Fisheries, Wildlife, And Conservation Biology - NCSU
Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyProgram Information and Faculty AchievementsOnline at http://cnr.ncsu.edu/fer/news/FWCB newsletter.php Volume 10, Issue 3 september 25, 2013dr. John MillerNC STATEUNIVERSITYPhotos courtesy of the Miller familyemeritus professor of Zoology passed away at age of 73cover Story, Page 4INDEXNew carnivore species.2 Alumni Profile.6Scavenger Hunt.8Faculty Profile.9Graduate abstract.10-13Q&A with Dr. L. Scott Mills. 14Research Publications. 16Research Presentations.17Student awards.18
2Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyNCSU scientist among team that discoversnew species of carnivoreRALEIGH ― Observed in the wild,tucked away in museum collections,and even exhibited in zoos, is onemysterious creature that has been avictim of mistaken identity for morethan 100 years. A team of scientists― including Dr. Roland Kays, of theNorth Carolina Museum of NaturalSciences and a professor in the FWCBprogram at North Carolina State University ― however, uncovered overlooked museum specimens of this remarkable animal. Their investigationeventually took them on a journeyfrom museum cabinets in Chicago tocloud forests in South America to genetics labs in Washington, D.C. Theresult: the olinguito (Bassaricyonneblina) the first carnivore species tobe discovered in the Western Hemisphere in 35 years. The team’s discovery is published in the Aug. 15 issue ofthe journal ZooKeys.The olinguito (oh-lin-GHEE-toe)looks like a cross between a house catand a teddy bear. It is actually the latest scientifically documented memberof the family Procyonidae, which itshares with raccoons, coatis, kinkajous and olingos. (Olinguito means“little olingo.”) The 2-pound olinguito, with its large eyes and woolly orange-brown fur, is native to the cloudforests of Colombia and Ecuador, asits scientific name, “neblina” (Spanishfor “fog”), hints. In addition to beingthe latest described member of itsfamily, another distinction the olinguito holds is that it is the newest species in the order Carnivora ― an incredibly rare discovery in the 21stcentury.Photo courtesty of Julie UrbanDr. Roland Kays announces the discovery of the Olinguito.“The discovery of the olinguitoshows us that the world is not yet completely explored, its most basic secretsnot yet revealed,” said Kristofer Helgen, curator of mammals at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of NaturalHistory and leader of the team reporting the new discovery. “If new carnivores can still be found, what othersurprises await us? So many of theworld’s species are not yet known toscience. Documenting them is thefirst step toward understanding thefull richness and diversity of life onEarth.”Discovering a new species of carnivore, however, does not happen over-Please see, Olinguito Page 3
Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology3OlinguitoContinued from page 2night. This one took a decade, and was not the project’soriginal goal ― completing the first comprehensive studyof olingos, several species of tree-living carnivores in thegenus Bassaricyon, was. Helgen’s team wanted to understand how many olingo species should be recognized andhow these species are distributed ― issues that had longbeen unclear to scientists. Unexpectedly, the team’s closeexamination of more than 95 percent of the world’s olingospecimens in museums, along with new DNA testing andthe review of historic field data, revealed existence of theolinguito, a previously undescribed species.The first clue came from the olinguito’s teeth and skull,which were smaller and differently shaped than those ofolingos. Examining museum skins revealed that this newspecies was also smaller overall with a longer and densercoat; field records showed that it occurred in a unique areaof the northern Andes Mountains at 5,000 to 9,000 feetabove sea level ― elevations much higher than the knownspecies of olingo. This information, however, was comingfrom overlooked olinguito specimens collected in the early20th century. The question Helgen and his team wanted toanswer next was: Does the olinguito still exist in the wild?To answer that question, Helgen called on Dr. Kays, director of the Biodiversity Lab at the North Carolina Museum ofNatural Sciences and professor in the College of NaturalResources at North Carolina State University, to help organize a field expedition.“The data from the old specimens gave us an idea of whereto look, but it still seemed like a shot in the dark,” Kays said.“But these Andean forests are so amazing that even if wedidn’t find the animal we were looking for, I knew our teamwould discover something cool along the way.”The team had a lucky break that started with a camcordervideo. With confirmation of the olinguito’s existence via afew seconds of grainy video shot by their colleague MiguelPinto, a zoologist in Ecuador, Helgen and Kays set off on athree-week expedition to find the animal themselves. Working with Pinto, they found olinguitos in a forest on the western slopes of the Andes, and spent their days documentingwhat they could about the animal - its characteristics and itsforest home. Because the olinguito was new to science, itwas imperative for the scientists to record every aspect ofthe animal. They learned that the olinguito is mostly activeat night, is mainly a fruit eater, rarely comes out of the treesand has one baby at a time.Photo courtesty of Mark GurneyThe olinguito (oh-lin-GHEE-toe) looks like a cross between ahouse cat and a teddy bear.In addition to body features and behavior, the team madespecial note of the olinguito’s cloud forest Andean habitat,which is under heavy pressure from human development.Computerized mapping of museum records allowed theteam to estimate that 42 percent of olinguito habitat likelyhas already been converted to agriculture or urban areas.