THe Greek ALPHaBet & Pronunciation In This Lesson, We .

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L esson 1tHe G reek a LPHaBet& P ronu nciationIn this lesson, we learn how to identify and pronounce the letters ofthe Greek alphabet. We also distinguish smooth and rough breathingmarks and learn the sounds of Greek diphthongs. Finally, we practicereading a few Greek words, such as Ἀχαιός, ἴφθιμος, and προϊάπτω.The classical Greek alphabet has 24 letters (plus two archaic letters that help explainolder forms of tinTranscriptionΑ, αA, aa as in father (when short, asin aha)ἄλφαalphaΒ, βB, bb as in biteβῆταbetaΓ, γG, galways g as in get (never soft,γάμμαas in gym)Δ, δD, dd as in dealδέλταdeltaΕ, εE, ee as in redἒ ψιλόνepsilonΖ, ζZ, zzd as in Mazda (many alsopronounce this dz or simply z,ζῆταbecause these are simpler topronounce for native Englishspeakers)zetaΗ, ηE, elong a as in gate or as in(French) fêteἦταetaΘ, θthth as in thickθῆταtheta,ιI, ilong e as in feet and police orἰῶταshort i as in hit2gammaiota

,κK, k or C, ck as in killκάππαkappa,λL, ll as in languageλάμβδαlambda,μM, mm as in manμῦmu,νN, nn as in neverνῦnu,ξX, xx as in boxξῖxi,οO, oo as in ought, but shorter(that is, a “closed” o), or asin the British pronunciationof potὂ μικρόνomicron,πP, pp as in pieπῖpi,ρR, ra trilled r (as in continentalEuropean languages)ῥῶrhoΣ, σ, ςS, ss as in singσίγμαsigmaΤ, τT, tt as in tipταῦtauΥ, υU, u orY, yu as in (French) tu or(German) Müller, but the u inὖ ψιλόνEnglish prune may serve as aclose approximationupsilonΦ, φphf as in face or ph as inphilosophyφῖphiΧ, χkh or chch as in (German) dochor (Scottish) Loch Ness;a simple k sound is alsoacceptableχῖchiΨ, ψpsps as in lipsψῖpsiΩ, ωO, olong o as in openὦ μέγαomegaArchaic LettersϜ, ϝW, ww as in wineδίγαμμαdigammaϘ, ϙQ, qk as in kaleϙόππαkoppaDiphthongsαιai or aeai as in aisleαυauou as in houseG r eek 101: L ea r n i nGana nci e n t L a nGuaGe3

ειei or eei as in freightευ/ηυeulike the eu in (French) fleur or the ö in (German) schön;equivalent to eh oo fused into one syllableοιoi or oeoi as in foilου/ωυou or uou as in soupυιuipronounced like the English word we or (French) ouiBreathing Marks n/aWhen placed above a vowel (or before a capital vowel), thismark indicates smooth breathing—i.e., “no sound” (e.g., ἀ ah). H, hWhen placed above a vowel (or before a capital vowel), thismark indicates rough breathing—i.e., an h sound (e.g., ἁ ha).Diaeresis When placed above the second of two vowels, this mark indicates that the twovowels should be pronounced separately rather than as a single diphthong (e.g.,οι oi, but οϊ o-ee).Iota SubscriptWhen placed below a vowel, this iota does not change the pronunciation but isimportant for determining meaning (ᾳ ah; ῳ oh).ͅAccents acute; treat as a stress accent (e.g., καλός). grave; treat as a stress accent (e.g., καὶ καλός).circumflex; treat as a stress accent (e.g., βῆτα).Punctuation,/./“” ,/./“”Commas, periods, and quotation marks are used in Greek as inEnglish.;?What looks like a semicolon at the end of a sentence is aquestion mark in Greek.·:One dot above the line is a colon in Greek.4L esson 1—tH e G r eek a LPH a Bet & P ron u nci at ion

1.1 e xercIses1Practice drawing the Greek letters.2Write out the Greek alphabet from memory, and supply the correspondingLatin equivalent (e.g., Α, α A, a).3Transcribe the following words with their corresponding Latin letters,and pronounce each word aloud (you’ll find a phonetic spelling indicatingpronunciation in the Lesson 1 Key, which is supplied at the end of the workbook).n otes Transcribe rough breathing [ ‘ ] as “h.” Smooth breathing [ ’ ] and accents [ , , and ] should not be transcribed. Transliterate upsilon (Υ, υ) as “U, u” and chi (Χ, χ) as “KH, kh.”Greek WordEnglish �accursed, destructiveὅςwho, which, thatμυρίοςcountless, innumerableἈχαιόςAchaean, Greekἄλγοςgrief, pain, woe, troubleτίθημιput, place, causeπολλόςmuch, many, numerousδέbut, and, for, soἴφθιμοςvaliant, mightyG r eek 101: L ea r n i nGanLatin Transcriptiona nci e n t L a nGuaGe5

ψυχήsoul, spirit, breath, lifeἌιςHades, god of the underworldπροϊάπτωhurl forward, send forthἥρωςhero, mighty warrior, protector,saviorαὐτόςself, sameἑλώριονbooty, prey, spoilsτεύχωmake, fashion, causeκύωνdogοἰωνόςbird (of prey), vulture, omenτέand, alsoδαίςportion, feast, banquetΖεύςZeus, father and king of the godsand menτελείωaccomplish, fulfillβουλήwill, wish, plan, purpose, counsel,councilλόγοςword, story, reason, cause6L esson 1—tH e G r eek a LPH a Bet & P ron u nci at ion

the Greek alphabet. We also distinguish smooth and rough breathing marks and learn the sounds of Greek diphthongs. Finally, we practice reading a few Greek words, such as Ἀχαιός, ἴφθιμος, and προϊάπτω. The classical Greek alphabet has 24 letters (plus two archaic letters that help explain older for

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