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Transactions:Essential English Language SkillsLITERATURE IN ENGLISHI SEMESTERCOMMON COURSEIN ENGLISH(2017 Admission onwards)(CUCBCSS)UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCalicut University P.O, Malappuram Kerala, India 673 3635E1 01

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIALCommon Course in EnglishI SemesterTransactionsEssential English Language SkillsLITERATURE IN ENGLISHPrepared by:Suja K.V, Asst. Professor on Contract,PTM Govt. College,PerinthalmannaSaheena M, Asst Professor on Contract, PTM Govt. College,PerinthalmannaHassan Asst Professor on Contract, PTM Govt. College, Perinthalmanna.Dr. Suhail Abdurub of Amal College of Advanced Studies NilamburScrutinized by:Dr. Abida Farooqui, Asst. Professor, Farook CollegeLayout:TransactionsDR Section, SDE ReservedPage 2

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCONTENTSTransactionsPAGESMODULE 105 - 11MODULE 1I12 - 21MODULE III22 - 42MODULE 1V43 - 51MODULE V52 -65Page 3

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONTransactionsPage 4

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONTRANSACTIONSMODULE 1: PRONUNCIATIONPHONETICSEnglish is a global language and therefore their pronunciations vary with cultures, regions andspeakers. There are certain features of English language that every speaker of English shouldfollow for correct pronunciation. A brief understanding of phonetics makes it easier.Phonetics is a fundamental branch of linguistics. It deals with the study of speech sounds.In English there is no one to one relation between the system of writing and the system ofpronunciation. The alphabet which we use to write English has 26 letters but in Standard BritishEnglish there are 44 speech sounds or phonemes.To represent the basic sound of spoken languages linguists use a set of phonetic symbols. Eachsymbol has a distinct sound. These 44 sounds can be classified as vowels and consonants. Vowelsare again categorized as pure vowels or monophthongs and vowel glides or diphthongs.Speech soundsVowelsConsonantsDiphthongsPure vowelsVowels are 20 in number out of which 12 are pure vowels and 8 are diphthongs. Consonant soundsare 24.VowelVowels are made by opening the mouth and letting air come out freely. The following are 12vowel sounds in English. The letters in bold show the corresponding sound in wordsTransactionsSounds/I/ExamplesPin, village, houses/I:/Key, keep, field, sea/e/Met, bread, many/æ/Tan, man, hand/ʌ/Cup, colour, blood, monthPage 5

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION/a://ɒ//ɔ://u//u://3:// ə/Car, far, armyCot. Shot, orange,Court, fought, door, warPut, woman, wouldFool, June, blueEarth, girl, wordMother, actor, sugar(examples)DiphthongsDiphthongs are a combination of two pure vowels. The letters in bold below show the sound inwords(examples}Sounds/ei//eə //uə //iə // ɒi//ai// uə//au/ExamplesTale, great, baseShare, care, pairPoor , tour, duringEar, sphere, weirdBoy, coin, annoyHigh, bye, trySo, role, coldCow, round, gownExercise 1Identify the vowels represented by the underlined letters in the following words1. Occasion - /ə /2. Approve - /u:/3. Stream - /I:/4. Brunch - /ʌ/5. Spit - /I/6. Tear - / iə/7. Action - / /8. So - / u/9. Earth - /3:/10. Wash- /ɒ/11. Their - /eə/12. Sound - /au/13. Boy - /ɔi/14. Poor - /uə /15. Star - /a:/16. Cook - /u/TransactionsPage 6

