AA, ICP-OES AND ICP-MS - PerkinElmer

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The Most TrustedName in ElementalAnalysisPerkinElmer has been at the forefront ofinorganic analytical technology for over50 years. With a comprehensive productline that includes Flame AA systems,high-performance Graphite Furnace AAsystems, flexible ICP-OES systems and themost powerful ICP-MS systems, we canprovide the ideal solution no matter whatthe specifics of your application.We understand the unique and varied needs of the customers and markets we serve.And we provide integrated solutions that streamline and simplify the entire processfrom sample handling and analysis to the communication of test results.WORLD LEADER INWith tens of thousands of installations worldwide, PerkinElmer systems are performinginorganic analyses every hour of every day. Behind that extensive network of productsstands the industry’s largest and most-responsive technical service and support staff.Factory-trained and located in 150 countries, they have earned a reputation for consistentlydelivering the highest levels of personalized, responsive service in the industry.AA, ICP-OESAND ICP-MSPerkinElmer, Inc.940 Winter StreetWaltham, MA 02451 USAP: (800) 762-4000 or( 1) 203-925-4602www.perkinelmer.comFor a complete listing of our global offices, visit www.perkinelmer.com/ContactUsCopyright 2008-2013, PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. PerkinElmer is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.Atomic SpectroscopyA Guide to Selecting theAppropriate Technique and System008044D 01For more product information, visit:www.perkinelmer.com/atomicspectroscopy

Atomic Spectroscopy - A Guide to Selecting the Appropriate Technique and SystemTable of ContentsWhat is Atomic Spectroscopy 3Primary Industries 3Commonly Used Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques 4ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPYACCESSORIESTitan MPS Microwave SamplePreparation SystemFlame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 4Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 5Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy 6Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry 7Selecting a Technique For Your Analysis 8Instrument Capability Flexible, cost-effective solution for pressuredigestion of a broad range of samples Connection-free and contact-free temperature/pressure sensing for ultimate ease-of-use Strong and durable digestion vessels are easy touse and warrantied for one yearPinAAcle/AAnalystOptimaNexIONFIASSpecialized SoftwareFully automated flow-injection system QC charting Tools for 21 CFR Part 11 compliance Speciation softwareSimplifies and speeds up analyses requiringcomplex sample preparation such as Mercuryand other hydride-forming elementsDetection Limits 8Analytical Working Range 9AutosamplersHigh-Throughput SampleIntroduction SystemSample Throughput 9Costs 9Selecting a System For Your Analysis 10 AAnalyst 200/400 Atomic Absorption Spectrometers 11 PinAAcle 900 Atomic Absorption Spectrometers 11 Flexible rack configurationsFast, accurate random accessCorrosion-resistant sampling componentsFlow-through rinse station to minimizesample-to-sample contamination Minimizes sample uptake and washout time Throughput increased up to 2-3 fold Eliminates sample contact with peristaltic pumptubingAA Consumables HCL and EDL lamps Graphite tubes StandardsOptima 8x00 ICP-OES Spectrometers 11NexION 300 ICP-MS Spectrometers 12Mercury Hydride SystemGraphite Furnace (for AAnalyst 400)ICP-OES and ICP-MS Consumables Quick, easy interchange between flame andfurnace Cones Torches Low sample consumption (as low as a few µL) Nebulizers Exceptional detection limits, down to the pg range StandardsImportance of Atomic Spectroscopy To Specific Markets 13Atomic Spectroscopy Detection Limits 14Atomic Spectroscopy Accessories 15Highly sensitive determination of Mercury orhydride-forming elementsFor more information on any of the products shown here, or for a complete listing of allatomic spectroscopy accessories available, please visit www.perkinelmer.com2

WHAT IS ATOMICSPECTROSCOPY?Atomic spectroscopy is the technique fordetermining the elemental composition of ananalyte by its electromagnetic or mass spectrum.Several analytical techniques are available, andselecting the most appropriate one is the key toachieving accurate, reliable, real-world results.Proper selection requires a basic understanding of each technique since eachhas its individual strengths and limitations. It also requires a clear understandingof your laboratory’s analytical requirements.The following pages will give you a basic overview of the most commonlyused techniques and provide the information necessary to help you select theone that best suits your specific needs and applications.Primary IndustriesMany industries require a variety of elemental determinations on a diversearray of samples. Key markets include: Environmental Biomonitoring Food Agriculture Pharmaceutical Semiconductor Petrochemical Nuclear Energy Chemical/Industrial Renewable Energy Geochemical/Mining NanomaterialsFor more details, see Page 13.www.perkinelmer.com/atomicspectroscopy3

