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English GrammarUnderstanding the BasicsLooking for an easy-to-use guide to English grammar? This handy introductioncovers all the basics of the subject, using a simple and straightforward style.Students will nd the book’s step-by-step approach easy to follow and be encouraged by its non-technical language. Requiring no prior knowledge of English grammar, the information is presented in small steps, with objective techniques to helpreaders apply new concepts. With clear explanations and well-chosen examples,the book gives students the tools to understand the mysteries of English grammaras well as the perfect foundation from which to move on to more advanced topics.E V E L Y N P . A L T E N B E R G is Professor in the Department of Speech-Language-HearingSciences at Hofstra University, NewYork.R O B E R T M . VA G Ois Professor and Chair in the Department of Linguistics andCommunication Disorders at Queens College, City University of NewYork.

EnglishGrammarUnderstanding the BasicsEV E LY N P. A LT EN B E RGHofstra UniversityandROB E RT M . VAG OQueens College and the Graduate CenterCity University of NewYork

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, TokyoCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UKPublished in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New Yorkwww.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521518321 Evelyn P.Altenberg & Robert M.VagoThis publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to theprovision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any partmay take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published in print format 2010ISBN-13978-0-511-72945-4eBook 3978-0-521-73216-1PaperbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracyof urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,accurate or appropriate.

To my husband, Jim, my daughters, Jen and Alli,my mother, Lilo, and in memory of my father, HansandTo my son, Joel, so that he might read this book andunderstand what his father was trying to teach him

ContentsIntroductionpage xiHow to use this bookxiiPart I Kinds of wordsUnit INouns13Lesson 1 Identifying nouns3Lesson 2 Concrete and abstract nounsLesson 3 Singular and plural nouns59Lesson 4 Animate and inanimate nouns12Lesson 5 Count and noncount nouns14Lesson 6 Proper and common nouns18Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 1Unit 2Verbs23Lesson 7Identifying verbsLesson 8The verb base23Lesson 9Action verbs and linking verbs2527Lesson 10 Transitive and intransitive verbsLesson 11 Phrasal verbsDeterminers46Lesson 13 DemonstrativesLesson 14 Possessives50Lesson 15 Quanti ers5348Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 3Adjectives58Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 4Prepositions65Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 5Conjunctions6365Lesson 17 Identifying prepositionsUnit 65558Lesson 16 Identifying adjectivesUnit 54145Lesson 12 ArticlesUnit 43538Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 2Unit 3206869Lesson 18 Coordinating conjunctionsLesson 19 Subordinating conjunctions7073vii

ContentsLesson 20 Correlative conjunctions77Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 6Unit 7Pronouns7981Lesson 21 Subject and object pronounsLesson 22 Re exive pronouns8285Lesson 23 Demonstrative pronounsLesson 24 Possessive pronounsLesson 25 Interrogative pronounsLesson 26 Relative pronouns87899396Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 7Unit 8Adverbs99103Lesson 27 Identifying adverbs103Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 8Review matching exercise and answer key Part IPart II Kinds of phrasesUnit 9Noun phrases107109111113Lesson 28 The basic structure of noun phrasesAnswer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 9Unit 10 Prepositional phrases113119121Lesson 29 The basic structure of prepositional phrasesAnswer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 10Unit 11 Verb phrases125126Lesson 30 The basic structure of verb phrasesAnswer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 11Unit 12 Auxiliary phrases126135138Lesson 31 The basic structure of auxiliary phrasesLesson 32 Modals141Lesson 33 Perfect have143Lesson 34 Progressive be146Lesson 35 Combining auxiliary verbs148Lesson 36 The su xes of auxiliary verbsLesson 37 Tense151156Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 12Unit 13 Subjects and objects169Lesson 38 Subjects170Lesson 39 Direct objectsLesson 40 Indirect objects173177Lesson 41 The functions of pronounsviii183164139121

ContentsLesson 42 Implied subjects: commands186Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 13Unit 14 Compound phrases189193Lesson 43 Compound noun phrases194Lesson 44 Compound verb phrases195Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 14Review matching exercise and answer key Part II197198Part III Getting started with sentencesUnit 15 The functions of sentences201203Lesson 45 Identifying sentences by function203Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 15Unit 16 Combining sentences206207Lesson 46 Simple sentencesLesson 47 Compound sentences207210Lesson 48 Complex sentences214Lesson 49 Sentences with relative clauses221Lesson 50 Compound-complex sentences229Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 16Unit 17 Related sentences231235Lesson 51 Looking at related sentences235Lesson 52 Active and passive sentences238Lesson 53 Positive and negative sentences246Answer keys: Test yourself questions Unit 17250Review matching exercise and answer key Part IIIList of Quick tipsGlossaryIndex252253261270ix

