThe accommodation used during your trip may havebeen serviced or self-catering, such as a four star hotelor a camp site, and you may have had half board or anall-inclusive meal plan. Whilst on holiday you may havevisited natural and/or built tourist attractions and usedthe services of a local Tourist Information Centre (TIC) orguide. The holiday, or some of its components, may havebeen booked through a travel agency or direct with a touroperator. Diferent methods of transport by land, sea andair may have made up parts of the holiday.There will be some aspects of your local area that willqualify it as being a tourist destination. Destinations areplaces where tourism develops. Tourist destinations arethemselves influenced by the prevailing social, cultural,environmental, economic and political conditions. It isfundamental to the concept of the tourist destinationthat tourism is generally not the sole economic activityor function within the area identified as a destination.1.1 the nature of traveland tourismTravel, tourism and hospitality are old concepts andhistory is full of examples of explorers travelling to distantlands. Today, people around the world travel for manyreasons and international travel by road, rail, sea andair transport has become common. However, shouldall people who travel to a particular destination beregarded as tourists? It is worthwhile now to consider thedefinition of the word ‘tourist’. In 1995, the World TourismOrganization (UNWTO) provided the following clarification:‘Any person who travels to a country other thanthat in which s/he has his/her usual residence, butoutside his/her usual environment for a periodof at least one night but not more than one yearand whose main purpose of visit is other than theexercise of an activity remunerated from withinthe country visited. This term includes peopletravelling for leisure, recreation and holidays, visitingfriends and relatives, business and professionalhealth treatment, religious pilgrimages and otherpurposes.’‘This definition of what being a tourist actually involveshelps us to define the word tourism with a good degree ofaccuracy and one of the more straightforward definitionsis that used by the UK Tourism Society:’ in this web service Cambridge University Press‘Tourism is the temporary short term movement ofpeople to destinations outside places where theynormally live and work, and their activities duringtheir stay at these destinations.’‘In other words, tourism comprises the activities ofpersons travelling to and staying in places outside theirusual environment for not more than one consecutiveyear for leisure, business and other purposes. We can nowhave a look at some of the diferent types of tourism andconsider the main reasons why people travel.’Main types of tourismDomestic tourismTourism is classified as domestic when the trip or holidaytakes place within a person’s home country. If a travellercrosses one or more national borders, this becomesinternational tourism and they will be classified asan international arrival in their destination country. AnAmerican citizen flying from Los Angeles (LAX) to Auckland(AKL) would be an outbound tourist from the USA andan inbound tourist to New Zealand. International touristarrivals and international tourist receipts are the mostcommonly accepted measures of a country’s internationaltourism industry. Tourism is a key driver of New Zealand’seconomy and it attracts people from around the world.Tourism’s direct contribution to New Zealand’s GDP wasNZ 8.3 billion or 4.0% in 2014.3Domestic tourism in New Zealand continues to grow.Domestic tourism is popular with some people becauseit is convenient in many respects. For example, there areno dificulties speaking the language, using the currencyand no passport or visa is required for travel. During2013 domestic tourism increased by 4% to reach 19million trips. 2013 domestic trip growth was, however,lower than the 9% growth seen in 2012. The moremoderate growth in 2013 was perhaps due in part to theappreciation of the New Zealand dollar between 2012and 2013, which made outbound travel more attractive.The number of domestic trips is expected to reach 21million trips by 2018. Domestic travel spending generated56.3% of direct travel and tourism GDP in 2014 in NewZealand compared with 43.7% for visitor exports (foreignvisitor spending or international tourism receipts).Domestic travel spending is expected to reach the valueof NZ 15.9 billion by 2025.Inbound tourism involves overseas residents visitinga country and in 2014 New Zealand received 2 857 400www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-316-60063-4 — Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism CoursebookSue Stewart , Fiona Warburton , John D. SmithExcerptMore InformationCambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourisminternational visitors, up 5.1% on the previous year.International visitors contributed more than NZ 9.6 billionto New Zealand’s economy. Figure 1.1 shows one of NewZealand’s attractions for inbound tourists.Outbound tourism refers to residents leaving their homecountry to travel overseas, usually for a