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONExercise 2Pronounce the given words and identify the vowel sounds. Then write the words in theappropriate columnsSit, tear, sweep, peace, stare, soup, open, smoke, new, heat, live,hell, kept, sand, camp, one, bun, bask, car, want, cot, born, talk,put, bull, through, chew, burn, world, about, liver, make, care, tire,bite, coin, point, go, shout, how, sure, tour, close, plays, bright,coin, chosen, coy, line, rolled, chide, cold, join, show/I//I://e//æ// //a://ɒ// ɔ://u//u://3://ə//ei//eə//uə//iə// ɒi//ai//əu//au/VOWELSWORDSSit, live, liverSweep, peace, heat,Hell, keptSand, camp.One, bunBask, car,Open, want, cot, chosenBorn, talk,Put, bullSoup, new, through, chew,Burn, world,About,Make, playsStare, care,Sure, tourTearCoin, point, coy, joinTire, bite, bright, line, chideSmoke, go, close, rolled, cold, showShout, howExercise 3Categorize the words according to the monophthongs and diphthongs in them.Right, spoon, spare, spy, sight, fuel, fly, close, hike, tail, rare, moon,power, cable, wear, raise, size, simple, couple, toil, joke, harm, horse,chart, thing, chin, steal, poor, steak, nipple, badge, near, bear, pierTransactionsPage 7

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCategoryWordsMonophthongsSpoon, moon. Power, simple, couple, harm,chart, thing, chin, steal, nipple, badgeDiphthongsRight, spare, spy. Sight. Fuel, fly, close, hike,tail, rare, cable, wear, raise, size, toil, joke,poor, steak, near, bear, pierConsonantsSounds produced by completely or partially stopping the flow of air breathed out through themouth are called consonants. There are 24 consonants in English as shown below. The letters inbold indicate the sound in GunChain, futureJail, giraffeFanVanSunThingThere. ThoseZooShoe, chefPleasureHorse, ‘h’ is silent in words like hour,honest, /r//j//w/Exercise 1Identify the consonants represented by the underlined letters in the given wordsTransactionsPage 8

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONAnswers1. Action10. puff2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.11. scream12. shoe13. read14. young15. wet16. swing17. money18. 1. /k/2. /p/3. /t/4. /l/5. /d/6. /ð/7. /θ/8. /ʒ/9. /t ʃ/10. /f/11. /m/12. /ʃ/13. /r/14. /j/15. /w/16. /ŋ/17. /m/18. /t ʃ/Exercise 2Identify the initial consonant sounds of all the given words and write them in appropriatecolumnsSure, leak, wrong, school, vision, very, young bus, duster, heart,live, comb, kept, there, one, bun, know, music, want, thick, thigh,fire, jeep, gem, check, gain, glue, through, chew, world, about, liver,make, care, tire, bite, coin, point, go, shout, how, sure, tour, while,vet, click, knack, tour, pair, plural, airfare, spear, zoo, mug, rearTransactionsPage 9

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONConsonants/p//b//t//d//k//g//t ʃ/WordsPoint, pair, plural,Bus, bun, about, bite,Tire, tour,Duster,Comb, kept, care, coin, click,Gain, glue, go,Check, chew,/dʒ//f//v//s//θ/Jeep, gem,Fire, airfare,Vision, very, one, vet,School, spearThick, thigh, through,/ð/There,/z// ʃ//ʒ//h//m//n//ŋ//l//r//j//w/ZooSure, shout,Heat, how,Music, make, mugKnow, nack,Leak, live, liverWrong, rearYoung,Want, world, while,Word StressAn understanding of the phonetic alphabet alone is not enough for the correct pronunciation ofEnglish words. One should also know where to stress in a word. English is an accent basedlanguage, in a word not all the syllables are pronounced with equal emphasis. One syllable standsout than the others. For example in the word father (two syllables, 'fa'-'ther') the first syllable ismore prominent than the second syllable. Therefore stress is marked on the first syllable 'fa'. Astress is marked above the accented syllable as shown in the brackets ('father).There are a few rules in determining word stress. Some are listed below1. Words with same spelling and same sound can have difference in their pronunciation. Ifthe word is a noun or adjective the stress falls on the first syllable. If the word is a verbthe stress is on the second syllableEg:- Absent(noun) - /’ab-sənt/Absent (verb) - /ab-‘sent/2. Words with weak prefix are stressed on the root wordTransactionsPage 10

