E-ISSN: 2320-7078 Nesting Behaviour And Nesting Substrates .

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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(6): 583-591E-ISSN: 2320-7078P-ISSN: 2349-6800www.entomoljournal.comJEZS 2020; 8(6): 583-591 2020 JEZSReceived: 24-08-2020Accepted: 30-09-2020Showket A DarAssistant Professor, Division ofEntomology, KVK- Kargil, Ladakh,Sher-e-Kashmir University ofAgricultural Sciences and Technology ofKashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaSajad H WaniAssistant Professor Dept. ofBiotechnology, Govt. Degree CollegeShopian, Kashmir, Jammu andKashmir, IndiaKounser JaveedAssistant Professor Division of FruitScience, AAC, Pahnoo Shopian Sher-eKashmir University of AgriculturalSciences and Technology of Kashmir,Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaMir Owais AhmadResearch Scholar Division ofEntomology, Sher-e-Kashmir Universityof Agricultural Sciences and Technologyof Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu andKashmir, IndiaSajad H MirAssistant Professor Division ofEntomology, Sher-e-Kashmir Universityof Agricultural Sciences and Technologyof Kashmir, Wadura Sopore, Jammuand Kashmir, IndiaMunazah YaqoobAssociate Professor Division ofEntomology, Sher-e-Kashmir Universityof Agricultural Sciences and Technologyof Kashmir, Wadura Sopore, Jammuand Kashmir, IndiaAbid ShowkatJunior Agriculture Assistant Dept. ofAgriculture Govt. Jammu and Kashmir,IndiaAjaz A KundooResearch Scholar Division ofEntomology, Sher-e-Kashmir Universityof Agricultural Sciences and Technologyof Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu andKashmir, IndiaRohie HassanResearch Scholar Dept. of Zoology,OPGS University of Rajasthan, IndiaUmer Bin FarookResearch Scholar Division ofEntomology, Sher-e-Kashmir Universityof Agricultural Sciences and Technologyof Kashmir, Wadura Sopore, Jammuand Kashmir, IndiaCorresponding Author:Showket A DarAssistant Professor, Division ofEntomology, KVK- Kargil, Ladakh,Sher-e-Kashmir University ofAgricultural Sciences and Technology ofKashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaNesting behaviour and nesting substrates of insectpollinators of Indian HimalayasShowket A Dar, Sajad H Wani, Kounser Javeed, Mir Owais Ahmad,Sajad H Mir, Munazah Yaqoob, Abid Showkat, Ajaz A Kundoo, RohieHassan and Umer Bin FarookAbstractThe present study was carried out in three experimental sites of Kashmir valley during 2013 to 2014. Thenesting behaviors and habitat of all insect species pollinating fruit crops were investigated. Highest of 46species were observed, belonging to 5 orders, 20 families and 31 genera of class Insecta. Total of 17species were categorized in different landscapes of Himalayan areas as endogeic, 6 hypergeic and 23were found to wander over grasses, herbs and dead material. Habitat components determining thestructure of bee communities in surroundings of the foraging resources. For the organization of the beecommunities study clearly demonstrate that a variety of nesting substrates and nest building materialsplayed a key role. Generally, the potential bare grounds and nesting cavities are two factors influencingthe entire bee community. The compositions of nest guilds at any potential areas also have a relativeabundance of a dominant species. The important areas representing the huge density of nesting sites arenecessarily the steep and sloping grounds, pithy stems, cracks and crevices, snail shells, beetle holes andpre-existing burrows. Nesting site varies across habitat and is clear determinant of bee community andforage resource availability and diversity. Principle component analysis (PCA) was done to determine thehabitat requirements and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test determined the nest density between thepollinators of different nesting habitat behaviours in three experimental locations and the difference werefound statistically significant.Keywords: nesting, pollination, insects, soil, habitat, lepidoptera, dipteraIntroductionBees (Hymenoptera) are an integral part of our environment that decides the fate of majority offlowering plants (Dar et al. 2016; Dar et al. 2017a) [15]. They possess a wide range of nestingstrategies based on the substrates they use and the materials with which they line their broodcells. Bees can be classified either burrowers or cavity-nesters, depending on whether or notthey excavate their own nests or simply occupy a pre-existing cavity. Direct assessments ofnative bee nesting have focused on twig- and cavity nesting guilds that readily occupy trapnests. These guilds comprise less than15 per cent of all bee species; instead, the majority ofnative bees are solitary ground-nesters (Michener, 2007) [29]. Species Osmia latreillei and O.submicans are active soil nesters and cavities were excavated from early March to end of May(Wafa, 1971) [41]. Solitary soil-nesting bee species constitute 25 per cent and the species whichdo not nest in soil contribute by 32 per cent. The leaf-cutter