Core Drilling Diamond Products - Sandvik Türkiye

parametersRock drillingParametersSelection and application:Many things have to be taken into account whenreviewing the ground conditions to be drilled: On a scale from very soft to very hard, what arethe current conditions?Does the formation appear to be unconsolidated,fractured, or competent?Would it be considered abrasive, coarse, or finegrained?The type or power of the drill to be used will alsoeffect bit performance.DrillBitHigh powered —lots of torque andthrustThere is risk of overfeeding the bit so itis best to go with a more durable matrixthat can withstand the forces createdby the drillLow powered drillNeed a bit that will be able to cut therock with less effort (torque and/or rotation) — a thin kerf bit which has cut lessrock or a bit that will keep exposing newsharp diamonds (free cutting) is bestMost manufacturers offer a bit selection guideto assist in the selection process once all of theinfluencing factors have been identified.Settings and operating parameters:Once the bit has been selected, it is time to set theoperating parameters. Some manufacturers providerecommendations which act as a starting point,however rock formations are rarely homogenous,so adjustments are likely required to gain optimalperformance.Bit performanceThe major factor influencing bit performance is rockhardness. That is why the initial bit selection processis crucial to keeping the bit cutting. Ensuring theright bit is selected will ensure the matrix wearsconsistently while drilling, which will maximize theperformance of the bit.RPM (revolutions per minute)The rotating action of the bit causes the exposeddiamonds to cut into the rock mass. It is measured asthe rotational velocity of the outside diameter of the6Sandvik Mining Explorationbit which has the highest cutting speed. In general,the more rotations per minute the faster the rate ofpenetration. The rotation speed is also an importantpart of keeping the bit matrix wearing to expose newsharp diamonds and expel the worn ones.WOB (weight on bit)The weight placed on the bit (or bit load) is verymuch determined by the other conditions found inthe hole and also parameters already applied. i.e.rock type, hardness, and competency, RPM, ROP(rate of penetration) and fluid flow.When WOB is excessive: Abnormal bit wear Core barrel and rod wear damage Hole deviationWhen WOB is not sufficient: Productivity (penetration) will be slow The bit will not wear enough to stay sharp A possibility the bit will polishIt is very important to maintain the correct bit weight(feed force rod weight) for continuous penetration.As depths increase, the amount of rods and thereforerod weight will increase, so the force applied by thedrill will have to be adjusted.ROP (rate of penetration)The rate of penetration is one of the more importantparameters when using impregnated bits. It isessential to find the optimum ROP for the type ofrock, drilling conditions, and equipment being used.Once the ideal ROP is obtained it can be maintainedby adjusting the WOB and the RPM.Optimum ROP ensures the bit will: Stay sharp and will not polish Have extended life Produce the best results

This can help the operator in assessing if the bit isbeing over or under fed in relationship to the RPMand ROP.penetrationrate20 cm/minute17 cm/minute200013 cm/minute10 cm/minute08 cm/minute6 cm/minute5 cm/minute4 cm/minuteparametersPenetration index - RPC (RPI)max1500For example:A rotation of 1200 RPM at a penetration rate (ROP)of 15 cm (6 in) per minute is equal to:1000min500penetrationrateRPC 1200/15 80 rotations per centimeter(RPI 1200/6 200 rotations per inch)9 cm/minute25Typically, a common rule is that 80 – 100 RPC(200 - 250 RPI) is good, although advancements intechnology have improved on these values.8 cm/minute5075100125150bit OD (mm)RPM - 80 to 100 RPC recommendedFlush (flow rate of drilling fluid)Another critical parameter effecting drillingperformance is the flushing or flow of the drillingfluid while drilling.Functions: Removes the cuttings (rock particles) from theface of the bit and carries them out of the hole Keeps the bit cool Lubricates the entire drill string and keeps it clearof cuttingsmax8060min4020Sandvik’s recommended flow values forimpregnated coring bitsT469-13 liter/minWL46, T5611-17 liter/minWL56-42, A12-18 liter/minWL56, T6613-20 liter/minWL66, T7615-24 liter/minT86, B18-27 liter/minWL76, WL86-320-30 liter/minWL76-3, T10125-40 liter/minN27-42 liter/minH41-62 liter/minP61-94 liter/min255075100125150bit OD (mm)WOB100max7550min25255075100125150bit OD (mm)FLUID FLOWSandvik Mining Exploration7