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONEg:- a’go, be’low, re’duce3. Words ending in –ion have the stress on the syllable before the final syllableEg :- examination – e-xa-mi-‘na-tion4. Words that end in –ic, -ical, -ically, -ian are stressed on the syllable before the suffixEg:- arti’ficial5. Words ending with the suffix –eer and –ee are stressed on the suffixEg:- engi’neer, Pay’eeL1 InterferenceWhen one learns a second language after acquiring a first language, features of the first language interferewith those of the second language. This is called L1 Interference or negative transfer. Because of a varietyof English spoken in different parts of the world, there is no purity of either language or pronunciation.Therefore we often come across alternate pronunciations and mispronunciations. However one needs tostrive to acquire correct pronunciation.Reasons for incorrect pronunciation are :1. In a native/first language situation, from a very early stage children learn to respond to sounds and toneswhich their elders habitually use while talking to them. In due course, children start learning English. Theytend to speak in the mother tongue accent. In India, where English is used as second language, childrenlisten to wrong sounds and tones spoken by their teachers/grown ups in their environment and tend to pickup faulty pronunciation.2. Moreover we tend to speak English as we speak our mother tongue; therefore we tend to make mistakesdue to its influence.The key areas of L1 interference in Malayalam/English learners are:1. Pronouncing silent lettersEg;- /bridədʒ/ instead of /bridʒ/2. Pronunciation of double lettersEg;- brilliant3. Pronouncing words without stress shift4. Pronouncing ‘-es/s’ and ‘-ed’ morphemes5. Strong articulation of weak function class words6. Intrusive ‘y’eg;- /kya:t/ instead of /kæt/7. Phonetic fossil8. Problem with /z/ soundeg;- /su:/ instead of /zu:/9. Wrong pronunciation of some numbers and other common mispronunciations10. Eg;- twenty, twelve etc.------------------TransactionsPage 11

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONMODULE IIVOCABULARYIntroductionIn India, English as a foreign language (EFL) learning mainly occurs in the classroom, andthe resultant lack of practice using English in authentic setting makes it quite difficult formany Indians learners to learn English words. Vocabulary (stock of words or collection ofwords) is the centre of all language. According to Wilkins (1972) “without grammar verylittle can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed”. So vocabulary is thecore of language. We may often feel that English words are difficult to learn and easy toforget. So how to build up student’s mental lexicon is the question.To improve mental lexicon, it is important to learn words from context, establishsemantic relations between words, provide frequent exposure to words and understandmorphological knowledge. So form, meaning and use of words are the three significantaspects of learning vocabulary.This module focuses on meanings of selected words, how they are used and how theycombine with one another.1. Synonyms2. Collocation3. Phrasal verbs4. Idiomatic expressionsWarm-up section1. We need to alter these cars so disabled people can drive them.2. If the trousers are too tight, take them back to the shop and ask the tailor toexpand them.3. He decided to transform his appearance by having plastic surgery.4. Our bills will be less if we switch from gas to electricity.5. You can’t vary the terms of the contract once it has been signed.6. It will help your digestion if you adapt your diet.7. We need to exchange our pounds for dollars.8. We have had to adjust our sales force to cope with the extra demand.9. The price of oil will increase next year.10. The management decided to dissolve the company and sell the office.Vocabulary frame 12.1 SynonymsDifferent words which have the same meaning (similar meaning) are called synonyms.Learning to express the same ideas or feelings in several different ways is an importantTransactionsPage 12

