For American Government - Cengage
Study GuideForAmerican GovernmentNINTH EDITIONAlan R. GitelsonLoyola University of ChicagoRobert L. DudleyGeorge Mason UniversityMelvin J. DubnickUniversity of New HampshirePrepared byAlec ThomsonSchoolcraft CollegeAustralia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom UnitedStates
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ContentsCHAPTER 1 – MAKING SENSE OF AMERICAN POLITICS . 1CHAPTER 2 – CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS. 13CHAPTER 3 – FEDERALISM AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS. 27CHAPTER 4 – THE HERITAGE OF RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES . 41CHAPTER 5 – PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION . 57CHAPTER 6 – POLITICAL PARTIES . 70CHAPTER 7 – CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS . 84CHAPTER 8 – INTEREST GROUPS . 98CHAPTER 9 – MEDIA AND POLITICS . 110CHAPTER 10 – CONGRESS . 124CHAPTER 11 – THE PRESIDENCY . 138CHAPTER 12 – BUREAUCRACY . 152CHAPTER 13 – COURTS, JUDGES, AND THE LAW . 168CHAPTER 14 – DOMESTIC POLICY AND POLICYMAKING . 182CHAPTER 15 – FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICY. 197Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 1Making Sense of American PoliticsCHAPTER OUTLINEI.The Nature and Role of Government and PoliticsA. What Is Government?B. What Is Politics?C. What Has Been the Role of Government in American History?II. What Are the Fundamental Issues of Government and Politics?A. Who Should Govern?B. Where Should Governmental Authority Be Vested?III. Understanding American Government and PoliticsA. The Power of ReasonB. Political Myths and StoriesC. Beliefs and IdeologiesCHAPTER SUMMARYGovernment is so pervasive in our lives that it needs no introduction. Its impact can be seen in almostall aspects of society. The news media broadcast daily the actions and inaction of government. If we tireof hearing the news, we still cannot escape the presence of government because it affects our income,welfare, security, and environment. Yet even though government should be a subject that is well knownto us, it is not. Americans tend to love their country but resent and suspect their government. Wecriticize politicians and doubt government’s positive influence in our lives.Despite the interplay between citizens and government, myths often compose what we believe aboutgovernment. Dispelling some of those myths will increase our understanding of the institutions,processes, tensions, and goals of government. Myths are described in this chapter as stories, proverbialsayings, and pervasive attitudes that have an impact on the way we think about the world around us.This textbook, particularly in Chapter 1, sheds light on American government. This chapter will helpyou recognize myths and understand their consequences.Chapter 1 first discusses the significance of myths for politics in the United States and then deals withsome basic concepts and activities of government, providing you with terms and ideas that will helpyou as you read the text and complete the course. This introductory chapter raises three fundamentalissues about government and politics: How do we define government and politics? How does the U.S.political system deal with issues of who should govern and where authority should be vested? Whatrole do myths, ideology, and reason play in helping us understand the American political system ofgovernment? As you prepare to read, you should be asking the same questions that the authors raise andwondering about what the answers will be. Throughout the chapters in this book, you will find that keyterms, along with their definitions, are readily identified, and the authors have included a series ofreading and comprehension questions at the end of each section. Use these tools to help keep yourreading and understanding on track.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
2Chapter 1: Making Sense of American PoliticsLEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter carefully reading and studying the chapter, you should be able to:1.Describe political myths, ideologies, beliefs, and how Americans use these items to shape theirunderstanding of American government and politics.2.Define government and differentiate it from politics.3.Describe the changing role and importance of government in America.4.Distinguish between the concepts of authority and power, and describe different traditional viewson who should hold each in the United States.5.Define democracy and distinguish direct democracy from republic.6.Discuss American responses to the question of where—at the local, state, or federal level—government authority should be vested.7.Identify and understand the competing views on the proper role of government expressed byliberalism, conservatism, populism, and libertarianism.READING POLITICS & POPULAR CULTURE1.What does John James Barralet’s print of George Washington being raised from his tomb byFather Time and the Angel of Immortality have on shaping political myths?2.How do popular culture products that touch upon the subject of the 9/11 attacks, such as movies,books, songs, and video games, use myths to promote their messages and perspectives. (If you arestuck on an item to consider, consider the following examples: United 93 and Fahrenheit 9/11(movies), Toby Keith’s “Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue (The Angry American)” and BruceSpringsteen’s “The Rising” (music), the Department of Defense’s American Army (video game).3.Do you think that cartoons, television, movies, music, etc., tend to promote different images ofgovernment because they are different types of media?REVIEWING CHAPTER 1Identifying Key Terms and IdeasFill in the following terms and definitions in the appropriate blanks:1.2.The set of beliefs that tends to resist government interferencein economic matters while favoring governmentaction in private moral affairs is called .A set of conceptual tools used to help people think aboutwhether government is doing what it ought to bedoing is called a(n) .3.A