Basic English Grammar For ESL Students
1 BasicEnglish Grammarfor ESL Studentswww.espressoenglish.net
2 Table of ContentsPresent Simple: To BeThere is / There arePossessivesArticles: A, An, TheThis, That, These, ThosePresent SimpleCan / Can't / Have to / Don't Have toPrepositions: In, At, OnPast Simple: To BePast Simple: Regular VerbsPast Simple: Irregular VerbsPresent ContinuousPresent Simple or Continuous?Countable and UncountableFuture with Going ToComparative AdjectivesSuperlative AdjectivesAdverbsPresent Perfect: Verb bePresent Perfect: Other VerbsPresent Perfect or Past Simple?www.espressoenglish.net
3 Welcome!Espresso English has simple, clear, practical Englishlessons to help you learn grammar, vocabulary,pronunciation, spoken English, and more. You can signup for free e-mail lessons at EspressoEnglish.net.To learn even faster, check out our e-books and coursesfocusing on specific areas of English learning.I hope you enjoy this book – if you have any questions,you can e-mail me at help@espressoenglish.netShayna OliveiraEspressoEnglish.netwww.espressoenglish.net
4 Present Simple: BePositive:I amI’mfrom Japan.you / we / they areyou’re / we’re / they’refrom Brazil.he / she / it ishe’s / she’s / it’sfrom India.Negative:I am notI’m notmarried.you / we / theyare notYou’re not / You aren’tWe’re not / We aren’tThey’re not / They aren’thappy.he / she / itis notHe isn’t / He’s notShe isn’t / She’s notIt isn’t / It’s nota student.Question:AmIbeautiful?Areyou / we / theya teacher?Ishe / she / ittall?www.espressoenglish.net
5 Present Simple: BeName: I’m Joanna. He’s Paulo. They’re Aki and Yuta.Country / Nationality: I’m from the U.S. I’m American.My husband is from Italy. He’s Italian.She’s not Korean, she’s Vietnamese.Are they from Australia?Age: I’m 27 years old.How old are you?She’s 15.My mother is 65 years old.Emotions: I’m sad.She’s excited.You’re angry.We’re happy.Jobs: I’m not a student. I’m a teacher.Are you a doctor?He’s a journalist.They’re artists.www.espressoenglish.net
6 Quiz: Present Simple: Be1) We from Canada.A. amB. isn’tC. aren’t2) My parents divorced.A. amB. areC. is3) I tired.A. 'mB. 'reC. 's4) Where you from?A. isB. amC. are5) your brother tall?www.espressoenglish.net
7 A. AmB. AreC. Is6) Sarah married.A. 'm notB. 're notC. 's not7) Bob and Tony my cousins.A. amB. areC. is8) the food at this restaurant good?A. AmB. IsC. Are9) My apartment very small.A. isB. amC. arewww.espressoenglish.net
8 10) Kate: "Are you thirsty?"Joe: "No, ."A. I aren’tB. I’m notC. you’re not11) He's a good student.A. aren’tB. isn’tC. not12) You beautiful.A. isB. notC. ‘re13) How old you?A. areB. isC. am14) She 29 years old.www.espressoenglish.net
9 A. ‘mB. ‘reC. ‘s15) Jennifer and I students.A. am notB. aren’tC. isn’tAnswers on the next pagewww.espressoenglish.net
10 Quiz Answers: Present Simple: BE1) C - aren't2) B - are3) A - 'm4) C - are5) C - is6) C - 's not7) B - are8) B - is9) A - is10) B - I'm not11) C - not12) C - 're13) A - are14) C - 's15) B - aren'twww.espressoenglish.net
11 There is / There areSingularPlural( ) There’s a bed in the room.There are two pillows on thebed.(-) There isn’t a mirror in thebathroom.There aren’t any windows in thebedroom.(?) Is there a table?Are there any chairs?Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.There’s a bed in the room.There are two pillows on the bed.Is there a table?Yes, there is.Is there a window?No, there isn’t.Are there any chairs?Yes, there are.Are there any plates?No, there aren’t.www.espressoenglish.net
