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Study GuideThe Challenge of DemocracyAmerican Government in a Global WorldTEXAS EDITIONTENTH EDITIONKenneth JandaNorthwestern UniversityJeffrey M. BerryTufts UniversityJerry GoldmanNorthwestern UniversityPrepared byKevin DavisNorth Central Texas College, CorinthAustralia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom UnitedStates
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CHAPTER 1Freedom, Order, or Equality?LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this chapter, you should be able to Define the key terms at the end of the chapter. Describe the ways that globalization has affected government and society in the United States. Give practical examples of ways in which the values of freedom, order, and equality may conflict. Provide a conceptual framework for analyzing government. Discuss the three major purposes of government. Explain the two dilemmas of government. Sketch a continuum of ideological stances on the scope of government, ranging fromtotalitarianism to anarchism. Construct a two-dimensional, fourfold classification of American political ideologies, using thevalues of freedom, order, and equality. Distinguish between liberals and conservatives with regard to their attitudes about the scope andpurpose of government.FREEDOM, ORDER, AND EQUALITY, OR THE CHALLENGE OFDEMOCRACYChapter 1 explores the meaning of three of the text’s five major themes: freedom, order, and equality.These values are important ones in the U.S. political system. They often come into conflict with oneanother, however, thus posing a dilemma for people who are forced to choose between competingvalues. The chapter’s opening vignette, describing how globalization affects our housing market,reveals the costs and challenges associated with balancing freedom, order, and equality. The chaptersahead focus on the setting, structure, and institutions of U.S. government and the policymaking process;as we proceed, we will see many examples of these conflicting values.CHAPTER OVERVIEWThe Globalization of American GovernmentWhereas nations used to be understood as independent political actors, global economicinterdependence and the growing importance of international organizations challenge thisindependence. Nations are compelled to reconcile national political values with international values thatmay represent a different balance between freedom, order, and equality. The 1982 Law of the SeaTreaty was blocked until 2007. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty in 2007 because the political climatehad changed and certain advantages of the treaty became evident.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
2Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?The Purposes of GovernmentGovernment is the legitimate use of force to control human behavior. Throughout history, governmenthas served three major purposes: (1) maintaining order, including preserving life and protectingproperty, (2) providing public goods, and (3) promoting equality. Maintaining order, the first purpose,is the oldest and least contended purpose of government. Most would agree with Thomas Hobbes thatthe security of civil society is preferable to life in a warlike state of nature. But the question of whethermaintaining order requires the government to infringe on an individual’s personal freedom is a toughone to answer. The second purpose—providing public goods—leads to questions of just what goods thegovernment ought to provide. Over the years, the scope of the U.S. government has expandedconsiderably, as the government has assumed greater responsibility for providing an array of socialbenefits. The third purpose of government—promoting equality—is the newest and probably mostcontroversial purpose of government today. It raises issues about the extent of the government’s role inredistributing wealth, regulating social behavior, and providing opportunities.A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing GovernmentPeople often have difficulty understanding the U.S. government because they lack a framework to helpthem organize the facts of politics. The framework supplied in this text distinguishes between thevalues citizens pursue through government and the institutional models that guide them in their effortsto govern themselves democratically. The framework presented here uses five major concepts. Thethree presented in this chapter—freedom, order, and equality—represent what democratic governmentstry to do. The two remaining concepts concern how democratic governments do what they do;governments may behave according to pluralistic or majoritarian models. These models are explainedmore fully in the next chapter.The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and EqualityFreedom, as used in this text, is synonymous with liberty, that is, the freedom to speak, worship, and soforth. In a narrow sense, order consists of preserving life and protecting property, but it may also referto social order, which prescribes the accepted way of doing things. Equality is used to mean severaldifferent