representative democracy in which decisions are made byelected or appointed officials is a(n) .4.Procedures used in many states and localities to allow citizensa direct vote in deciding public policy issues are ht Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Making Sense of American Politics5.6.7.The view that political power should be distributed as equallyas possible to all citizens in a political system isa(n) view of power.According to the , memories of events such as the GreatDepression, the 9/11 attacks, and the governmentalresponse to Hurricane Katrina have fostered aperceived threat to American safety and security.The view that political power should be in the hands of arelatively small group of top leaders who share acommon understanding about the fundamental issues isa(n) view of power.8.The view that political power should be dispersed amongmany competing group leaders who share a commonacceptance of the political system is a(n) view ofpower.9.The capacity of individuals occupying formal governmentpositions to make and enforce public policies iscalled .10. Those institutions and officials who execute and enforcepublic programs are a(n) .11. The set of beliefs that government should do no more thanwhat is minimally necessary in the areas of economicand personal freedoms is called .12. Stories, stereotypes, and persistent attitudes about politics thathave an impact on the way people think aboutgovernment are called .13. The act of influencing or controlling government for thepurpose of formulating or guiding public policy iscalled .14. The set of beliefs usually favoring government intervention inthe economy but not in the private lives of individualsis called .15. The set of beliefs that tends to favor government interventionin both economic and private matters is called .16. A government based on the consent and will of the majority isa(n) .17. The ability to influence the choices of other people and so toinfluence what goes on in government is called .18. Strongly held assumptions or attitudes about politics andgovernment which do not rely upon empirical evidenceor narratives are called .Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights eralismn.majoritariano.libertarianismp.initiative andreferendumq.beliefsr.myth ofvulnerability3
4Chapter 1: Making Sense of American PoliticsUnderstanding Facts and ConceptsTrue/False: If any part of the statement is incorrect, mark it F for false and write in the reason(s) whythe statement is false.1.TFMyths about American government are falsehoods spread by unpatriotic people.2.TFRecent low congressional approval ratings have resulted in large turnover in themembership of Congress.3.TFMyths can help a country by providing a sense of common social and political identity.4.TFAlthough government in the United States performed traditional functions before the1930s, since that time government activity has expanded greatly.5.TFMost Americans employ reasoned analysis as the method for making sense of theirpolitical world.6.TFPolitical beliefs emerge from an ongoing process called political socialization.7.TFA democracy and a republic are one and the same thing.8.TFIn the United States, governing authority is vested in national, state, and localgovernments that share power.9.TFWhen confronted with evidence that challenges deeply held beliefs Americans mustreshape their views.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Making Sense of American Politics510. TFThe pluralist view of power differs from the elitist in that the pluralist believes thatpower should be distributed as equally as possible to all citizens of the nation.11. TFThe major political ideologies of the United States all agree on the need forgovernmental activity to regulate private moral affairs.12. TFConservatives generally favor government intervention in the economy but oppose it indomestic issues like the control of pornography.13. TFPopulism and libertarianism have increased in popularity as more Americans havefound that their views do not fit comfortably into either of the more traditionalAmerican political perspectives.14. TFInitiatives and referendums allow for citizens to directly make public policy decisions.15. TFStories, proverbial sayings, and pervasive attitudes are important forms of myths thatshape citizen attitudes on American politics.16. TFGovernment has only become important to the lives of most Americans in the pastseventy years.17. TFOnly recently has the government become involved in the economy.18. TFIdeologies do not have to reflect extreme positions on issues.19. TFThe framers of the American constitution wanted citizens to be politically activeaccording to their group interests.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
6Chapter 1: Making Sense of American Politics20. TFAmerican popular culture is there to entertain the public and is irrelevant in shaping theway citizens think about government and politics.PREPARING FOR AN EXAMMultiple-Choice QuestionsCircle the letter of the correct answer.1.2.3.4.5.6.Stories, proverbial sayings, and pervasive attitudes that help people make sense of governmentand the world around them area.lies.b. myths.c.politics.d. ideologies.Americans rely on myths because theya.help us simplify the complex world in which we live.b. help us define our place in the world and provide us with a common social/political identity.c.help guide and rationalize our behavior.d. all of the above.The government includes which of the following institutions and officials.a.press, Internet bloggers, and news anchorsb. special interest groups, lobbyists, religious leadersc.business leaders, nonprofit groups, and studentsd. judges, bureaucrats, and legislatorsWhich of the following is the best definition of politics?a.the capacity to make and enforce public policies possessed by individuals in formalgovernment rolesb. the act of influencing or controlling government for the purpose of formulating or guidingpublic policyc.the act of giving or offering money or favors to someone in a position of trust to inducedishonest behaviord. a belief in government based on the consent and will of the majorityAristotle classified governments into types.a.5b. 3c.2d. 7Although governments in the United States performed traditional functions before the 1930s,since that time, government activity hasa.declined dramatically.b. concentrated mostly on foreign affairs.c.been limited largely to social welfare programs.d. expanded enormously to address problems once solved by families and communities.