12 PossessivesNOUNPOSSESSIVEEXAMPLEImyMy name is Sandra.youyourWhat’s your name?hehisHis name is John.sheherHer computer is fast.ititsMy car is old, so its engine isn’t powerful.weourOur apartment is in the city center.theytheirMy parents sold their house.MaryMary’sMary’s phone number is 555-4321.JoeJoe’sJoe’s favorite color is green.the boythe boy’sThe boy’s clothes are dirty.friendsfriends’My friends’ names are Patrick and Gloria.catcat’sMy cat’s name is Ginger.countrycountry’sMy country’s flag is red, white, and blue.Don’t confuse its (possessive) with it’s (contraction for “it is”)! The cat ate it’s foodThe cat ate its food.Its illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol.It’s illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol.www.espressoenglish.net
13 Quiz – Possessives1) Dan and Benny were late to first high school class.A. hisB. itsC. their2) “Do you know what favorite band is?”"I'm not sure, but I think she likes rock music."A. itsB. Maria’sC. John’s3) Good news! Brian passed driving test!A. hisB. herC. your4) “Have you been to any of the restaurants on Main Street?”"No. prices are too high."A. myB. itsC. their5) I can't eat Thai food. too spicy for me.A. IsB. It’sC. Its6) I don't feel well. stomach hurts.A. I’mB. myC. yourwww.espressoenglish.net
14 7) My friend and I drive to work together becauseoffices are in the same neighborhood.A. itsB. ourC. their8) I think you'll love the new television - screen is huge!A. itsB. hisC. your9) Mary was mother.A. Jesu’sB. Jesus’C. Jesus’s10) My toys are quite expensive.A. children’sB. childrens’C. childrens’s11) We had a lot of cold days in January, butweather should be warmer.A. FebruarysB. FebruariesC. February’s12) My sister lost glasses. Now she can't seeanything!A. hisB. herC. your13) These keyboards are broken.www.espressoenglish.net
15 A. computer’sB. computers’C. computers’s14) Where did you go on last vacation?A. youB. yourC. you’re15) My brothers and wives live in Portland.A. hisB. ourC. theirAnswers on the next pagewww.espressoenglish.net
16 Quiz Answers: Possessives1) C - their2) B - Maria's3) A - his4) C - their5) B - It's6) B - my7) B - our8) A - its9) B - Jesus'10) A - children's11) C - February's12) B - her13) B - computers'14) B - your15) C - theirwww.espressoenglish.net
17 Articles: A, An, TheI’m going to eat an apple.a / angeneral(one ofmany)I’m going to eat the green apple.I want to buy a car.He’s eating an apple.Do you have a bike?She is an old woman.I’m reading a book.thespecific(onespecific)Tokyo is the capital of Japan.The new Chinese restaurant is very good.We like the blue car.The girl in the red dress is beautiful.I’m reading the new book by J.K. Rowling.www.espressoenglish.net
18 Articles: A, An, TheUse “an” if the word starts with the sound of a, e, i, o, u: ananananananappleeggice cream shopopen doorumbrellahour (the “h” is silent)Use “a” if the word starts with the sound of any other sound: aaaaaaaballjackethattreeuniform (the “u” is pronounced like “yu”)water bottleyellow shirtDo not use “the” with countries or cities: I live in the China.I live in China.Do not use “the” with things in general: She likes the pizza.She likes pizza.She likes the pizza from Tony’s Restaurant. (specific)www.espressoenglish.net
19 Quiz: A, An, TheComplete the sentences with A, AN, THE, or --- if no article is needed.1) Leonardo is actor.A. aB. anC. theD. ---2) Jim plays basketball after school.A. aB. anC. theD. --3) My new office has window.A. aB. anC. theD. --4) There's problem with the equipment.A. aB. anC. theD. --5) only light in the classroom isn't working.A. aB. anC. theD. ---www.espressoenglish.net
20 6) He has interesting job.A. aB. anC. theD. --7) We've been to France three times.A. aB. anC. theD. --8) light blue jeans I bought yesterday are too small.A. AB. AnC. TheD. --9) Martha hates vegetables.A. aB. anC. theD. --10) My friend said it was best movie of the year.A. aB. anC. theD. --11) I have idea!A. aB. anwww.espressoenglish.net