“The cloud forests of the Andes are a world unto themselves, filled with many species found nowhere else, manyof them threatened or endangered,” Helgen said. “We hopethat the olinguito can serve as an ambassador species for thecloud forests of Ecuador and Colombia, to bring the world’sattention to these critical habitats.”While the olinguito is new to science, it is not a stranger topeople. People have been living in or near the olinguito’s cloudforest world for thousands of years. And, while misidentified,specimens have been in museums for more than 100 years, andat least one olinguito from Colombia was exhibited in severalzoos in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. Therewere even several occasions during the past century when theolinguito came close to being discovered but was not. In 1920,a zoologist in New York thought an olinguito museum specimen was so unusual that it might be a new species, but he never followed through in publishing the discovery.Giving the olinguito its scientific name is just the beginning.“This is the first step,” Helgen said. “Proving that a species exists and giving it a name is where everything starts.This is a beautiful animal, but we know so little about it.How many countries does it live in? What else can we learnabout its behavior? What do we need to do to ensure its conservation?”The team is already planning its next mission into theclouds.
4Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyPhotos courtesty of the Miller familyDr. John Miller passed away at the age of 73. Dr. Miller spent 35 years with the NCSU Department of Zoology.dr. John Millersupervised 37 students During his 35-year career at ncsuBy Dr. Steve W. RossDr. John Miller, emeritus professorof Zoology at NCSU, passed away atthe age of 73 on 27 June 2013, after aprolonged illness. John was hired intothe NCSU Department of Zoology in1974 and remained there until he retired in 2010. He was a fisheries biologist and ecologist, and an activemember of the Fisheries, Wildlife, andConservation Biology Program. During his 35 year career at NCSU he supervised 37 M.S. and Ph.D. students,served on numerous other graduatecommittees, and taught several graduate and undergraduate level coursesand seminars, including Limnology,Ecology of Fishes, Estuarine Ecologyand Biology of Fishes.John was born in Indiana in 1940and spent his childhood and earlyyears in the Nashville, IN area. Heearned a Bachelor’s degree in biologyat Indiana University in 1961, afterwhich he taught high school scienceuntil 1966. John was recruited into agraduate program at the University ofTexas (Port Aransas lab) where hecompleted a M.S. degree in marinescience in 1964. His thesis researchdocumented the distributions of marine fishes near Port Aransas. John’sPh.D. research was conducted at theUniversity of Wisconsin where hestudied factors controlling the distribution of young brook trout. He wasawarded his Ph.D. in zoology in 1970.John took a position with the University of Hawaii from 1970 until hecame to NCSU. While in Hawaii hiswork involved unraveling the mysteries of larval fish recruitment and dispersal dynamics, which remained oneof his research passions throughouthis career as a faculty member at NCState.In the early 1980s, John successful-Please see, Miller Page 5
5Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyMillerContinued from page 4ly led an effort to enhance the NCSUfisheries program by pursuing a legislative allocation for fisheries research.He then turned the allocation over tothe Fisheries and Wildlife Science Program, more than tripling its discretionary budget, and leading to investmentsin equipment, facilities, and personnelthat formed a solid base for the expanding fisheries research program.In 1997, John was appointed as thefirst Mote Eminent Scholar and wasalso appointed as a Mote Marine Laboratory Distinguished Visiting Scientist. He held an appointment as a Visiting Scientist with the NetherlandsInstitute of Sea Research where hehelped promote international researchon flatfishes. John was instrumentalin starting and maintaining momentum for the International FlatfishSymposia. John’s outreach to the international community for assistancein solving various fishery scienceproblems was mirrored by his involvement with other disciplines.Later in John’s career he concentrated his resources on singular, but interdisciplinary, research issues. He wasa pioneer in trying to meld physicaloceanography with biology to addressproblems of fish recruitment. Another research focal area involved fishecophysiology, where John and hisstudents attempted to