things: political equality, or equality of influence in the political process; social equality, orequality in wealth, education, and social status; equality of opportunity, or equality in chances forsuccess; and equality of outcome, or equality for people in the end. The last concept is connected withthe idea of entitlements and requires much more government intervention to sustain than either politicalequality or equality of opportunity.Two Dilemmas of GovernmentTwo major dilemmas confront government today. The first one, the original dilemma, involvestradeoffs between freedom and order. How much freedom are people willing to give up to achievecomplete safety? How much insecurity are they willing to tolerate to preserve personal freedom? Thesecond one, the modern dilemma, deals with the balance between freedom and equality. Shouldgovernment act to promote equal access for women and African Americans to high-paying jobs, eventhough this restricts the freedom of their employers?Ideology and the Scope of GovernmentPolitical ideologies provide their adherents with consistent, organized beliefs about government. Eachideology provides a different answer to questions about the scope of government, that is, how fargovernment should go in maintaining order, providing public goods, and promoting equality.Totalitarianism believes in total control by the government over business, labor, education, religion,sports, and the arts. Socialists would have government control basic industries but leave room for someCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?3private ownership of productive capacities and for the operation of civil liberties. Some socialistspractice democratic socialism, which guarantees civil liberties, free elections, and competitive politicalparties. Capitalists favor private ownership of the means of production and no government interferencewith business. Libertarians oppose government action except where absolutely necessary to protect lifeand property. Anarchists oppose all government.Practical politics in the United States tend to be fought out in the middle ground of this continuum—aplace inhabited by conservatives and liberals, who differ on both the scope and the purpose ofgovernment action. Liberals favor generous government support for education, wildlife protection,public transportation, and a whole range of social programs. Conservatives believe in smallergovernment and fewer social programs. In the past, liberals and conservatives have been distinguishedby their attitudes toward the scope of government. Today this approach is not quite adequate;ideological divisions among Americans involve not only disagreements over the scope of governmentbut also disagreements about the purposes of government, that is, the degree to which the governmentshould promote freedom, order, and equality.American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of GovernmentLiberals and conservatives differ on both of the major value conflicts described in this chapter. Byusing a two-dimensional classification system that depicts freedom and order on one axis and freedomand equality on the other, it is possible to obtain a more accurate picture of the differences betweenliberals and conservatives. This scheme yields a fourfold classification of American political ideologies.Under it, those who prefer order to freedom and freedom to equality are conservatives. Those whoprefer equality to freedom and freedom to order are liberals. Those who prefer freedom above the othervalues are libertarians. Those who would give up freedom for either equality or order are calledcommunitarians.KEY TERMSglobalizationgovernmentnational sovereigntyorderliberalismcommunismpublic goodsfreedom offreedom frompolice powerpolitical equalitysocial equalityequality of opportunityequality of outcomerightspolitical ideologyCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
4Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?totalitarianismsocialismdemocratic ez UTLINING THE TEXT CHAPTERSOne good way to learn the material in the text is to outline each chapter after you have read it. This willhelp you understand how a chapter is organized and how its main points fit together. The act of writingthe outline focuses your attention on the material and also reinforces what you have read.Outlining styles tend to be idiosyncratic: one person might prepare an outline that uses full sentences orlong phrases to help recall the substance of sections of the text; another might rely on brief phrases orkey words. For starters though, you will probably want to use the chapter’s main headings andsubheadings as the skeleton for your outline. Then flesh these out by noting the main points within eachsubheading, and where you think it is useful, add some notes to indicate just how each point isconnected to the main heading.Here is a sample outline of Chapter 1.CHAPTER ONE—OUTLINEI.II.The globalization of American governmentA. Principle of national sovereignty: Each national government has the right to govern itspeople as it wishes, without interference from other nations.B. Increasing globalization has eroded national sovereignty.1. Mr. Rodriguez and the U.S. mortgage crisis2. 