COMMONLY USEDATOMICSPECTROSCOPYTECHNIQUESThere are three widelyaccepted analytical methods– atomic absorption,atomic emission and massspectrometry – which willform the focus of ourdiscussion, allowing usto go into greater depthon the most commontechniques in use today: Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy(ICP-OES) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)Flame Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyAtomic Absorption (AA) occurs when a ground state atomabsorbs energy in the form of light of a specific wavelengthand is elevated to an excited state. The amount of light energyabsorbed at this wavelength will increase as the number ofatoms of the selected element in the light path increases.The relationship between the amount of light absorbed andthe concentration of analytes present in known standardscan be used to determine unknown sample concentrations bymeasuring the amount of light they absorb.Performing atomic absorption spectroscopy requires a primarylight source, an atom source, a monochromator to isolate thespecific wavelength of light to be measured, a detector tomeasure the light accurately, electronics to process the datasignal and a data display or reporting system to show theresults. (See Figure 1.) The light source normally used is ahollow cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless dischargelamp (EDL). In general, a different lamp is used for eachelement to be determined, although in some cases, a few ele-4ments may be combined in a multi-element lamp. Inthe past, photomultiplier tubes have been used as thedetector. However, in most modern instruments, solid-statedetectors are now used. Flow Injection Mercury Systems (FIMS)are specialized, easy-to-operate atomic absorption spectrometersfor the determination of mercury. These instruments use ahigh-performance single-beam optical system with a low-pressuremercury lamp and solar-blind detector for maximum performance.Whatever the system, the atom source used must producefree analyte atoms from the sample. The source of energy forfree-atom production is heat, most commonly in the form ofan air/acetylene or nitrous-oxide/acetylene flame. The sample isintroduced as an aerosol into the flame by the sampleintroduction system consisting of a nebulizer and spraychamber. The burner head is aligned so that the light beampasses through the flame, where the light is absorbed.The major limitation of Flame AA is that the burner-nebulizersystem is a relatively inefficient sampling device. Only a smallfraction of the sample reaches the flame, and the atomizedsample passes quickly through the light path. An improvedsampling device would atomize the entire sample and retainthe atomized sample in the light path for an extended periodof time, enhancing the sensitivity of the technique. Which leadsus to the next option – electrothermal vaporization using agraphite furnace.HCL or EDLLampFlameMonochromatorFigure 1. Simplified drawing of a Flame AA system.Detector

Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyWith Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption (GFAA), the sampleis introduced directly into a graphite tube, which is then heatedin a programmed series of steps to remove the solvent andmajor matrix components and to atomize the remaining sample.All of the analyte is atomized, and the atoms are retainedwithin the tube (and the light path, which passes through thetube) for an extended period of time. As a result, sensitivityand detection limits are significantly improved over Flame AA.HCL or EDLLampGraphite MonochromatorTubeDetectorFigure 2. Simplified drawing of a Graphite Furnace AA system.Graphite Furnace analysis times are longer than those for Flamesampling, and fewer elements can be determined using GFAA.However, the enhanced sensitivity of GFAA, and its ability toanalyze very small samples, significantly expands the capabilitiesof atomic absorption.GFAA allows the determination of over 40 elements in microlitersample volumes with detection limits typically 100 to 1000times better than those of Flame AA systems.The Periodic Table of the ium9.0121821112NaMagnesium1920KPotassiumBElement SymbolElement NameAtomic 102ThoriumProtactiniumUUranium232.0381 231.03588 NeonClChlo zinglarge numbers of samples fora limited number of elementsand for the determination ofmajor constituents and higherconcentration analytes. Very easy-to-use Extensive applicationinformation available Best overall multi-elementatomic spectroscopytechniqueSystem Cannot be left unattended(flammable gas) Limited analytical workingrange Sample throughputsomewhat less than othertechniques Excellent sample throughput Very wide analytical range Good documentationavailable for applications May be left unatteneded Easy-to-useICP-MS – InductivelyCoupled Plasma MassSpectrometry Exceptional multi-elementcapabilities Ability to perform isotopicanalyses Well-documentedinterferences andcompensation methods Method developmentmore difficult than othertechniques Limited solids in sample Rapidly growing applicationinformation Detection limits equal toor better than GFAA withmuch higher productivity May be left unattendedOnce you have identified the best solution for your particular application, read on for more in-depth product details.10