21 C. theD. --12) Bob has great idea for a new product.A. aB. anC. theD. --13) I have uncle who lives in Florida.A. aB. anC. theD. --14) Sally is tallest girl in the class.A. aB. anC. theD. --15) They're going to see show at theater onMain Street.A. a / --B. the / aC. a / theD. the / ---Answers on the next pagewww.espressoenglish.net
22 Quiz Answers: A, An, The1) B - an2) D3) A - a4) A - a5) C - the6) B - an7) D8) C - the9) D10) C - the11) B - an12) A - a13) B - an14) C - the15) C - a/thewww.espressoenglish.net
23 This, That, These, ThoseThis1 thing – nearThat1 thing – farThese2 things – nearThose2 things – farThis apple is green.That apple is red.These books are new.Those books are old.www.espressoenglish.net
24 Present Simple: PositiveUse the present simple for things that happen regularly or thingsthat are generally true.I / you / we / theyworkhe / she / itworksExamples: I work in a bank. He works at the university. We work every day. My sister works at the hospital.Special Case #1For verbs that end in consonant –y, we remove the –y andadd –ies: I study English at school. Dana studies English at school. Bill studys English at schoolOther verbs like this include: cry, try, fly, carrySpecial Case #2For verbs that end in -o, -sh, -s, -ss, -ch, -x, we add -es. They go to English class on Wednesday. She goes to cooking class on Saturday. She gos to cooking class on Saturday.Other verbs like this include: watch, kiss, teach, fixwww.espressoenglish.net
25 Quiz: Present Simple Positive1) My brother to college in New York.A. goB. goesC. gos2) I to play tennis.A. likeB. likesC. like’s3) My friends to school every day.A. walkB. walksC. walkes4) Peter to the news on the radio.A. listenB. listensC. listen’s5) Clara and Robert English at night.A. studiesB. studyC. studys6) The baby when he is hungry.A. criesB. cryC. cryes7) Their apartment very nice!www.espressoenglish.net
26 A. lookB. look’sC. looks8) We our house every Sunday.A. cleanB. cleansC. cleanes9) Joe two big black dogs.A. hasB. haveC. haves10) Susan lots of TV.A. watchB. watchsC. watches11) I always tired when I first wake up.A. feelB. feelsC. feeles12) Both Clara and Marina long hair.A. hasB. haveC. havesAnswers on the next pagewww.espressoenglish.net
27 Quiz Answers: Present Simple Positive1) B - goes2) A - like3) A - walk4) B - listens5) B - study6) A - cries7) C - looks8) A - clean9) A - has10) C - watches11) A - feel12) B – havewww.espressoenglish.net
28 Present Simple: NegativeUse the present simple negative for things that are not generallytrue.I / you / we / theyhe / she / itdon’tlikedoesn'tlikeExamples: I don't like coffee.John doesn't like pizza.John and David don't like milk.My mother doesn't like to travel.Common Errors1) In the present simple negative, do not add -s: Martha doesn't likes to dance. Martha doesn't like to dance.2) Other common errors: Pete no like bananas. Pete not like bananas. Pete doesn’t like bananas.www.espressoenglish.net
29 Quiz: Present Simple: Negative1) I this movie.A. doesn’t understandB. don’t understandC. no understand2) Jackson how to cook.A. doesn’t knowB. don’t knowC. not know3) My aunt and uncle any children.A. don’t hasB. don’t haveC. doesn’t have4) Martin Chinese.A. doesn’t speakB. don’t speakC. no speaks5) We in Europe.A. doesn’t livesB. doesn’t liveC. don’t live6) My sister happy.A. doesn’t beB. isn’tC. not7) Carla early.www.espressoenglish.net
30 A. doesn’t wake upB. don’t wake upC. doesn’t wakes up8) Bill and Diane to the dentist often.A. isn’t goB. not goC. don’t go9) You every day.A. does studiesB. don’t studiesC. don’t study10) My son TV.A. doesn’t watchesB. doesn’t watchC. isn’t watch11) They that's a good idea.A. not thinkB. doesn’t thinksC. don’t think12) My boyfriend and I ; we take the bus.A. doesn’t driveB. don’t drivesC. don’t driveAnswers on the next pagewww.espressoenglish.net