1982 Law of the Sea TreatyC. U.S. foreign and domestic policies have faced international scrutiny.1. United States refused to participate in the International Criminal Court.2. United States’ trade policies are critical to good relations with our trading partners.The purposes of governmentA. Definition of government: the legitimate use of force within territorial boundaries to controlhuman behaviorB. Maintain order1. State of nature survival and Thomas Hobbes2. Unalienable rights and liberalismC. Provide public goods1. Public goods: benefits available to all citizens that are not likely to be producedvoluntarily by individuals2. Tension between government and private businessCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?D.5Promote equality1. Economic: redistribute wealth2. Social: regulate social behavior3. Tension between equality and freedomIII. A conceptual framework for analyzing governmentA. Definition of a concept: a generalized idea grouping events, objects, or qualities under acommon classification or labelB. Five concepts used in this text1. What government tries to do (values)a) freedomb) orderc) equality2. How governments do it (models)a) pluralistb) majoritarianIV. The concepts of freedom, order, and equalityA. Freedom1. Freedom of: liberty2. Freedom from: immunity or, as used in this text, equalityB. Order1. Preserving life2. Protecting property3. Maintaining social order: use of police powerC. Equality1. Political equalitya) one person, one voteb) ability to influence political decisions through wealth or status2. Social equalitya) equality of opportunity: each person has the same chance to succeed in lifeb) equality of outcome(1) government redistributions of wealth to ensure that economic equality andsocial equality are achieved(2) governmental rights as entitlementsV. Two dilemmas of governmentA. The original dilemma: freedom versus orderB. The modern dilemma: freedom versus equalityVI. Ideology and the scope of governmentA. Definition of an ideology: a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose andscope of governmentB. Continuum of ideologies based on beliefs about government scope1. Totalitarianism: controls all aspects of behavior in all sectors of society2. Socialisma) broad scope of state authority in the economic life of the nationb) communism versus democratic socialism3. Capitalisma) private business operating without government regulationsb) U.S. capitalism: some regulation of business and direction of overall economy4. Libertarianisma) opposed to all government action except what is necessary to protect life andpropertyb) liberal versus libertarianCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
6Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?5.Anarchisma) opposed to all governmentb) value freedomC. Liberals and conservatives: the narrow middle1. Liberalsa) favor broad scope of government in providing public goodsb) yet reject censorship, regulation of abortion2. Conservativesa) oppose government role as activist in economyb) favor small governmentc) yet favor government regulation of social behavior3. Need to look at both scope and purpose of government actionVII. American political ideologies and the purpose of governmentA. Liberals versus conservatives: the new differences1. Conservativesa) scope of government: narrowb) purpose of government: maintain social order(1) coercive power of state may be used to force citizens to be orderly(2) preserve traditional patterns of social relations2. Liberalsa) scope of government: broadb) purpose of government: promote equality (coercive power of state may be used)B. Two-dimensional classification of ideologies1. Dimensionsa) freedom—orderb) freedom—equality2. Four ideological typesa) libertarians(1) value freedom more than order(2) value freedom more than equalityb) liberals(1) value freedom more than order(2) value equality more than freedomc) conservatives(1) value freedom more than equality(2) value order more than freedomd) communitarians(1) value equality more than freedom(2) value order more than freedomRESEARCH AND RESOURCESThis chapter introduces three of the key concepts used to build the analytical framework of the text.Freedom, order, and equality are such important concepts and are so critical to the approach of TheChallenge of Democracy that you may wish to learn more about these ideas. One way to go about it isto consult an encyclopedia or dictionary, such as the Encyclopedia Britannica or Webster’s New WorldDictionary. (Access to Britannica is available online as a paid service. For a free trial, go to http://www.eb.com .) In these works, you will find a general treatment of the terms. A generalencyclopedic discussion may include some material of interest to social scientists, but it may alsoinclude material more interesting to people in other fields (for example, philosophers may be moreinterested in the question of free will versus determinism, a question often included in generalCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?7discussions of freedom). However, these general reference works, while useful, may not provide quitethe depth you want. You may find it helpful to turn to a more specialized work tailored to providinginformation about subjects as they apply to social or political science.The following are some useful specialized dictionaries and encyclopedias:Gould, Julius, and William Kolb, eds. A Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Glencoe, IL: FreePress, 1964.Greenberg, Milton, and Jack C. Plano, eds. The American Political Dictionary. l0th ed. NewYork: Harcourt Brace, 1996.Kuper, Adam, and Jessica Kuper, eds. The Social Science Encyclopedia. 