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Making Sense of American Politics7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.7Historically, following Aristotle’s influence, democracy has often beena.welcomed as the best kind of government.b. feared as self-interested mob rule.c.rejected as government by the few.d. confused with monarchy.A democracy and a republic are related in thata.both are opposed to libertarianism.b. a democracy is a representative form of a republic.c.a republic is an indirect kind of democracy.d. both put government directly in the hands of the people.Initiative and referendum area.stories that help people understand the world around them.b. systems of government in which appointed officials make policy.c.procedures for giving citizens a direct voice in making public policy decisions.d. mechanisms to prevent a public vote.The capacity and ability to influence the choices of others and so to wield influence overgovernment isa.authority.b. elitist.c.politics.d. power.The idea that the United States would be better off if power were concentrated in the hands of asmall, well-informed group of national leaders who understood the fundamental issues before thecountry and shared views on their solution is a(n)a.majoritarian view of power.b. elitist view of power.c.populist view of power.d. pluralist view of power.The ancient Greeks made a distinction between two types of human understanding. Understandinggained through listening to stories and other narratives is referred to asa.logos.b. mythos.c.ouzo.d. none of the above.Beliefs differ from reasoned analysis becausea.they remain unchanged.b. they ignore common sense.c.they do not rely on empirical evidence or logic.d. they are not dependent on assumptions.The belief that the government should intervene in economic affairs but stay away fromregulations on abortion and sexual conduct could be described asa.liberal.b. majoritarian.c.libertarian.d. conservative.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
8Chapter 1: Making Sense of American Politics15. Populists favor government intervention ina.both economic and personal matters.b. neither economic nor personal matters.c.economic but not personal matters.d. personal but not economic matters.16. According to David Broder, direct participation in democracya.should be expanded to more areas.b. is most important at the state and local level.c.can be damaging to our system of checks and balances.d. requires citizens to hold strict political ideologies.17. Lincoln Chaffee’s electoral efforts in 2000 and 2006 illustrate a situation where voters are facedwith a situation wherea.their beliefs are challenged by conflicting evidence.b. pary labels are completely irrelevant.c.they apply reasoned analysis.d. a ballot initiative reduced voter turnout.18. Aristotle believed democracy to bea.the perfect form of government.b. a weak version of aristocracy.c.a mobocracy.d. a wrong form of government in any situation.19. How is governmental power distributed in the United States?a.Equally.b. Some members of society have a greater influence on government.c.According to groups.d. According to individual wealth.20. Libertarians tend to favora.government in both economic and personal matters.b. no government intervention in the economy but some intervention in personal matters.c.no government intervention in the economy or personal matters.d. government intervention in the economy but not in personal matters.21. Conservatives tend to favora.government in both economic and personal matters.b. no government intervention in the economy but some intervention in personal matters.c.no government intervention in the economy or personal matters.d. government intervention in the economy but not in personal matters.Essay Questions1.Who has the ability to influence government?2.Who should govern? Describe several responses to that question in light of the concepts ofpolitical authority and of political power.3.Who should govern in America? Describe how procedures such as initiatives and referendumssupport your answer.4.List and define four different ideological opinions about how much government should do.5.What are political myths, and how do they influence American government?Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Making Sense of American Politics9ANSWER KEYReading Politics & Popular Culture1.Barralet’s print is a good example of how pervasive myth-creating imagery can become. Thisparticular image was used on household china and on the dome of the U.S. Capitol building. Theimagery elevates Washington to a mythical status. The imagery is not satirical, but emboldens theviewer to conclude that Washington’s greatness is recognized by supernatural forces. Thisapproach minimizes the actual history of Washington’s life.2.There are, of course, multiple avenues of analysis for this exercise, but the attempt to pay attentionto the ways that events are manipulated in popular culture offers an exercise in the appropriationof events for a variety of meanings; especially prominent are myths of vulnerability, mourning,and revenge. Consider the extreme contrasts that can be found among popular culture portrayalsof the same event.3.Here are some things to think about when answering this question. How does visual perceptionchange your perception of events, that is, do media differences such as camera perspective make adifference? Do the accounts of politics lyrically expressed in the music you listen to depend onstyle of music to facilitate the point? That is, does it make a difference whether the sound is punkor easy listening if the words are the same?Identifying Key Terms and Ideas1.k2.g3.e4.p5.n6.r7.d8.i9.f10. j11. o12. c13. b14. m15. l16. h17. a18. qCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
