THIRD EDITION - GBV

WORLDREGIONALGEOGRAPHYCONCEPTSTHIRD EDITION.,LYDIA MIHELIC PULSIPHERGeography Professor Emeritus,University of TennesseeALEX A. PULSIPHERGeographer and Independent Scholarwith the assistance of11CONRAD "MAC GOODWINAnthropologist/Archaeologist andIndependent ScholarIIW. H. Freeman and CompanyA Macmillan Education CompanyNew York

- »-CONTENTSGeopolitics39International Cooperation 40Where ls lt? Why ls lt There? Why Does lt Matter?What ls Geography?23Physical and Human Geography 3graphers' Visual Tools4Understanding Maps 4 Geographie InformationScience (GISc) 7THE DETECTIVE WORK OF PHOTOINTERPRETATION8The Region as a Concept9Regions 9URBANIZATION42Why Are Cities Growing?Patterns of Urban Growth 4342POPULATION43Global Patterns of Population Growth43Local Variations in Population Density and Growth 44Age and Sex StructuresPopulation Growth Rates and WealthGenderGender Roles 49 Gender Issues 50Sociocultural lssuesEthnicity and Culture: Slippery Concepts 51 Values 5247474951 Religion and Belief Systems 52 Language 53 Race 53Thematic Concepts and Geographie lnsightsin This Book121.3Understanding MapsENVIRONMENT121.4The Detective Work of Photo InterpretationHuman Impact on the BiospherePhysical Geography12131.7Human Impacts on the BiosphereLandforms: The Sculpting of the Earth 13 Plate Tectonics 13 Landscape Processes 13 Climate 14 C)imate Regions 14 Temperature and Ai Pressure 16 Precipitation 17Global Climate Change21Drivers ofGlobal Climate Change 21 Climate-ChangeImpacts 23 Vulnerability to Climate Change 23 Responding to Climate Change 24WaterPHOTO ESSAYS58141.11 Clirnate Regions of the World18l.l 5 Vulnerability to Climate Change1.22 Power and Politics1.24 Urbanization24401. 30 Major Religions of the World544426Calculating Water Use per Capita 26 Who Owns Water?Who Gets Access to lt? 27 Water Quality 27 Water and Urbanization 28Food28Agriculture: Early HumanI mpacts on the PhysicalEnvironment 28 Agricultureand Its Consequences 29 Modem Food Productionand Food Security 29Globalization31What Is the Global Economy? 31 Workers in the Global Economy 32 The Debate overGlobalization and Free Trade 33Development34Measuring Economic Development 35 GeographiePatterns of Human Well-Being 36 Sustainable Developmentand Political Ecology 36POWER AND POLITICS38The Expansion of Politkai Freedoms38What Factors Encourage the Expansion of Political Freedoms? 39The North American Region60PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ANDENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES61LandformsClimateEnvironment616264Climate Change and Air Pollution 64 Water ResourceDepletion, Pollution, and Marketization 64 Loss of Habitatfor Plants and Animals 68 Oil Drilling 68 Logging 68 Coal Mining and Use 70 Urbanization and Habitat Loss 70HUMAN GEOGRAPHY70Human Patterns over Time70The Peopling ofNorth America 71 The EuropeanTransformation 71 Expansion West of the Mississippi andGreat Lakes 73 European Settlement and Native Americans 74 The Changing Regional Composition ofNorth America 75