31 Quiz Answers: Present Simple Negative1) B - don't understand2) A - doesn't know3) B - don't have4) A - doesn't speak5) C - don't live6) B - isn't7) A - doesn't wake up8) C - don't go9) C - don't study10) B - doesn't watch11) C - don't think12) C - don't drivewww.espressoenglish.net
32 Present Simple: QuestionsUse present simple questions to ask about things that happenregularly or things that are generally true.DoI / you / we / theylive in a city?Doeshe / she / itlive in a city?Examples: Do you live in Brazil? Does Adam live in England? Do they live in a big house? Does she live near the beach?Common Errors1) In questions, don't use -s: Does she lives close to the beach? Does she live close to the beach?2) Don’t forget DO or DOES: Clara live in a big city? Does Clara live in a big city?www.espressoenglish.net
33 Quiz: Present Simple QuestionsComplete each sentence with Do or Does.1) you have any brothers and sisters?2) we watch too much TV?3) they do any exercise?4) Larissa play a musical instrument?5) he work in an office?6) your children talk on the phone a lot?7) your mother know how to use a computer?8) she have a car?9) Tom and Larry play baseball?10) she listen to classical music?11) I need to pay for the extra class?12) your friends like to swim?13) Joan watch TV at night?14) your father work on weekends?Answers on the next pagewww.espressoenglish.net
34 Quiz Answers: Present Simple Questions1) Do2) Do3) Do4) Does5) Does6) Do7) Does8) Does9) Do10) Does11) Do12) Do13) Does14) Doeswww.espressoenglish.net
35 Present Simple: AnsweringYes/No Questions Do you have a dog?Yes, I do. / No, I don't Do I look fat in these jeans?No, you don’t! Does John speak Italian?Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't. Does she like rock music?Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. Do we watch too much TV?Yes, we do. / No, we don’t. Do they understand English?Yes, they do. / No, they don't.www.espressoenglish.net
36 Can / Can’t / Must / Mustn’tHave to / Don’t have toCan It’s OKCan’t / Mustn’t It’s not OKHave to / Must It’s necessary / obligatoryDon’t have toDoesn’t have to It’s not necessary / obligatory(it’s optional)(must / mustn’t are more formal)You can ride your bike here.You can’t smoke here.You mustn’t smoke here.FREEFOOD!You have to stop here.You don’t have to payYou must stop here.for the food.www.espressoenglish.net
37 Prepositions: In, At, OnThe cat is in the box.The cat is on the table.TIMEINMonthsPLACECities and countries In January In Tokyo In October In JapanSeasonsRooms and buildings In the summer In the kitchen In the spring In the supermarketYearsClosed spaces In 2004 In the car In 1986 In a parkPeriods of the day In the morning In the evening(exception: at night)www.espressoenglish.net
38 ONTIMEPLACEDates and daysTransportation On Monday On the bus On February 14th On a bike On the train(exception: in a car)Surfaces On the table On the wallATTIMEPLACETimesContexts / Events At 6:00 At school At half past three At work At noon At a partywww.espressoenglish.net
39 Quiz: IN, ON, ATComplete each sentence with in, on, or at.1. "Are you working right now?""No, I'm home."2. "Where's my hairbrush?""It's the bathroom."3. I like to go skiing the winter.4. My cousin lives Australia.5. I'll start my new job March 1st.6. My sister's arriving the earliest train tomorrow morning.7. My son is waiting for me to pick him up the bus stop.8. We're going to a baseball game Saturday.9. Why are your clothes the floor? Please pick them up andput them away!10.My mother's birthday is May.11.I got lost because I got the wrong bus.12.It's a dangerous area; you shouldn't go there night.13.Living New York City is very expensive.14.My boyfriend and I met the gym.15.Our company was founded 1972.16.I have two classes the afternoon.17.The meeting ended 4:45.18.There's a bowl of fruit the table.19.We have a big family dinner Christmas Eve.20.The books are my backpack.www.espressoenglish.net