holiday. In 2011,New Zealand residents made 2.2 million trips abroad, up1% on the previous year.type of domestictripNumber of trips(millions)day tripsovernight tripstotal nightsannual growth(%).Table . Tourism is a key driver of New Zealand’s economy4Mass tourismMass tourism is a form of tourism that involves a largenumber of tourists coming to one destination. There isusually a particular reason to visit a particular locationfor mass tourism purposes, such as skiing in a mountainresort or sunbathing at a beach location. This formof tourism can involve tens of thousands of peopletravelling to the same destination, oten at the same timeof year. It has been the most popular form of tourismsince mass tourism holiday products were introduced inthe 1970s as it is oten the cheapest way to go abroad onholiday. A traditional package holiday is an example ofmass tourism.Specialised tourismTourism has changed in recent times to reflect thechanging tastes and preferences of visitors. To meet theneeds, wants and expectations of a more adventurouspopulation, the travel and tourism industry has respondedover the last decade with the rapid growth of specialisedtourism geared towards particular interests such ashiking, painting or culinary activities. According to theWorld Tourism Industry (UNWTO), specialised tourismcan be defined as that which involves individual or grouptours by people who wish to develop their given interestsor visit places with a connection to their specific interest.Sports tourism and medical tourism are two examples. Wewill look at a broad range of diferent forms of specialisedtourism later in the chapter.Figure . Whale watching in New ZealandKEy cONcEPtSGlobal and growingThe New Zealand study shows the growth rate of tourismfor one country, but the patterns shown can be foundaround the world, highlighting the importance of thisindustry on a global scale.Key marketNumber of trips(millions)annual growth(%)AustraliaUKUSAChina .Japan- .Table . International visitors in New Zealand in this web service Cambridge University PressIndependent and packaged tourismAnother innovation that has afected the travel andtourism industry in recent years is the way in whichtravel and tourism products are packaged. The rapiddevelopment of online services have changed howtravellers book holidays. This has led to the creationof independent tourism. An independent holidayis one in which the traveller organises and bookstransport and accommodation from separate sourcesrather than purchasing them together as part of anorganised package. Packaged tourism, on the otherhand, is defined as the simultaneous sale of at leasttwo elements of a holiday to the traveller, such asfares on public transport (e.g. flights) and commercialaccommodation (e.g. a hotel or self-catering apartment).Other elements, such as meals or excursions, are notessential to the definition of a holiday package, but mayalso be included.www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-316-60063-4 — Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism CoursebookSue Stewart , Fiona Warburton , John D. SmithExcerptMore InformationChapter 1: Features of the travel and tourism industryTypes of destinationKEy tERMSDestination: any geographical area consisting of all theservices and infrastructure necessary to support tourism i.e.the basic physical and organisational structures and facilities(e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies).Simply then, destinations are the places to whichpeople travel in order to take part in leisure and tourismactivities. Because people travel for diferent reasons,diferent aspects or features of a destination may appealto diferent people. Destinations can be categorisedunder the following types.ResortThe word ‘resort’ is oten used to describe a tourismdestination. These are places in which a high proportionof the jobs and businesses are connected to tourism.Resorts have a range of accommodation and includea number of attractions and other tourist facilities. Forexample beach resorts are on the beach and the mainamenities and activities for visitors are linked to thebeach, as in Benidorm and Alicante, which are in theCosta Blanca area of Spain. Resorts can also be purposebuilt such as Center Parcs or Disneyland Paris. Theseofer accommodation, food and beverages, activitiesand amenities designed around a certain theme andwere carefully planned and developed to attract certaincustomer groups. Integrated resorts are a relativelynew, mixed development concept which are large scaleand purpose built. An integrated resort ofers a broadrange of leisure and conference facilities as well as acasino. There are two integrated resorts in Singapore,which opened in 2010. Resorts World Sentosa is afamily-centred attraction, and includes the region’s firstUniversal Studios theme park, S.E.A. Aquarium (one ofthe world’s largest aquariums), Adventure Cove Waterparkand Dolphin Island. Other attractions include a MaritimeExperiential Museum, an award-winning destination spa,a casino, six unique hotels, the Resorts World ConventionCentre, celebrity chef restaurants and specialised retailoutlets. Marina