bee, Megachile analis were rare indunes; whileas, areas outside the dunes are inhabited by Colletes halophilus, inhibiting in soilnesting. The urban landscape offers a potential habitat to many different bee species. Wildbees are amongst those seeking a safe haven in gardens, roadside verges and industrial sites. Itwas found that between 13 to 40 per cent of wild bee species were found living in urban area.Mason bees being solitary bees that build nest of cardboard or paper straws, cut pieces ofbamboo, or blocks of wood with pre-drilled holes of a specific diameter. The bees exhibit avariety of nesting strategies and architectures based on the material they use to line their broodcells. Kerr et al. (1967) [27] found that stingless bees like Trigona spinipes and Dactylurinastundigeri live in nests that can be aerial and constructed by them, but generally use naturalhollows or man-made cavities for establishing their nests. Potts et al. (2005) [34] reported thatminer bees excavate burrows in soil that are terminated by brood cells in which the femaledeposits larval food of pollen and nectar before laying an egg. 583

Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studieshttp://www.entomoljournal.comAll of the Andrenidae, Melittidae, Stenotritididae, theMegachilid subfamily Fidelinae, and the majority ofHalictidae, Colletidae and Anthophorinae belong to samearena (Cane 1991) [6]. Mason bees belong primarily to theMegachilidae, and occupy existing cavities such as hollowplant stems, snail shells, crevasses, abandoned burrows andwood-boring beetle tunnels. Carpenter bees excavate eitherbranched or unbranched nests primarily in wood.Females of most species of solitary wasps burrow one or morenests in the soil. The maintenance of solitary bee populationsdepends on the availability of adequate sites for nesting.Therefore, variations in the abundance and quality of sites canresult in changes in the population density and diversity.Many species excavate their nests in exposed soil and canform large aggregations provisioned with pollen and nectarcollected from flowers. Michener (2000) [28] found thatfemales solitary bee species nest in twigs burrowed inside toconstruct their cells for egg laying. Above ground nestingbehavior is observed in Apidae, Megachilidae, Helictidae andXylocopinae (Cane, 1991) [6]. However, nesting behaviorsvary widely among families. Females of several Crabronidaeand Sphecidae species nest in pre-existing cavities. Wcislo(1992) [42] observed that nest entrance of species Lasioglossumfigueresi was surrounded by chimney like turrets, more or lessperpendicular to the bank, singly with length varying from 0to 15 mm. However, turrets of Priscomas arisnamibiensis(wasp) were constructed in groups with maximum height of13-17 mm above ground Gess and Gess (2010) [20]. Thecurrent investigation was done to conserve the insectpollinators and their habitat that is exposed to uniform abioticfactors (Dar et al. 2014, 2017f, 2018b) [48, 46] to increase theyield of fruit crops in Kashmir Himalayas.Material and MethodsNesting site locationThe 30 minutes observation period were done to on dry daysbetween 09:00h and 18:00hr of the blooming period of theplant species. The nests were discovered in the orchard andthe bees entering and leaving it were collected and identifiedas per the procedure. Every pollinator do not have the samenesting requirement, therefore different substrates wereobserved for the nesting sites of the different stone fruitpollinators. The densities of the nests in the habitat that haveprovided the nesting sites in the orchard were determined. Thediversity of the nesting sites that insect pollinators of thedifferent orders use to construct the brood cells in which theiryoung develop were observed near their good forging habitat.For different pollinators, bits of leaves from various shrubs,mud, fine pebbles, old underground rodent nests, cavities,grassy tussocks, wooden logs as well as mud walls werefound from their nesting site. Nests of the wood boring beeswere located by observing dead trees, snags or fallen logs onthe land and old beetle tunnels. Ground nesting bees preferloose, well-drained soil in a sunny spot. Some species nest inflat areas; whileas, others prefer earthen banks as a resultobservations were made in a variety of the areas (stone fruitorchards) with different slopes, preferably facing the Southand had maximized exposure to the sun. The orchards withhealthy and friable soil were selected and the vegetation wasremoved several yards across to observe the nests. Differentground conditions from vertical banks to well drained flatground draw different bee species, so in the presentinvestigation the flat ground of slope 5-10 per cent werepreferably selected for the studying the nesting behaviour.The Hymenopteran species are essential ecosystemcomponents that act as potential fruit pollinators and provideexamples of the most sophisticated nesting behaviour amonginvertebrate animals. Since native bees contributesignificantly to crop pollination and, on farms with sufficientnatural habitat located nearby, may provide all of requiredpollination for peach, plum and cherry crops. Not everypollinator has the same nesting requirements. The nestinghabitat for bees and wasps as well as egg-laying habitat forflies, butterflies, moths, and other insect pollinators arelocated close to good foraging habitat in the orchard. Nestdensity were determined as per the method used by Xie et al.