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONlanguage skill. This frame is introduced to develop multiple vocabulary items to expressthe same ideas and feelings.Example HideGetTakeHelpShowDash, escape, flee, hurry, rushDifficulty, hardship, trouble, suffering, disasterInspire, stimulate, influence, persuade, pushDisillusioned , depressed, dissatisfied, frustratedProminent, outstanding, renowned, notable, wellknownVarious, dissimilar, unlike, varied, distinctConceal, cover, mask, veil screenAcquire, secure, gain, find, earnHold, catch, prefer, lift, consumeAid, assist, support, encourage, abetDisplay, exhibit, point to, indicate, revealExample 2.1bSub inspector Thomas has an appointment with Leena, who is a witness to a crime. Shearrives late for the appointment. Look at how he gets from her some crucial information.Thomas:Leena, you’re late! Did you forget our appointment?Leena:I’m sorry. It might have slipped my mind.Thomas:OK, Leena. We want you to tell us where Ramesh is hiding.Leena:I’m sorry. I seem to be drawing a blank.Thomas:I see. Maybe, this will help your memory. (He gives Leena Rs 500)Leena:Come to think of it. I do seem to remember something about a bridge.Thomas:Which bridge?Leena:The name escapes me. (He hands Leena another Rs 500). Hmm it’s on thetip of my tongue. (He gives her Rs 500 more). Oh yes! The Feroke Bridge!Thomas:One last thing, Leena! Is there a shipment coming in tonight?Leena:Now that you mention it, I think there is, but for the life of me, I can’tremember at what time.Thomas:Maybe, you need a little inspiration. (He hands Leena another Rs 500).Leena:Wait! It’s coming to me now. (He hands Leena another Rs 500). There is ashipment coming in at 11:30 tonight.Thomas:Thanks, Leena. You have been a big help!Some synonyms expressions1. Refresh your memoryCome to think of itYou need a little inspiration to remember2. It might have slipped from my mindTransactionsPage 13

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONI seem to be drawing a blankFor the life of me, I can’t remember3. I’m very close to rememberingIt’s on the tip of my tongueWait! It’s coming to me now.The name escapes me.Example 2.1cChoosing a giftMohan:Rita:Shop assistant:Rita:Shop assistant:Rita:Mohan:Shop assistant:Mohan:Rita:Mohan:Shop assistant:Mohan:Rita:Shop assistant:Mohan:Shop assistant:This place is great! I could stay here all day!Well, we are only here for Salman, remember it.Hi, Can I help you?Err. Yes. We’re looking for a present for a friend. It’s his birthday.OK. Are you looking for anything in particular?Umm, I don’t know We have no idea, what to buy for him.OK. What sort of thing does he like? Is he a sports fan?Yeah.Is he? Does he like sport?Yeah I’m sure.OK. How about this? “Football in a box”.This looks perfect! He loves football.Does he? I’m not sure? What else do you have?Then, what about this? “A weather station”.Oh, what does it do?Well, it tells you the time and weather; and we can also use it as analarm clock.Rita:Oh, that’s quite nice.Mohan:Yeah, I suppose he might like that, but I really think we should getsomething sporty. Could you show us something else?Shop assistant:Oh, Yes. What about this? “A Football clock”.Mohan:Brilliant! Let’s get that!Rita:Well, if you really think he likes football.Mohan:Yeah, of course.Rita:Then OK. Pack it please.Shop assistant2: Yes, sir.Mohan:Oh yes, Just this please.Shop assistant2: How would you like to pay?Mohan:I think I’ll put it on my credit card.Shop assissant2:Ok. Can you put your card in, and enter your PIN, please. Thank you.Ok. Here’s your receipt.Mohan:Thanks a lot.Some synonyms expressionsTransactionsPage 14