viiiContentsGlobalization and Development75Tue Decline in Manufacturing Employment 75 Growthof the Service Seetor 76 Globalization and Free Trade 76 Repercussions of the Global Economic Down turnBeginning in 2007 78 lnterdependencies 79 Women in theEconomy 80 North America's Changing Food-ProductionSystems 80 Changing Transportation Networks and the NorthAmerican Economy 83Political lssuesPower and Politics83Tue Expansion of Political Freedoms in the United Statesand Canada 83 Debt and Politics in the United States 84 Tue United States and Canada Abroad 86 Challenges tothe United States' Global Power 86Relationships Between Canada and the United States134The Drug Trade and Conflict 135 Foreign Involvement in the Region'sPolitics 136 Recent RevolutionaryMovements 138Urbanization139Migration and Urbaoization 13987Asymmetries 87 Similarities 87 Democratic Systems ofGovernment: Shared Ideals, Different Trajectories 87 The Social Safety Net: Canadian and U.S. Approaches 89 Gender in National Politics 90UrbanizationPopulation and GenderPhases of Economic Development 127 The Current Era of Foreign DirectInvestment 131 The InformalEconomy 131 Regional Trade andTrade Agreements 132 FoodProduction and Development 132Population and Gender143Slowing Population Growth 143 Population Distribution 143Sociocultural lssues9094Gender and Fertility 95 Aging in North America 95 Population Distribution 96144Cultural Diversity 145 The Familyand Gender Roles 146 Religion inContemporary Life 146PHOTO ESSAYS3.5Climates ofMiddle and South America115Immigration and Diversity 98 Race and Ethnicity in NorthAmerica 101 Religion 103 Tue American Family 1033.8Human Impacts on the Biosphere in Middle andSouth Americall9PHOTO ESSAYS3.10 Vulnera bility to Climate Change in Middle andSouth AmericaSociocultural lssues982.4Climates ofNorth America632.5Vulnerability to Climate Change in North America652.8Human Impacts on the Biosphere in North America692.9Visual H istory ofNorth America722.17 Power and Politics in North America842.2 1 Urbanization in North America92GHA ili ER1213.11 Visual History of Middle and South America1223.19 Power and Politics in Middle and South America1371403.21 Urbanization in Middle and South America3Middle arad South America 108The Middle and South American RegionPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ANDENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESPhysical Patterns110112112117Tropical Forests, Climate Change, and Globalization 117 Environmental Protection and Economic Development 118 The Water Crisis 118HUMAN GEOGRAPHY122Human Patterns over Time122Tue Peopling ofMiddle and South America 122 European Conquest 123 A Global Exchange of Cropsand Animals 124 Tue Legacy ofUnderdevelopment 124Globalization and DevelopmentEconomic lnequality and lncome Disparity152PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ANDENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES155Physical Patterns155Landforms 15 5 Vegetation and Climate 15 5Landforms 112 Climate 114Environmental lssuesThe European RegionEnvironmental lssuesHUMAN GEOGRAPHY164Human Patterns over Time164Sources of European Culture 164 The lnequalities ofFeudalism 165 Tue Role of Urbanization in theTransformation ofEurope 165 European Colonialism:The Founding and Acceleration ofGlobalization 166 Urban Revolutions in lndustry and Politics 166 Urbanization and Politics 168 Two World Wars andTheir Aftermath 169 Tue Birth ofthe European Union 169Globalization and Development126127156European Leadership in Response to Global ClimateChange 156 Europe's Impact on the Biosphere 159Europe's Growing Service Economies 170 Tue Euro and DebtCrises 172 Food Production and the European Union 173170

ContentsPower and Politics175Tue Politics ofEU Expansion 175 EU Governinglnstitutions 178 NATO and the Rise of the European Unionas a Global Peacemaker 178 Social Welfare Systems andTheir Outcomes 178anizationulation and Genderiocultural lssuesixPHOTO ESSAYS5. 5Climates of Russia and the Post-Soviet States1995.6 Human Impacts on the Biosphere in Russia andthe Post-Soviet States180180184migration and Migration: Needs and Fears 184 Changing Gender Roles 1862005.8 Vulnerability to Climate Change in Russia andthe Post-Soviet States5.10 Visual History of Russia and the Post-Soviet States5.16 Power and Politics in Russia and the Post-Soviet States5.18Urbanization in Russia and the Post-Soviet States203206215219157158161166er and Pplitics in Europe1211tb nization in EuropeThe Russia and Post-Soviet States RegiohPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ANDENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESPhysical PatternsLandforms 197 Climate and Vegetation 198Environmental lssuesUrban and lndustrial Pollution 201 Nuclear Pollution 201176181194197197198 Tue Globalization of Resource Extraction andEnvironmental Degradation 201 Climate Change 204HUMAN GEOGRAPHY204Human Patterns over Time205Tue Rise ofthe Russian Empire 205 The CommunistRevolution and lts Aftermath 206 World War U and theCold War 208Globalization and Development210214218220Gender and Life Expectancy 221 Population Distribution 223Sociocultural lssuesGender: Challenges and Opportunitiesin the Post-Soviet Era 224 ReligiousRevival in the Post-Soviet Era 226232PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ANDENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES235Physical PatternsClimate 235 Landformsand Vegetation 235Environmental lssuesAn Ancient Heritage ofWater Conservation 237 CouldThere Be New Sources ofWater? 239 Water and FoodProduction 239 Vulnerability to Climate Change 239235HUMAN GEOGRAPHY243Human Patterns over Time243237Agriculture and the Development of Civilization 243 Agriculture and Gender Roles 244 The Coming ofMonotheism: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam 244 The Spread of Islam 246 Western Domination, StateFormation, and Antidemocratic Practices 247Globalization and DevelopmentFossil Fuel Exports 249 Economic Diversificationand Growth 252Power and Politics254The Arab Spring 254 The Role249of the Press, Media, and Internetin Political Change 256 Democratization and Warnen 258Oil and Gas Development: FuelingGlobalization 210 Food Productionin the Post-Soviet Era 212Power and PoliticsUrbanizationPopulation and GenderThe North Africa and Southwest Asia Region224Three Worrisome GeopoliticalSituations in the Region258 ·· -- Situation 1: Fifty Years ofTroubleBetween Iraq and the UnitedStates 2 58 Situation 2: The State of Israel and the "Questionof Palestine" 259 Situation 3: Failure of the Arab Spring inSyria 262UrbanizationPopulation and Gender263265Changing Population Distribution 267Sociocultural lssuesFamilies and Gender 267 Gender Roles and Gendered Spaces268 The Rights ofWomen 269 The Lives ofChildren 271267