IntroductionOur goal in this book is to help you learn about English grammar in as simple and straightforward a way as possible. The book was inspired by our students, most of whom panicwhen we say words like adjective, subject, and passive. We believe that panic will bereplaced by knowledge and con dence as readers work their way through this userfriendly book.Who is this book for? It’s for anyone who needs or wants to understand English grammar. That includes readers who: (1) want to improve their writing; (2) are studying a foreign language; (3) are or want to be teachers; (4) are learning English as a secondlanguage; (5) are or want to be professionals such as speech language pathologists andattorneys; (6) are interested in how English works. The book is self-guided and selfpaced; it can be used alone or as part of a course.The workbook approach used here will move you beyond simply labeling words to anunderstanding of how the di¡erent pieces of a sentence t together. To help you achievethis understanding, we present information in small steps, with many opportunities toapply each new piece of information in exercises before you move on to the next step.Like all languages, English is a collection of dialects.While society views some of thesedialects as having more social prestige than others, when we look at them objectively we nd that all dialects are equal linguistically.That means that all dialects have grammatical rules, and the grammatical rules of one dialect are no more precise, pure, or logicalthan the grammatical rules of another dialect. Nonetheless, in this book we focus on thegrammar of Standard American English because it is widely known and because writingrequires a knowledge of formal, standard English.We deliberately limit this introductory book in both content and complexity.Whereverpossible, we provide you with a simple rule of thumb to use. However, we don’t claim tocover all of English sentence structure. A clear understanding of what usually workswill give you a foundation for recognizing and understanding the exceptions. Our aim isto provide you with the basics.This book will clarify English sentence structure and provide you with a useful reference book that you can turn to long after you’ve completed the exercises. It will also provide you with a solid foundation for more advanced study.So take a deep breath and turn the page.We predict that it won’t hurt a bit. In fact, youmay be surprised to nd out how easy English Grammar can be.xi

How to use this bookWhat are the features of this book that will help you use it effectively?*We assume no prior knowledge of English grammar. Depending on your backgroundand interest, you can either work the book through from cover to cover or just readabout selected topics.*We utilize user-friendly, easy-to-understand language, avoiding excessive technicalterminology.*Information is presented in lesson format; most lessons are short, helping to make thematerial manageable.*Numerous exercises allow you to test yourself after new information is presented; theexercises gradually incorporate more knowledge while building on prior information.*Each exercise has a sample item done for you, to help you with the exercise.*Each exercise is separated into two parts: Getting started and More practice.With eachGetting started part, we provide a page reference to the answers, so you’ll immediatelyknow whether or not you’re on the right track. For More practice items, answers are pro-*vided on the accompanying website.In addition to exercises, each lesson contains easy to nd Quick tips.These provide convenient ‘‘tricks’’ to help you master the material or highlight the main concepts in eachlesson.*We’ve also included short sections called To enhance your understanding. These sections are intended for those of you who are interested in more than basic information.These sections can easily be skipped by beginners; they’re not necessary for understanding any material later on in the book.*Throughout the text, ungrammatical sentences are identi ed with an asterisk (*) at thebeginning.How is this book organized?*The book has three parts: Part I deals with types of words, Part II with types of phrases,and Part III with types of sentences.*Each part is divided into units and each unit is subdivided into related lessons.*Each lesson contains ample Test yourself exercises. Each exercise has ten questions,*with answer keys provided at the end of each unit and on the accompanying website.A review matching exercise with an answer key is included at the end of each part.*Additional review exercises for each unit are provided on the companion website.*For easy reference, the end of the book contains a list of all Quick tips, a detailed glossary, and an index.Website: www.cambridge.org/altenberg-vagoxii

PART I: KINDS OF WORDSDo you shudder when you hear the words noun or verb? Don’t worry you already know allabout word categories, also known as parts of speech, though you may not think you do.You know, for example, that you can say the idea and the boy but not *the about or *happythe. (As stated in the How to use this book section, an asterisk [*] is used to indicate thatsomething is ungrammatical.) That is, you know that some words can go in some placesin a sentence and others can’t. Aword category, or part of speech, is just a name given to agroup of words that have something in common, such as where they can go in a sentence.Part I gives you a quick and easy guide to basic word categories.