10Chapter 1: Making Sense of American PoliticsUnderstanding Facts and Concepts1.False. Myths about American government are stories and attitudes that help people understandwhat is happening in government.2.False. Despite the public’s generally low regard for Congress, voters have consistently reelectedtheir representatives.3.True.4.True.5.False. The complex nature of the U.S. political system is often too difficult and time consumingfor many people to figure out.6.True.7.False. A republic is a type of democracy—a representative democracy.8.True.9.False. People may open themselves up to an alternative view, but they may also choose to ignoreor filter out the new information.10. False. That would be the majoritarian view of power; the pluralist view holds that power shouldbe distributed among many competitive elites who share a common acceptance of the rules of thepolitical game.11. False. Both the major ideologies of liberalism and libertarianism tend to oppose governmentalintervention in personal and private matters.12. False. Conservatives generally oppose governmental intervention in the economy but favorintervention in private moral affairs.13. True.14. True.15. True.16. False. While the size of government has grown in the past seventy years, it has always played acentral role in shaping the economic and social lives of Americans.17. False. Governments have always been involved in economies. Notice, for example, thatgovernments guarantee the value of money.18. True.19. False. Madison, for example, in Federalist 10 is very interested in designing a government thatreduces the ability of citizens to organize to pursue their more immediate interests.20. False. The words and images used in American popular culture reflect the realities of Americanlife and in turn shape that reality. These sights and sounds are relevant in shaping citizenperceptions of government and politics.Multiple-Choice Questions1.b2.d3.dCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Making Sense of American Politics4.b5.b6.d7.b8.c9.c10. d11. b12. b13. c14. a15. a16. c17. a18. c19. b20. c21. bEssay Questions1.2.3.Your answer should argue for one of the following and should be supported with specificexamples: Elites Pluralist groupsSelect one of the following as the answer to be supported and compare it to the other possibleanswers. Give specific examples to support your answer. Democracy Aristocracy MonarchyMake sure you address the following points: Aristotle’s three types of government Differences between a democracy and a republic Pros and cons of initiatives and referendums.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.11
124.5.Chapter 1: Making Sense of American PoliticsPick one of the following ideologies and demonstrate why you think it is the best. Give specificexamples to support your choice. Liberalism Conservatism Libertarianism PopulismAddress the following points: Myths may be innocent falsehoods, or they may be serious distortions. Myths simplify complex problems. Myths help define our place. Myths surround our most important institutions and people. Myths help us organize and make sense of new information.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 2Constitutional FoundationsCHAPTER OUTLINEI.The Setting for Constitutional ChangeII. The FramersIII. The Roots of the ConstitutionA. The British Constitutional HeritageB. The Colonial HeritageC. Intellectual RootsD. The Onset of the RevolutionIV. What the Framers DidA. Establishing LegitimacyB. Structuring AuthorityC. Distributing and Describing Government PowersD. Limiting Governmental PowersE. Allowing for ChangeF. What the Framers AccomplishedV. The Principles of American ConstitutionalismA. The Rule of LawB. RepublicanismC. Separation of PowersD. Checks and BalancesE. National SupremacyF. Applying the PrinciplesVI. Conclusion: Living, Enduring, and PoliticalCHAPTER SUMMARYDuring the summer of 1787, a constitutional convention met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As a resultof this meeting, the Constitution of the United States was created and the foundations of Americangovernment were put into place. This chapter begins your study of American politics and governmentby examining that remarkable document and by detailing its importance to our nation.Before reading the chapter text, examine the Declaration of Independence and Constitution.Considering their central importance in the American founding, both documents are quite brief. As youread the Declaration of Independence, take note of the specific complaints, problems, and politicalcircumstances to which the founders are responding. Indeed, a large section of the document is a list ofcomplaints. As you review the Constitution, remember that this document was agreed upon after theArticles of Confederation were implemented.It is important to remember that these documents were not written in a vacuum. The first part of thischapter will address the political realities of the founding period and also explore the intellectual rootsof the Constitution. This exploration will introduce you to events and ideas from European and earlyAmerican history.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
14Chapter 2: Constitutional FoundationsBy crafting the Constitution, the framers accomplished four key tasks. First, they created a legitimatebasis for political authority among the states. Second, they built a structure of government to exercisethat authority. Third, they put that structure in balance by distributing power within the system. Fourth,they created various means to control and limit the authority of the government so that liberty could bepreserved.The final section of the chapter describes the important political values protected by the Constitution.You can see from the outline that you will be learning about five key princ
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