(2013) [45].ResultsGround nestersUnder temperate conditions of Kashmir division, theLasioglossum species (Hymenoptera: Helictidae)werecommonly found nesting in small to very large nestaggregations near to fruit orchards in all of experimental sites,such as along tracks in the social forestry, cultivated fields,sloppy areas, small bare soil patches, footpath inside theorchards, fallow lands, grass lands, meadows and pastures. Inthe present investigations about 17 species of orderHymenoptera nest in soil (Total 1). Generally they preferloose, well-drained soil in a sunny spot, sloppy facing easterndirection at angel of 45-80 degrees. During the presentinvestigation it was observed that few Lasioglossum speciesnest in flat areas. Whileas, most others prefer sloppy areas andearthen banks, so provide a variety of areas with differentslopes, preferably east-facing to maximize exposure to sunshine hours. Females of solitary bees burrow one or morenests in the soil. In the present study it was observed thatAndrenidae female seek sloppy sites for their nest burrow andusually prefer sandy soil near and under the shrubs so as toprotect themselves from heat and frost. Most of female bees(Andrenidae and Helictidae) prefer the Plane areas for nestingand brood rearing, but few of the species were observed tonest in sloppy and vertical banks. The bees avoid the placesthat receive direct sunlight which could otherwise result insoil overheating. Other lazy flower visitors of peach, plumand cherry are ants. During the present study only two antspecies viz. Camponotus longus and Formica rufa were foundto visit the flowers during the blooming period. While as, thespecies Formica rufa were observed to build nest in groundwith opening all along the Plane surface.Cavity nestersCavity nesters build HalictusconstructusSphecodes tantalusAndrena patellaA. flordulaA. cinerariaA. BicolorA. barbilabrisAmegilla cingulateMegachile rotundataAnthediumconsolatumXylocopa valgaX. violaceaBombus sp.Componotus longusFormica rufaVespa haganodosaScathophagastercorariaS. inquinataChrysomyamegacephalaBibiojohannisPlecia sp.Musca domesticaMusca sp.Ophyra sp.Endogeic (soil) Hypergeic (wood)Leaves/ twigs/ indung/water/decomposed matter 585 Bee speciesabundance 21.891.662.22.32.452.331.50.61.11.51.20.1

Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studieshttp://www.entomoljournal.com38Eupididae sp. 0.1139Tachinid fly 0.6740Neomyiacornicina 0.4541Pieriesbrassicae 0.4742Lycanadae sp. 0.1143Vanessa cashmeriensis 0.0944Ischnuraverticalis 0.0845Pieridae sp. 0.1046Oncopeltusfasciatus 0.09*Chi square Test (N 46 (species), N 3 (Groups), P 0.05, significant difference found in abundance of pollinators (N 46) and between the threegroups (N 3) of different nesting behaviours). During the study periods all the natural calamity (one example is heavy floods in 2014) wereignored and neither the construction or plantation or any factor that happen to effect in the three research areas selected were considered.Fig 1 & 2: Principle component analysis (PCA) of thepollinator species habitat requirement in landscapes ofKashmir valley.Fig 3: Proportional abundance nest sites/hac.2 Soil/sand (steep,slopes, plane, sand dunes, vertical walls, mud walls, or barren andcultivated lands) nester spp.Fig 1: Species that wander over grasses, marshy areas and in deaddecaying materials; red triangular dot are hypergeic speciespercentageFig 4: Proportional abundance nest sites/hac.2 wood (old buildings,wooden logs, creaks, crevices) nester spp.Fig 2: Species with Endogeic nature of habitat.Fig 5: Proportional abundance of non-hymenopteran flowers visitorsin surrounding veg. or litter/hac.2 Foliage/litter oriented spp.*Conducting the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test between thethree groups of insect pollinators, the difference were foundsignificant (N 3, P 0.05, significant)Fig 3: Proportional abundance nest sites/hac.2 Soil/sand (steep,slopes, plane, sand dunes, vertical walls, mud walls, or barren andcultivated lands) nester spp.DiscussionStudy showed that not every pollinator recorded on peach,plum and cherry plants has the same nesting requirements and 586

Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studieshttp://www.entomoljournal.comhabitats, this is in confirmation with the findings of Center forBiodiversity and Conservation, American (CBCA, 2014) [7]that different nesting habitat of all insect pollinators werelocated close to good foraging habitat in the orchard (Dar etal. 2017b) [16]. However, Hopwood (2013) [23] observed that itis ideal to have nesting and forage resources in the samehabitat patch, since bees are able to adapt to landscapes inwhich nesting and forage resources are separated, therefore itis important that these two key habitat components should notbe too far apart. Further, the nesting material/substrate choicelimit the geographical ranges and/or abundances of particularbee species. In current investigation, the ground-nesters(36.95%) excavate underground nests comprised of tunnels,egg chambers and the cells where young develop. Undertemperate conditions of Kashmir division, all the members ofgenus Lasioglossum (Hymenoptera: Helictidae) are importantand dominant pollinators on fruit crops (Dar et al. 2018a) [8]and wild shrubs (Dar et al. 2018b) [46] were abundantly foundnesting in small to very large nest aggregations in soil near tofruit orchards along tracks in the social forestry, cultivatedfields, sloppy areas, bare soil patches, vertical banks,horizontal ground, footpath, inside orchards, fallow lands,grass lands, meadows and pastures. This is in confirmationwith Kaluza et al. (2016) [25] who found that natural habitatlike forests, landscapes like gardens and agricultural fieldspromote the bee abundance and the most indicators of nesthabitat quality (bare ground, soil surface irregularity, soilslope and soil hardness) were associated with higherincidence and richness of nesting bees. Most of the nestsobserved underground were of genus Lasioglossum of speciesL. marginatum. This is in consonance with findings ofBuckley et al. (2013) [4] who reported that most Helictid nestunderground, and each subfamily has its own characteristicnesting habit; e. g, larval cells are excavated either at slant orhorizontally off of main lateral tunnel (Rophitinae), buildvertical cell clusters (Nomiinae) or nest with sub-horizontalcells off of vertical burrows (Nomioidinae) and series ofscattered and clustered cells (Halictinae).The results showedthat 17 species of order Hymenoptera nest in soil. The beesmost commonly encountered in the fields are Halictids (sweatbees), Colletids (cellophane bees), and Andrenids (miningbees) nest underground and are most important pollinators offruit crops. The solitary bees dig hole and nest in the ground,create large bee communities in the orchardfor croppollination. Most of the bees were observed to pollinateefficiently peach, plum and cherry and prefer the areas of bareor sparsely vegetated soil for nesting; this is in agreementwith Grundel et al. (2010) [22] that ground nesting females offamilies Helictidae, Colletidae and Andrenidae nest in areaswhere vegetation is spare. Results showed that bees in generalprefer loose, well-drained soil in sunny spots facing thesouthern direction at angel of 45-85 degree. However, it wasobserved that some Lasioglossum species prefer to nest in flatareas, while others prefer sloppy areas and earthen banks; soprovide a variety of areas with different slopes, preferablysouth-facing to maximize exposure to the sun shine hours.This is in conformity with results of Wcislo et al. (1993) [43]that Lasioglossum figueresi nest in aggregations onhorizontal/flat ground or vertical banks at an angel of 90degrees. However, Evans (1964) [19] observed that speciesPhilanthus (Hymenoptera: Spencidae) nest in sandy bankshaving steep slope, with firm sand at above and openingentrance at an angel of 45 degrees with respect to plane.Females of solitary bees burrow one or more nests in the soiland further it was observed that Andrenidae females seek thesites for their nest burrow and usually prefer sandy soil nearand under the shrubs so as to protect themselves from heatand frost. Most of the females prefer the plane areas fornesting and brood rearing, but few of the species wereobserved to nest in sloppy and vertical banks. In present studythe Cleptoparasitic helictid species Sphecodes tenatus (whichdon’t construct their own nest) were observed to enter nests ofLasioglossum species, maybe to kill the egg or larva in thecell and the larva is cleptoparasite kills the other egg or larvabefore eating the host’s stored food (Dar and Wani, 2018).The species Halictus constructus were observed to pollinatepeach, plum and cherry and nest inside the ground, which isalso in agreement with the observations of Richards et al.(2015) [35] that species Halictus ligatus and H. poeyi nestinside the ground. The blue banded bee Amegilla cingulatawere observed as solitary creatures generally inhibitingburrows in the soil in the orchards. However, the literaturesays that female Blue banded Bees builds its nest often closeto one another. They prefer soft sandstone, clay type, mudbrick houses and often burrow into the mortar in old building.During the present investigations at experimental locationBudgam, the Bumble bee were observed to nest undergroundin an old rodent

583 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(6): 583-591 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN:

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