AAnalyst 200/400 Atomic Absorption SpectrometersWhether you choose the AAnalyst 200 or AAnalyst 400, you’ll discover an easy, affordableand reliable flame atomic absorption (AA) solution. We’ve simplified the process of AAanalysis, from sample introduction to results. We’ve made it easy for anyone with a basicunderstanding of AA to get fast, reliable results every time, and we’ve made the qualityand reliability of PerkinElmer available to everyone with these affordable systems.Easy to use, easy to own, and featuring many of the advances that have made PerkinElmerthe market leader, the AAnalyst 200 and 400 are the perfect choice for any laboratoryneeding a reliable, trouble-free solution for flame AA analysis.PinAAcle 900 Atomic Absorption SpectrometersThe PinAAcle series of atomic absorption (AA) spectrometers brings AA performance to newheights. Engineered with an array of exciting technological advances, it offers a variety ofconfigurations and capabilities to deliver exactly the level of performance you need: Flame only, furnace only, or space-saving stacked designs featuring both Flame, furnace, flow injection, FIAS-furnace and mercury/hydride capabilities on a singleinstrument Choice of Deuterium or longitudinal Zeeman background correction TubeView color furnace camera simplifies autosampler tip alignment and sample dispensing Proven WinLab32 software offering both ease-of-use and exceptional flexibilityAnd no matter which model you select (900F, 900Z, 900H, 900T), you’ll discover an intuitive,highly efficient system capable of simplifying your journey from sample to results – evenwith the most difficult matrices.Optima 8x00 ICP-OES SpectrometersWith its groundbreaking features and expanded capabilities, the Optima 8x00 series ismore than just an evolution of the world’s most popular ICP-OES it’s a revolution. Builtaround the proven design of the Optima platform, the 8x00 series delivers breakthroughperformance through a series of cutting-edge technologies that enhance plasma stability,simplify method development and dramatically reduce operating costs: Flat Plate Plasma Technology – with a patented, maintenance-free RF generator useshalf the argon of traditional systems dramatically reducing operating costs. Patented Dual View – offers radial and axial viewing of the plasma for effective measurementof elements with high and low concentrations in the same method. PlasmaCam Viewing Camera – offers continuous viewing of the plasma, simplifying methoddevelopment and enabling remote diagnostic capabilities for maximum uptime.11

NexION 300 ICP-MS SpectrometersTo leverage the true power of ICP-MS in your lab, you need a solution that lets any scientist analyze anysample at any time. All while generating clear, reliable, informative results. It requires an instrument thatoffers a unique level of simplicity, flexibility and sensitivity – exactly what you get with the NexION 300series ICP-MS.Engineered with an array of ground-breaking technologies to optimize performance and productivity,the NexION 300 has changed the face of ICP-MS by being the first instrument to offer: Three cones (sampler, skimmer, and hyper skimmer) to eliminate internalmaintenance and provide unrivaled STABILITY Three quadrupoles to maximize SENSITIVITY for every element in a run Three modes of operation (Standard, Collision, and Reaction) for ultimateapplication FLEXIBILITYAtomic Spectroscopy Applications by rSoilAirFoodFood safetyNutritional labelingPharmaceuticalDrug developmentQuality controlPetrochemicalPetroleum refiningLubricants and oilsChemical/IndustrialQuality control/Product itoringBiological ty chemicalsNuclear EnergyLow-level wasteProcess waterRenewable EnergyBiofuelsSolar panelsNanomaterialsResearchCommonly Used TechniquesAAICP-OESICP-MSFrequency of Technique Used

IMPORTANCE OFATOMIC SPECTROSCOPYTO SPECIFIC MARKETSEnvironmentalIn the environment we live in, understanding heavy-metalcontamination is critical. The accurate measurement ofconcentrations of these metals is imperative to maintainclean air, water and soil for a safer world.FoodAccurate analysis of food for nutritional content, contaminationor authenticity – the exact geographic source of the product –is critical for regulatory and quality assurance.PharmaceuticalDrug research, development and production is dependenton elemental analysis, starting with the testing of individualingredients and continuing through production to final qualitycontrol, as impurities can affect drug efficacy and metabolism.PetrochemicalFrom petroleum refining to a broad spectrum of applicationsusing lubricants and oils, many industries require thedetermination of metals – particularly analytes that can lead todegradation and contamination – to ensure conformityas well as monitor and control processes.Chemical/IndustrialFrom the analysis of raw materials and components to finishedproduct testing and quality control, industrial and chemicalmanufacturers require accurate analytical techniques to ensurethe safety and performance of their products.Geochemical/MiningWith myriad applications from date stamping to precious metalstesting, atomic spectroscopy offers a fast, accurate solutionfor broad geological surveys as well as an invaluable means oftesting potential mining areas before incurring the high costsassociated with onitoringInstrumentat

AAnalyst 200/400 Atomic Absorption Spectrometers 11 PinAAcle 900 Atomic Absorption Spectrometers 11 Optima 8x00 ICP-OES Spectrometers 11 NexION 300 ICP-MS Spectrometers 12 Importance of Atomic Spectroscopy To Specific Markets 13 Atomic Spectroscopy Detection Limits

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