2d ed. New York:Routledge, 1996.Shafritz, Jay M. The HarperCollins Dictionary of American Government and Politics. New York:HarperCollins, 1992.Stills, David L., ed. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 17 vols. New York:Macmillan, 1968.USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE1.Become familiar with specialized encyclopedias and dictionaries. Look up the terms equality,freedom, democracy, ideology, and pluralism in some of the works cited above. Compare thematerial covered in the different sources. Are all these terms included in every work?2.Use your knowledge and resources to define freedom, order, and equality. Is there a commonconcept that can be used to define all these terms at once, or are they too different?3.Visit the websites of groups that represent each of the four ideological types discussed in thechapter. At each site, see if you can find statements that illustrate the group’s viewpoint onfreedom, order, and equality, the key values discussed in this chapter. How well does each groupfit into the typology? You may try the websites listed here or at the end of the textbook chapter, oryou may try to make your own list of ideologically oriented groups. For libertarians, try http://www.lp.org . For communitarians, try http://www.gwu.edu/ ccps .SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONSMultiple-Choice Questions(Answers to multiple-choice questions are at the end of the chapter.)1.Approximately what percentage of people agree with the statement, “Politics and governmentseem so complicated that a person like me can’t understand what’s going on”?a.20 percentb. 40 percentc.60 percentd. 80 percente.100 percentCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
82.3.4.5.6.7.8.Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?“The legitimate use of force to control human behavior within specified geographic boundaries” isa definition ofa.politics.b. government.c.democracy.d. totalitarianism.e.anarchism.Why did the United States wait so long to ratify the Law of the Sea Treaty?a.feared it would undermine our sovereignty by delegating authority to an InternationalSeabed Authorityb. feared it would be too detrimental to the U.S. economyc.feared the United States would lose control of its moral authority in the regionsd. feared the United States could not fulfill the environmental antipollution requirements forthe regione.feared the United States would not have enough time to properly maintain its responsibilitiesWhich of the following is not one of the four indicators used to rank a country’s globalization?a.economic integrationb. technological connectivityc.political engagementd. leadership coefficiente.None of the above; all are indicators of globalization.Which political philosopher first defined the doctrine of liberalism, which linked the defense ofproperty rights to the safeguards of individual liberties?a.Thomas Hobbesb. Thomas Jeffersonc.John Locked. Karl Marxe.James MonroeThe modern dilemma of government can be seen ina.Oregon’s approach to assisted suicide.b. Michigan’s approach to assisted suicide.c.employment provisions of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act.d. decisions leading up to the war in Iraq.e.decisions to ban smoking in public buildings.Faced with the paradox of poverty and plenty in their nation, many European nations expandedthe role of government to provide medical care, education, and income for a lifetime. What is thislifetime of government benefits called?a.from birth to burialb. from toddler to dodderc.from young to oldd. from spring to wintere.from cradle to graveWhat term do we use to describe the benefits and services available to all, such as education,sanitation, roads, bridges, etc.?a.global equityb. community servicesc.liberal idealsd. public goodse.national equityCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?9.10.11.12.13.14.15.9Who was the first woman to receive the honor of lying in state in the U.S. Capitol rotunda?a.Rosa Parksb. Barbara Jordanc.Dolly Madisond. Eleanor Roosevelte.Susan B. AnthonyWhich of the following is not one of the four freedoms Franklin Roosevelt described and foughtfor during his terms in office?a.freedom from wantb. freedom from fearc.freedom of religiond. freedom of speeche.freedom of equalityWhich of the following exemplifies the effort to create gender equity in college athletic programs?a.the modern dilemma of governmentb. libertarian ideologyc.the