parametersRotational speedsRock propertiesGenerally speaking, impregnated bits requirehigh rotational speeds to achieve an acceptablepenetration rate. The recommended speed range willproduce a peripheral speed on the outside diameterof the bit between 3-5 m/sec (5-7 ft/sec). Of coursethis is dependent upon whether the drill is capable ofproducing the necessary rotational speeds and if thehole conditions will allow this speed to be used.Two parameters which define how easily a rock maybe drilled are its strength and its fracture toughness— they reflect how easily a crack can be formed inthe rock and how easily the rock can be expanded.Given that friction causes heat it is also safe todeduce that the faster you rotate the bit the hotter itwill become. Studies have shown that running the bitsfaster than recommended speeds can result in changesto the metallurgical make up of the matrix causingit to change its properties and drill in a differentmanner for which it was designed. If excessive speedand weight on the bit are used, temperatures canreach up to 900 C which will cause the matrix tomelt resulting in what is commonly referred to asburning in the bit. This process can take place inseconds if the correct parameters relating to fluidflow, WOB, RPM and ROP are not applied.Rock strength depends on its mineral composition.For example, sandstone cemented with calcite haslow strength because the calcite that binds the grainstogether is weak, whereas granite will have a higherstrength because there is no continuous weak phase.In the same way quartzite may have a higher strengththan either of these because it is all quartz. However,quartzite has a lower fracture toughness than granitebecause there is a continuous medium, the silicacement, that allows a fracture to expand. Granite ismade up of inter-grown crystals with no continuousmedium and the fracture has to continually keepcrossing crystal boundaries. Basalt has an evenhigher fracture toughness because of its crystallinenature and small crystal size. This means that anexpanding fracture meets crystal boundaries moreoften.The following table, Rock types: strength andfriability, outlines the strength and friability (inverseto fracture toughness) of some common rock types interms of mineralogy and mode of origin.Rock types: strength and friabilityRock typeCompressivestrength (mpa)MineralogyFriabilityMode of originQuartziteHigh 35060 - 100%quartzHighSedimentary composed ofgrains cemented togetherHigh 200 - 3000% quartzLowFine grained crystalline rockMedium 150 - 20020% quartz80%silicatesLowCourse grained crystallinerockLimestoneLow 100 - 150100% calciteHighSedimentary composed ofgrains cemented togetherDolomiteLow 120 - 175CalciumMagnesiumCarbonateHighSedimentary composed ofgrains cemented togetherBasaltGranite8Sandvik Mining Exploration

A scale often used within the exploration industryto identify rock hardness is the MOH’s scale ofhardness. The table below shows the scale with 1being the softest and 10 the hardest.MOH’s scale of hardnessRatingMineralDescription1TalcFingernail scratches it easily2GypsumFingernail scratches it3CalciteCopper penny scratches it4FlouriteSteel knife scratches it easily5ApatiteSteel knife scratches it6FeldsparsSteel knife does not scratch it easily, butit scratches glass7QuartzHardest common mineral, scratchessteel and glass easily8TopazHarder than common mineral9CorundumScratches Topaz10DiamondThe hardest of all mineralsThe scale is non-linear, being that there is a greaterdifference in the hardness between diamond andcorundum, than for example, between fluorite andcalcite.parametersThere is one other rock property which is ofimportance in drilling with diamond bits. This isthe abrasiveness of the rock, which affects bothpenetration and the life of the bit. The abrasivenessof the rock is controlled by its mineralogical makeup, thus a rock which contains many soft mineralsis less abrasive than one which contains many hardminerals.For interests sake the following common objectshave the hardness shown: Finger nail 2.5Copper coin 3Glass 5-5.5Knife blade 5.5-6Steel file 6.5-7Generally speaking, the harder the minerals are thatare found within the rock, the more abrasive it islikely to be. Of the common rock forming mineralsquartz has a high hardness so rocks which containlarge quantities of quartz are abrasive. Sandstonetherefore is much more abrasive than basalt, despitebeing softer, because it contains in the order of 6%quartz while basalt contains none, being composedprincipally of feldspars.From this knowledge of mineralogy and modeof origin of rock it is possible to determine, inqualitative terms, how it will react to being drilledwith a diamond bit. Despite strenuous efforts bymany people around the world it still cannot be donein a quantitative way.Sandvik Mining Exploration9