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION1. I have no idea what to buy.I don’t know what to choose.I can’t figure out what to choose.I have been trying hard to pick out.2. What sort of thing does he like?What might he like?What things do you think he likes?3. How about this?What about this?Well, this is a great product, look this one.4. Yes, that would be good.This looks perfect.Oh, that’s quite nice.Brilliant! Let’s buy it.5. How it works?What is it exactly?What does it do?Vocabulary frame 22.2 CollocationLearning collocation is an important part of learning the vocabulary of a language. Wordsoccurring together in a language is an important part of speaking and writing fluently. Toable to produce ‘native-like’ speech, you have to know which words work together well. Acollocation is a pair or group of words that are often together. These combinations soundnatural to native speaker, but students of English has to make special effort to learn thembecause they are often difficult to guess. A Collocation is concerned with the way wordsoccur together often in naturally or unpredictable ways.Example 2.2aCorrect form of some collocationUsually wake-upThe genuine thingDo exerciseTake a riskTo make progressIn great detailUtterly confusedRaise your handFormidable opponentReceive a discountAncient monumentsPowerful engineTransactionsUsed to wake-upThe real thingMake exerciseDo a riskTo get progressIn big detailHeavily confusedLift your handThreatening opponentGet a discountAntique monumentsStrong enginePage 15

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONTo describe whatever you need in the target language is not difficult one. Words arelearned and stored in memory in groups, not in isolation. So by knowing the collocationsone may make less error in language and also it will make speech and writing fluid. Soinstead of learning a word, it should be learned with its collocation.Example 2.2b‘Contrast’ should be taught with its collocation ‘in contrast’.Some more examples:In regard to, give a presentation, regular exercise, healthy diet, blissfully ignorant, whiskan egg, do the homework, do the washing-up, make the beds, fall in love, to close a deal,make a mess, etc. are some of them.Example 2.2cLook at some travel collocation1. My car broke down on the way.2. I had a crash on the drive to work.3. The traffic jam went on for miles down the road.4. A kind man gave us a lift to Calicut.5. We travelled around Europe last year.6. There was a long queue at the ticket office.Example 2.2dRead the passage and understand the common collocation.I met my ex-husband in 1995; we fell in love at first sight. After three years of ourfirst meeting, he proposed and we got married six months later. At first, everything wasperfect; we both did the housework together; I did the washing-up and made the bedsand he did the cooking. He always made a mess when he did the cooking, but I didn’tmind because the dinners were always delicious.When he got a new job in New Delhi, things took an unexpected turn. We had tomake a few crucial decisions. We moved there, so he wouldn’t have to take the train towork every day. His grinding routine began to affect the rhythm of our life. He startedpaying less attention to me. He stopped lending a hand in domestic chores. He wasunusually stressed and he started to grow bald. He felt very depressed about this andbecame addicted to alcohol. I was getting very worried about him. He would always comehome drunk and make a mess. Then one day, something caught my attention. It was alipstick stain on his shirt. I was very angry that he was hiding a secret from me. That nightwhen he came home, I flew into a rage and he made a frank confession that he had beenhaving an affair. It broke my heart. I filed for divorce and we got separated two weekslater.TransactionsPage 16

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONExample 2.2eMatching the words with its ipalsalientThe shoppingAttentionFeaturesA phone callMethodologyProblemDiscrepancycauseVocabulary frame 32.3 Phrasal verbsA phrasal verb is a verb followed by a preposition or an adverb; the combination creates adifferent meaning from the original verb. Phrasal verb is part of a large group of verbscalled multi-part or multi-word verbs.The preposition or an adverb that follows the verb is sometimes called a particle.Types of phrasal verb1. Transitive phrasal verb2. Intransitive phrasal verbTransitive phrasal verb:This phrasal verb needs an object in order to be used.1. I made up an excuse. (Here ‘excuse’ is the object)2. My granny brought up 8 children by herself.Some transitive phrasal verbs can be separated. (That means you can place the objectbetween the verb and the particle.)1. My granny brough

Essential English Language Skills LITERATURE IN ENGLISH I SEMESTER COMMON COURSE INENGLISH (2017 Admission onwards) (CUCBCSS) UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Calicut University P.O, Malappuram Kerala, India 673 3635 E1 01

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