Bay Sands (see Figure 1.2) is a luxuryresort complex, ofering a 2 561-room hotel, a conventionexhibition centre, The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sandsboutique shopping centre, a museum, two large theatres,seven ‘celebrity chef’ restaurants, a skating rink andthe world’s largest atrium casino with 500 tables. Othercountries also ofer integrated resorts, which are popularespecially in Asia. in this web service Cambridge University PressFigure . The Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort,in Singaporetown, city, countryAny geographical location can be a destination if it has theability to attract visitors to it, no matter the size or scaleof the area. Small medieval towns, historic city centres,even whole regions such as the Loire Valley in France orthe Shanxi province in China are all destinations withcharm, curious traditions, popular festivities and deliciouslocal foods to attract tourists. countries can be describedas destinations too: Thailand or Kenya are both popular.5Urban and ruralUrban destinations are those with a relatively highpopulation density so these are mainly large towns andcities. Day trips are popular to urban destinations asthe transport infrastructure is usually well developed tocomplement a wide range of other facilities for tourists.Tourists usually go there for business purposes, to goshopping, for entertainment venues or to visit museums,churches and other built attractions. New York is anexample of an urban destination. Rural destinations,also known as countryside destinations, are those inmore remote and less densely populated areas. Touristsvisit rural destinations to enjoy natural attractions suchas lakes, mountains and forests. An example of a ruraldestination is the Fjords of Norway.coastal and islandcoastal destinations as the term suggests are towns andvillages that attract visitors because they are located onthe coast. Visits here are also known as seaside tourismand these types of destination are popular with families.Coastal destinations form an important part of thetraditional ‘Sun, sea and sand’ package holiday. Calanguteis a coastal destination in Goa, India. Island destinationsattract visitors with their exotic images of white sandywww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-316-60063-4 — Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism CoursebookSue Stewart , Fiona Warburton , John D. SmithExcerptMore InformationCambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism6beaches, activities such as snorkeling amongst the coralreefs and their strong cultural heritage. Jamaica is anisland destination in the Caribbean.Reasons why people travelMore Economically Developed countries (MEDcs)and Less Economically Developed countries (LEDcs)This is an important means of classifying destinations.Traditionally MEDCs have played an important role asdestinations, acting as tourist receiving areas becausethey have the most developed infrastructure to supportvisitor numbers. Typical MEDCs are in the northernhemisphere and include countries in Western Europe,North America, Australia and Japan. By nature LEDCsare poor countries, and do not have stable economies.Their infrastructure is not well developed and there aresometimes political problems. All of these factors havemade them unsuitable as tourist destinations in the past.Examples of LEDCs include Ethiopia, Cambodia andHaiti. However, over the last decade or so, many LEDCshave realised that there are many benefits to be gainedfrom tourism and therefore some of these countries areemerging as destinations, attracting increasing numbersof visitors. Many LEDCs have been able to promote andexploit their natural landscapes and wildlife, from safarisin Tanzania and Kenya, gorilla trekking in Rwanda, torainforest trekking in Costa Rica and glacier tours inArgentina. Other countries have relied on historical andcultural attractions such as Mexico and Egypt with theirpyramids, Laos with the Angkor Watt temples and Peruwith the Inca ruins of Machu Picchu. Newly industrialisedcountries (NICs) including Brazil, India and China are alsogaining importance as destinations.Leisure travelVery simply, leisure travel is travel for pleasure andenjoyment. Leisure tourists visit a destination to see anattraction, take part in activities and to experience abreak from their usual daily routines. The important pointabout leisure travel is that people are travelling to engagein some leisure-related activity during their free timeand that they are using their own money in order to doso. Their travel plans are not work-related (although it iscommon for some individuals to combine business withpleasure) and to all intents and purposes such travellersare on holiday. Furthermore, these leisure travellers can besub-divided into categories such as

Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism. Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-60063-4 — Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism Coursebook Sue Stewart , Fiona Warburton , John D. Smith Excerpt More Information

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