Sandvik product range - RV seriesSandvik Mining Exploration11

rv100 seriesRV100 seriesTungsten carbide bitsA range of bits designed especially for soilinvestigations and geotechnical drilling, but alsosuitable in some applications for mineral exploration.Tungsten carbide insertsTungsten carbide (TC) has been used in the make-upof these bits instead of diamonds. The combinationof hard tungsten carbide inserts within a ductilecobalt matrix provides an ideal shearing cutter.Tungsten carbide grades have been developed forrotary drilling applications.TC bits can be used in clean-out operations, forexample the removal of steel fragments from a drillhole. They are also used in overburden drilling wherethe ground is soft and broken.12Sandvik Mining Exploration

rv200 seriesRV200 seriesPoly-crystalline diamond bitsPoly-crystalline diamond (PCD) bits are analternative to tungsten carbide (TC) and surface setbits, when drilling in soft to medium rock formations.PCD bits feature tungsten carbide cutters that havebeen coated with diamond to provide exceptionalwear resistance.Sandvik offers two types of PCD bits:Core bitHigh cutter exposure provides good depth of cutsand high penetration rates for speedy core retrieval.Full face bitThe full face bit is used for geological chip retrieval.They can also be used in drilling formations thatcontain methane.PCD core bitFull face PCD bitSandvik Mining Exploration13

rv300 seriesRV300 seriesDirectional and wedging bitsThe RV300 series of tools are typically used incombination with wedging devices to providemaximum deflection. Tooling consists of items suchas surface set wedge reamers, surface set bull nosebits, navi bits and impregnated wedge bits. Wedgebits can also be used to “lift the hole” i.e. inclinationNavi bits are used for directional drilling withdownhole mud motors to steer the drill string indifferent directions.Navi bit14Sandvik Mining ExplorationTapered wedging bit

rv400 seriesRV400 seriesImpregnated diamond coring bitsImpregnated diamond coring bitsIn an impregnated drill bit, synthetic diamondsare embedded in a composite metal crown called amatrix. The matrix is key to the cutting propertiesof the bit as it must be able to retain diamonds aslong as they are able to cut but release them as theybecome worn to allow new sharp diamonds to beexposed.Generally, coarsely grained fractured rock calls fora harder matrix that does not wear fast. While finergrained, homogeneous hard rocks requires a softmatrix that allows for new, sharp diamonds to beexposed quicker.Sandvik Mining Exploration15

1A11rv400 seriesBit selection chart - RV400 series22233344455AASandvik has developed a series of impregnateddiamond coring bits, numbered from 2 to 14, tosimplify selection for each geological condition.TheBlowest number is developed for badly fractured,coarsely grained and abrasive rocks whilethe highestBBnumber is for homogeneous, fine grained nonabrasive rocks.TurboFluid flow is a critical part of the drilling operation.ItCflushes the cuttings from the bottom of Cthe hole toC thesurface and keeps the diamond core bit cool. Sandvikoffers a range of waterway configurations for corebits that will suit most application requirements.DEDTurboNFDTurbo(TU)TurboInternal non face discharged (NFD)NFDNFDDEEThin kerf Standard (STD)TK66 STDTK66 STDTK66 STDCreated byCreateANameNameDescriptionDescrCore Bit CoStandard (STD)Tapered (TW)CoCore Bit N/1FFwF111Wide (WW)16Sandvik Mining ExplorationFace discharged (FD)22233434545