clash between equality and orderd. the conflict between order and freedome.conservative ideologyWhat is the political ideology that rejects all government action except that which is necessary toprotect life and property?a.liberalismb. libertarianismc.capitalismd. anarchisme.socialismDuring the 1960s, Congress passed legislation that requires men and women to be paid the samewage if they perform the same work. What is this an example of?a.government promoting order at the expense of freedomb. government promoting equality at the expense of orderc.government promoting freedom at the expense of equalityd. government promoting equality at the expense of freedome.socialismWhat term do we use for the belief that states should leave individuals free to follow theirindividual pursuits?a.democracyb. anarchismc.liberalismd. state of naturee.conservatismIn U.S. politics, the fight for the middle ground of government action takes place betweena.conservatives and liberals.b. conservatives and libertarians.c.communists and liberals.d. socialists and liberals.e.socialists and conservatives.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
10Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?16. The term freedom, as used in the text, is synonymous witha.equality.b. only equality of opportunity.c.only equality of outcome.d. liberty.e.order.17. What term would we use to describe a person who values order and equality more than freedom?a.anarchistb. libertarianc.communitariand. conservativee.liberal18. Which of the following is not true?a.Libertarians value freedom above equality.b. Liberals value equality more than order.c.Conservatives value freedom more than equality.d. Communitarians value freedom more than order.e.Libertarians value freedom over order.19. Established patterns of authority and traditional modes of behavior representa.totalitarianism.b. police power.c.public goods.d. equality of opportunity.e.social order.20. What term describes the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life?a.economic equalityb. communismc.equality of outcomed. political equalitye.equality of opportunity21. What do we call a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope ofgovernment?a.political ideologyb. political equalityc.liberalismd. anarchisme.equality of opportunity22. Which of the following would be an accurate description of today’s liberals?a.They oppose government in all its forms.b. They are strong adherents of government who believe government’s power shouldunlimited.c.They believe in free enterprise without government interference.d. They promote equality of outcome while preserving order.e.They see a positive role for government in helping the disadvantaged.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?1123. Among the major purposes of government, the newest to be added to the list isa.promoting equality.b. maintaining order.c.restricting equality.d. providing public goods.e.protecting private property.24. Which of the following is a case of government regulation of social behavior to enforce equality?a.a state law prohibiting assisted suicideb. a state law permitting assisted suicidec.a federal law outlawing pornographic material on the Internetd. a court decision permitting homosexuals to serve on a local police forcee.a court decision forbidding homosexuals to serve on a local police force25. Conservatives would be most likely to support which of the following?a.a government-sponsored program to combat povertyb. a Mothers Against Drunk Driving campaign to lower the drinking agec.reregulation of the airlinesd. a constitutional amendment to prohibit flag burninge.affirmative actionEssay Questions1.On a number of college campuses, fraternities and sororities are not permitted to serve alcohol atparties they host. Which of the values discussed in the chapter (freedom, order, or equality) wouldyou say are involved in these conflicts? How are they involved? How do the values you havementioned come into conflict with each other?2.Why is the United States less globalized than other nations? What could we do to increase ourglobalization?3.Explain the key differences between liberals and conservatives in modern U.S. politics.4.According to the text, the newest major purpose of government is to promote equality. Explain thevarious meanings of the term equality. What aspects of this new purpose of government arecontroversial in the United States? Why?5.How has globalization affected domestic political choices in the United States? Are internationalorganization and conventions eroding U.S. national sovereignty?Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
12Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality?ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS1.c2.b3.a4.d5.c6.c7.e8.d9.a10. e11. a12. b13. d14. e15. a16. d17. c18. d19. e20. e21. a22. e23. a24. d25. dCopyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 2Majoritarian or Pluralist Democracy?LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this chapter, you should be able to Define the key terms at the end of the chapter. Arrange types of governments on a continuum on the basis of the number of rulers they contain. Indicate how the symbolic value of democracy has changed over the years. List the four principles of procedural democracy. Outline the central principles of the substantive view of democracy. Point out the differences between the procedural and substantive views of democracy and indicatethe key problems with each. Explain why representative democracy has replaced participatory democracy in the modern world. Compare the assumptions and mechanisms of the majoritarian, pluralist, and elite models. Discuss the pressures faced by newly democratizing states. Make a preliminary attempt to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the majoritarian, pluralist,and elite models as they apply to the American system.MAJORITARIANISM, PLURALISM, AND THE CHALLENGE OFDEMOCRACYFarm subsidies are hard to get rid of. Although a majority of Americans want to discontinue farmsubsidies, they do little about it. On the other side, farmers actively support farm subsidies and supporttheir interest group which lobbies hard to keep them. So the question becomes, Who should have theirway, the non-vocal majority or the very vocal minority? If the minority keeps winning, how can thatbe? What is democracy? This chapter will explore the theory of democratic government and twotheories of democracy, procedural democracy and substantive democracy.CHAPTER OVERVIEWThe Theory of Democratic GovernmentForms of government can be arranged on a continuum according to how many people hold power inthem, that is, according to whether a government is based on rule by one (an autocracy), by few (anoligarchy), or by many (a democracy).Historically, rule by the people—democracy—was greeted with scorn; in the modern world, however,most governments try to style themselves as democratic. This chapter provides methods for deciding onthe validity of their claims. It defines democracy and tries to show the kind of democracy the UnitedStates is.Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
14Chapter 2: Majoritarian or Pluralist Democracy?The authors present two different theories of democracy. The first is a procedural theory andemphasizes how decisions are made. It relies on four main principles: universal participation, politicalequality, majority rule, and responsiveness of representatives to the electorate. Under the requirementsof the procedural theory, there need be no protections for minorities. The second theory is a substantiveone and pays more attention to the content of what government does. Substantive theorists generallyexpect the government to protect the basic civil rights and liberties of all, including minorities; somesubstantive theorists go further and expect the government to ensure various social and economic rights.The difficulty with substantive theory is
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t. The log-normal distribution is described by the Cole-Cole a, and the mode of the distribution is the time constant of relaxation [Cole and Cole, 1941]. If the Cole-Cole distribution parameter, a, is unity, then there is a single time constant of relaxation and the Cole
The Cole-Cole (II is a number that is often used to describe the divergence of a measured dielectric dispersion from the ideal dispersion exhibited by a Debye type of dielectric relaxation, and is widely . [27] equation, introduced by the Cole brothers [28] in which an additional parameter, the Cole-Cole (Y, is used to characterise the fact .
the Cole–Cole and PLS models, the latter technique giving more satisfactory results. Keywords On-line biomass monitoring In-situ spectroscopy Scanning capacitance (dielectric) spectroscopy Cole–Cole equation PLS Calibration model robustness Introduction Over the last few decades, the field of biotechnology has
Equation 20 is the prove of equation 1 which relate water saturation to cole cole time; maximum cole cole time and fractal dimension. The capillary pressure can be scaled as logSw (Df 3) logPc constant 21 Where Sw the water saturation, Pc the capillary pressure and
and Cole, 1941) (Cole and Cole, 1941) and GEMTIP model (Zhdanov, 2008). These two models have been used in a number of publications for the interpretation of IP data. The parameters of the conductivity relaxation model can be used for discrimination of the different types of rock formations, which is an important goal in mineral and petroleum
Pilot training at Brooks Field ended in 1945 after which it served primarily as a reserve flight training center in the postwar period. In 1948, Brooks Field became Brooks Air Force Base after a separate Air Force was created from the Army. Several reserve squadrons operated at the base until 1960 when all flight activities ceased.
Contact Linda Brooks (517-265-1665, linda.brooks@lisd.us) and the LISD Summer Camps for more information. CONTACT INFORMATION FOR CAREER EXPLORATION CAMPS AND WAITING LISTS Linda Brooks 517-265-1665 linda.brooks@lisd.us . QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Please note the dates, times, and locations of camps are variable. .