40 Quiz Answers: In, On, At1. at2. in3. in4. in5. on6. on7. at8. on9. on10. in11. on12. at13. in14. at15. in16. in17. at18. on19. on20. inwww.espressoenglish.net
41 Past Simple: To BePositive:I / he / she / itwasborn in 1982.you / we / theywereborn in 1982.Negative:I / he / she / itwas not (wasn’t)born in Europe.you / we / theywere not (weren’t)born in Europe.WasI / he / she / ita famous artist?Wereyou / we / theya famous artist?Questions:Common words used to talk about the past: Yesterday Last Sunday / last week / last month /last November / last year 1 hour ago / 5 days ago / 3 months ago / 10 years ago When I was a child / When we were in college www.espressoenglish.net
42 Quiz: Past Simple: Be1) Where you yesterday afternoon?A. wasB. wasn'tC. wereD. weren't2) Where your grandfather born?A. wasB. wasn'tC. wereD. weren't3) Pablo Picasso a writer. He was a painter.A. wasB. wasn'tC. wereD. weren't4) My friends at school yesterday because they were sick.A. wasB. wasn'tC. wereD. weren't5) "Where were you this morning? You at the meeting.""I at the dentist's."A. weren't / wasB. wasn't / wasC. weren't / wereD. were / waswww.espressoenglish.net
43 6) Darlene is 27 years old. Ten years ago, she in highschool.A. wasB. wereC. wasn'tD. weren't7) "Did you like the movie?""The special effects great, but the story very good."A. wasn't / wasB. weren't / wereC. was / weren'tD. were / wasn't8) Barcelona is a beautiful city! We there for aconference last month.A. wasB. wasn'tC. wereD. weren't9) "Were your colleagues happy about the surprise party?""David , but Janet and Tim - they hate surprises."A. were / wasn'tB. was / weren'tC. wasn't / wereD. weren't / was10) "Were you shy when you were a child?""No, I . I talked to everyone!"A. wasB. wasn'tC. wereD. weren'twww.espressoenglish.net
44 Quiz Answers: Past Simple: To Be1) C - were2) A - was3) B - wasn't4) D - weren't5) A - weren't / was6) A - was7) D - were / wasn't8) C - were9) B - was / weren't10) B - wasn'twww.espressoenglish.net
45 Past Simple: Regular VerbsPositive:I / you / he / she / it / we / they workedyesterdayNegative:I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t workyesterdayQuestion:DidI / you / he / she / it / workwe / theyyesterday?How to form the past simple for regular verbs:VerbPastSpellinglistenplaylistenedplayedAdd -edlikedecidelikeddecidedAdd -dstopstoppedOne vowel one consonant double the final consonant andadd -edstudytrystudiedtriedOne consonant y -iedwww.espressoenglish.net
46 Past Simple: Regular VerbsIn past simple negative and questions, do not add -ed: Mary didn’t liked the movie. Mary didn’t like the movie. Did you studied for the test? Did you study for the test?Examples: I talked with my mother last night. We enjoyed the party on Saturday. She finished the test early. He didn’t listen to the teacher’s instructions. They didn’t want to join us for coffee. Jill didn’t stay in a hotel last summer. Did you watch the news yesterday? Did they remember to turn off the lights? What time did your father arrive?www.espressoenglish.net
47 Quiz: Past SimpleRegular VerbsMark each past simple sentence as correct or incorrect1. Did the teacher ask you any questions in class this morning?2. We tryed to talk to the manager, but he was busy.3. Did you remembered to pay the electric bill?4. Gabi and San
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