Impregnated bit applicationFace designRockhardnessRock typeSoftTalcHard shalesLimestoneSandstoneVery abrasive coarsegrained highlyfracturedSoft –mediumSchistDolomiteSerpentiniteAbrasive medium tocoarse grainedcompetent to fracturedMediumBasaltDioriteDoleriteHighly abrasive fracturedMedium ssQuartziteAndesiteHard –very hardGlassyQuartziteRhyolitePorphyryGraniteFine grained non abrasiveJaspiliteChertIronstoneVery fine grainednon abrasive competentBitbehaviorNew SandvikofferingSTDTWRV400-02YesRV400-03(16 mm)NFDN3, H3FDN3,H3, P3WWH3, sYesYesRV400-06/07YesYesYesYesYesYesModerately to highlyabrasive fractured andcompetentRV400-08/09YesYesYesYesYesYesMedium to fine grainedslightly abrasive reecuttingUltrahardRockcharacteristicsTU*For specific segment height please refer to the Sandvik product section in catalogue.STD - 4 mm parallel waterwayTW - 4 mm to 8 mm tapered waterwayNFD - internal non face discharge waterwayFD - face discharge waterwayWW - 8 mm parallel wide waterwayTU* - Turbo, 16 mm segment heightSandvik Mining Exploration17rv400 seriesRV400 series - bit application /face design

rv400 seriesRV400 series - bit dataStandard sizesHole diameterSizeCore diameterHole volumesBit kerf widthRod/hole 27011,810.95519,490.771,550.125Thin kerf sizesSizeHole diameterCore diameterHole volumesBit kerf widthRod/hole 760.06118Sandvik Mining Exploration

rv500 seriesRV500 seriesSurface set coring bitsSurface set coring bits are characterized by a layer ofdiamonds set on the surface of the crown in a specificpattern. Surface set coring bits can be used fordrilling in a wide range of rock types, in general, thesuperior impregnated core bit technology in recenttimes provides the driller with greater performance inhard rock drilling applications.Drilling with surface set coring bits can go oncontinuously until a dramatic increase of the feedpressure is needed to continue the drilling. In mostcases this indicates that the diamonds are worn downor crushed, unlike an impregnated core bit, once thediamonds on a surface set bit are found to be wornflat the bit must be discarded.Sandvik Mining Exploration19

rv600 seriesRV600 seriesReaming shellsThe reaming shell is the component of a drill stringused to maintain the correct gauge of the hole. Itfeatures a ring around the outer diameter whichcontains diamonds and/or tungsten carbide insertswhich keeps the hole diameter consistent, otherwisethere is a risk of the tools getting stuck down thehole.A reaming shell is always placed just behind the bit,but can be used in other positions along the drillstring. If a second reaming shell is placed at the otherend of the outer tube, it can help to stabilize the corebarrel (back end reamer).20Sandvik Mining Exploration

rv700 seriesRV700 seriesCasing shoesCasing shoes are used at the end of a casingstring in place of an actual bit. They are typicallyonly required to drill through overburden so thecomposition is much simpler and therefore lessexpensive.The casing string and shoe are left in the hole tosupport the walls of a hole in broken ground with theinner diameter large enough to allow free passage ofthe drill bit and core barrel.Sandvik Mining Exploration21

Sandvik diamond productsSandvik Mining Exploration23

D I AM O N D P R O D U C T S — B S Y S T E M SRV300 series wedging bits - B l6 mmWedge Core Bit B RV300-04BF00004670B08External6 mmWedge Core Bit B RV300-08BF00004671B10External6 mmWedge Core Bit B RV300-10BF00004672B SYSTSEMSSizeRV400 series impregnated bits - B TD12 mmCore Bit B RV400-02 12 STDBF00001252B04STD12 mmCore Bit B RV400-04 12 STDBF00001254B04STD16 mmCore Bit B RV400-04 16 STDBF00005588B06/07STD12 mmCore Bit B RV400-06/07 12 STDBF00001256B06/07STD16 mmCore Bit B RV400-06/07 16 STDBF00005589B08/09STD12 mmCore Bit B RV400-08/09 12 STDBF00001257B08/09STD16 mmCore Bit B RV400-08/09 16 STDBF00005590B09/11STD12 mmCore Bit B RV400-09/11 12 STDBF00001258B09/11STD16 mmCore Bit B RV400-09/11 16 STDBF00005591B12STD12 mmCore Bit B RV400-12 12 STDBF00001260SizeStandard (STD)12B3Tapered (TW)ABTurbo (TU)Core Bit B RV400-12/14 12 STDBF00005371B12/14STD16 mmCore Bit B RV400-12/14 16 STDBF00005592B13STD12 mmCore Bit B RV400-13 12 STDBF00004698B14STD12 mmCore Bit B RV400-14 12 STDBF00004674B02TW12 mmCore Bit B RV400-02 12 TWBF00003605B04TW12 mmCore Bit B RV400-04 12 TWBF00003607B04TW16 mmCore Bit B RV400-04 16 TWBF00005593BTurboCNFDBDETK66 STD12/1445STD12 mm678AB06/07TW12 mmTK66 TurboCore Bit B RV400-06/07 12 TW06/07TWCore Bit B RV400-06/07 16 TWC16 mmBF00003608BF00005594B08/09TW12 mmCore Bit B RV400-08/09 12 TWBF00003609B08/09TW16 mmCore Bit B RV400-08/09 16 TWBF00005595B09/11TW12 mmCore Bit B RV400-09/11 12 TWBF00003610B09/11TW16 mmCore Bit B RV400-09/11 16 TWBF00005596DB12TW12 mmCore Bit B RV400-12 12 TWBF00003612B12/14TW12 mmCore Bit EB RV400-12/14 12 TWBF00005372B12/14TW16 mmTU16 mmTU16 mmCreated byApproved byDate of issueDocument typeCore Bit B RV400-12/14 16 TWTBACore Bit B RV400-04 16 TUBF00005598NameFB04B06/07B123Core BitDescriptionCore Bit N/16 Turbo08/094IDTU516 mm6RevisionCore BitF B RV400-06/07 16 TUBF00005798This document is our property and shall notwithout our permission be altered, copied, usedfor manufacturing or communicated to any otherperson or company.UnitsBF000055991 / 1Core Bit B RV400-08/09 16 TUFirst Angle7ASheetmmSizeA3BF000056008B09/11TU16 mmCore Bit B RV400-09/11 16 TUBF00005601B12/14TU16 mmCore Bit B RV400-12/14 16 TUBF00005602TypeDescriptionItemRV600 series reaming shells - B sizeSize24Sandvik Mining ExplorationPositionBFrontStandardReamer B RV600 STD FrontBF00004425BFrontOversizedReamer B RV600 O/S FrontBF00004426BBackStandardReamer B RV600 STD BackBF00004427BBackOversizedReamer B RV600 O/S BackBF00004428BBlank—Reamer B RV600 BlankBF00004617

D I AM O N D P R O D U C T S — B S Y S T E M 13STD06Core Bit BWT RV400-13 06 STDBF00004735DescriptionItemB SYSTSEMSRV400 series impregnated bits - BWT sizeRV700 series casing and spud shoes - BW sizeSizeTypeBWCasing shoeCasing Shoe BW RV700BF00001446BWCasing shoeCasing Shoe BW RV700-09BF00005964Standard (STD)Sandvik Mining Exploration25

D I AM O N D P R O D U C T S — N S Y S T E M SN SYSTSEMSRV200 series PCD bits - N ardPCD Core Bit N RV200 08/08BF00004667RV300 series wedging bits - N l6 mmWedge Core Bit N RV300-04 06BF00004686N06

Sandvik reserves the right to update specifications and part numbers without prior notice. Core drilling, diamond products C2-570ENG:1 is valid from March 30 2012. Sandvik Exploration overview 2 Equipment 2 Core drilling tools 3 Reverse circulation t