understand fishdistributions, abundance, growth andsurvival in the context of their environment and their physiological needs.I recall John telling me that he expected to finish his career honing in onfish ecophysiology to see if this wouldyield the answers he sought.The statistics of John’s career (dates,degrees, publications, etc.) cannot define who he was; they do not really mea-Photos courtesty of the Miller familyFishing was one of Dr. John Miller’s favorite pastimes.sure what he accomplished or revealhow he approached his work, or signifythe mark he left on our profession. Heput little faith in GRE scores or journalimpact factors, or other metrics bywhich we traditionally gage intellect orscientific worth. John searched for thatspark of logical, independent thinking,which he promoted in his students andcolleagues. John was about quality, andhe preferred to spend his time on a fewprojects, papers, or students to makethem the best he could, rather than producing volume.John was one of the most criticaland innovative thinkers I have met.He had a skill for finding the crucialpart of a research question and formulating a variety of ways to tackle it.He was a master at what we call“thinking outside the box.” John instilled in his students the need for scientific rigor, but beyond that he alsotaught us how to think more analytically and how to evaluate problemsfrom many angles. I think that forJohn, teaching the ability to think wasof the foremost importance to him.He was dismayed by students whowere unwilling to engage intellectual-ly, but would spend huge amounts oftime and energy on those who werewilling to try. John was a beacon inthis regard as he promoted creative,logical thinking, hard work, knowingyour animal, and he provided encouragement when times were hard. Welearned that there are many pathwaysto the truth.John was passionate about outdooractivities, fishing being one of his favorite pastimes. He enjoyed pitting hisintellect (not fancy technology) againstthat of his potential prey. He broughthis knowledge of fish (“think like afish”) to the game of trying to enticethe beast onto his hook. To my knowledge John never engaged in half-waymeasures. If he started a task, he wasfully involved whether that was fishingor conducting research.John left us too soon. His lively wit,quick smile, and creative spark cannotbe replaced. But, John’s legacy liveson in his family, friends and students,and through us a part of him will travel through the ages. Memorials canbe made in John’s name to the QuayEndowment/Fisheries Scholarship atNCSU.
Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology6alumni profile: heather dye frinkLifelong naturalist and youth educatorGrowing up in Raleigh I always hadan interest in nature and wildlife. Myparents encouraged this interest by being outdoor enthusiasts and taking mysister Melissa and I camping and vacationing all over North Carolina. Momwas our Girl Scout leader, Dad was abirder and gardener, and it often feltlike we lived outside. When talk turnedto what we would do when we grewup, our parents encouraged us to follow our interests and trust that our careers would unfold from there. Itturned out to be great advice for bothof us. Melissa has taken her own roadless traveled and become an archaeologist with her Masters in Maritime Archaeology. We are so lucky to havegrown up with parents who wanted usto be ourselves and spend our lives doing what we love.Each summer when I was a teenager,I attended an environmental educationcamp in the Virginia mountains calledNature Camp. There, I had the opportunity to participate in field classes intopics such as conservation, mammalogy, botany, and ornithology. This opportunity gave me firsthand experience as a naturalist and lit a fire in methat furthered my interest in pursuingthis as a career.Looking at the universities in thearea, I noticed that many of the sciences were focused on biology as it applied toward medicine. NCSU provided the focus I wanted in zoology andconservation, so I chose to attendNCSU.I entered NCSU in Biology, but midway through my first semester Dr.Roger Powell came to speak in one ofmy classes about the Fisheries andPhoto courtesty of Heather Dye FrinkHeather Dye Frink, her husband, David Frink and their daughters Isabel and Eleanor.Wildlife Sciences (FWS) Program andhis black bear research in the NorthCarolina mountains. I knew immediately that Fisheries and Wildlife waswhere I needed to be, so I headed toTurner House and switched majors.At the time, it was typical for a FWSstudent to either attend summer campor have a field research internship aftertheir Junior year. However, I wantedboth experiences. This meant attending summer camp a year early - aftermy Sophomore year. I struggled a little at summer camp because I didn’tyet have all the courses I needed to besuccessful. However, it paid off because it freed me up to do an internshipin Puerto Rico after my Junior year. Iwas lucky enough to make a greatfriend, Dave Davenport, who was myTA for Herpetology that spring. WhenDave heard I was looking for a summer internship and would love to goout of the country, he began advocatingfor me with his friends Dr. Jaime Collazo in the Zoology department andLeopoldo Miranda, PhD student setting up a research project in Ciales,Puerto Rico. Before I knew it I was ona plane headed towards a summer thatwould change things in a big way forme.I am so glad I had the opportunitythrough the FWS Program to obtainvaluable hands-on experiences. Summer camp and my wildlife biologycourses gave me knowledge as a naturalist that I use in my job at the Museum. The field internship changed thedirection of my career. Before my in-Please see, Frink Page 7
7Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyFrinkContinued from page 6ternship I had thought I wanted to be afield researcher, possibly a refuge biologist. However, a summer of beingfairly isolated in the field and havingincredible experiences far from groupsof people I could share them with wasdifficult for an extrovert like me. Allthat summer, I kept finding myselfhaving these moments of wonder that Iwanted to turn around and share withsomeone who had not seen what I wasseeing, and yet I was alone or with other researchers who saw it all the time. Irealized that for me, there was no substitute for witnessing that “sense ofwonder” on a person’s face when theyfirst watch a nesting sea turtle heaveherself up a beach or a Puerto Ricanboa snatch a bat from the air. I realizedthe isolated nature of field work wasnot for me and that my passion was insharing the wonder of the natural worldthrough education.While working on my Master’s degree in Natural Resources Administration at NCSU, I began working parttime with the NC Museum of NaturalSciences. The spring I was to graduateI saw a posting for the Curator of YouthPrograms position at the Museum, andthe job seemed to have been written forme. I was thrilled to be offered the joband began working for the Museumfull-time. That fall, I married my wonderful husband, David, who I had metmy Junior year through a friend I madewhile at summer camp (another reasonI’m glad I attended a year early)!As part of my job, I was coordinatorof the Museum’s summer camps andof the Junior Curator teen volunteerprogram. I hired summer camp teachers, taught programs for preschooland elementary-aged kids, and ledmonthly field trips all over North Carolina and beyond for interested, enthusiastic, science-minded teens.Once a year, my colleagues at the Museum and I led a 10 day trip to a destination further away, and our travelsled us to Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago, Newfoundland, Big Bend Texas, Florida & the Everglades, Honduras, and Yellowstone. These tripscould not have happened if I was leading them alone, but in a place like theMuseum there are many educatorswith experience leading trips to different places. Also, my friend DaveDavenport was on staff at the Museum and we planned and led many ofthese field trips together. When I lookback on those seven years and seewhat the Junior Curators have goneon to do with their lives, I can seewhat an impact we had. Some of themhave even come through the FWCBprogram, and I love seeing how manyof them grab opportunities with bothhands and work hard to make theworld a better place.In the spring of 2006, my husbandDavid and I welcomed our first daughter Isabel into our family. I decided toput my full-time work at the museumon hold while I stayed home with her.Three years later, we welcomed oursecond daughter Eleanor and our family was complete. Though I have spentthe majority of my time in recent yearswith my girls, I have continued teaching a few programs each month at theMuseum. Now that my children aregetting a bit older I volunteer teachingnature programs for their preschooland elementary school classes and leadIsabel’s Girl Scout troop. We are a veryoutdoors family and love hiking, birding, gardening, and even keepingchickens.At first I was conflicted with my decision to stay home because as all parents know, when home alone with yourbaby it is hard to do anything but survive the day. When they were small itfelt at times like I was giving up a hugepart of who I am, but it was wonderfuland the baby phase with each of themjust flew by. I have never stopped being a naturalist and educator. It is morethan just a job for me, it is a way of life,something I do every day whetherthrough the Museum, as a volunteer, orin my most important job, as Mom.Wildlife stickersShow your support for the N.C. State LeopoldWildlife Club by purchasing a sticker for all ofyour vehicles. Stickers are 7.If interested contact Dr. Chris DePerno(chris deperno@ncsu.edu)
8Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyPhoto courtesy of Brian MalowTeam Tyson: Laura Nichols, Chris Moorman, Tara Malow, Greg Rice, and Brian Malow.Scavenger HuntPhoto courtesy of Lauren NicholsTeam Tyson documents herbivory in the trees.A Science CommunicationScavenger Hunt was organized bythe Biodiversity Lab of the NorthCarolina Museum of NaturalSciences and NC State University.The Science CommunicationScavenger Hunt was held at theNorth Carolina Museum of NaturalSciences Prairie Ridge Ecostation.Six teams competed in five stations,including a Herbivory (climb a treeand find the most bug-eaten leavesyou can) and Insect Diversity (Catcha diversity of insects and make aVine Video).http://storify.com/RolandKays/scihuntPhoto courtesy of Rebecca OwensHerbivory station.
9Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biologyfaculty profile: lara pacificiTeaching Assistant Professor of Fisheries,Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyI am a new Teaching Assistant Professor and undergraduate coordinatorin Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology. My education and workexperiences are a hodgepodge of wildlife biology and teaching. I never quiterealized what I wanted to do “when Igrew up” until I started this positionand realized this was it.I went to the State University of NewYork College of Environmental Science and Forestry at Syracuse for myundergraduate degree in Environmental and Forest Biology. I decided to gothere because I liked being outdoorsand with in-state tuition, the price wasright. In the summer between my junior and senior years, I went to summer camp and had an internship bothin the Adirondack Mountains. I spentthe summer hiking, canoeing, identifying plants and animals, live trappingsmall mammals and deer, checkingwood duck boxes, and performing loonnest surveys. It was awesome. Fromthen on, I knew that wildlife biologywas for me.I went on to complete a Master’s degree at Auburn University with NCSUalum Mike Mitchell working on the Pisgah Bear Project, which was started byNCSU Professor Emeritus Roger Powell. During my time at Auburn, I wasthe TA for several wildlife classes. Afterteaching for just a semester, I knew thatteaching was also for me. The only thingbetter than experiencing the wonders ofthe natural world is the opportunity toshare those experiences with others.In the years since I earned my Master’s degree, I accumulated experienc-Photos courtesty of Lara PacificiDr. Lara Pacifici is the undergraduate coordinator in Fisheries, Wildlife, and ConservationBiology.Photo courtesty of Lara PacificiDr. Lara Pacifici handling a black bear cub.es that prepared me to combine my affinities for wildlife and teaching – Itaught high school biology, environmental science, and wildlife ecology;I advised Envirothon and ScienceOlympiad teams; I earned my doctorate in Science Education from theUniversity of Georgia; I studied stu-dents doing undergraduate researchin science; I taught university coursesin biology and biology education; andI supervised aspiring science teachers. I enjoyed each one of these experiences but longed for a way to fullyintegrate my interests in wildlife andteaching.I am so honored to now be in thisposition that allows me to teach, mentor students, and build the communityin the Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program. It allows meto draw from all my past experiencesand fully enjoy both wildlife andteaching every day.My husband is an NCSU Wildlifealum and currently works in the Department of Applied Ecology. We aregrateful to be back in Raleigh and toraise our 2-year old son, Samson, inthe Wolfpack Nation.
10Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biologyabstract: maria baron palamarChallenges and Opportunities for Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Oral RabiesVaccination and Public Health Campaigns in Urban Environments(Under the direction of Drs. Maria T. Correa and Christopher S. DePerno)Beginning in the late 1970s, a strain ofrabies associated with raccoons (Procyon lotor) rapidly spread along the Eastcoast of the United States, with manystates reporting over 500 cases a year.Raccoon-strain rabies can infect companion animals, livestock, other wildlifeand even humans, and raccoons are themajor vector of this disease in EasternNorth America. Urban areas provideideal environments for the spread ofzoonotic diseases such as rabies fromwildlife to human and domestic animalspecies. At the end of 2007, GuilfordCounty, NC, had the highest number ofrabies positive wildlife cases per countyin the state. Pet vaccination, wildlifevector management and public healtheducation may well be the most efficientways to prevent a rabies epidemic in anurban environment.Human behaviors play a fundamental role in the epidemiology of urbanwildlife diseases, and those behaviorsare shaped by knowledge and ethnicity. Guilford County, and in particularthe city of Greensboro, has a total population of 237,423, of which 15,412 areHispanic/Latino and 88,587 are African American. Ethnic minorities, particularly Latinos, are growing in numbers throughout the U.S. and arebecoming critically important for wildlife management and public health outreach programs. We evaluated knowledge of rabies, transmission routes,vector species, and response to rabiesexposure with a bilingual (English/Spanish) in person survey in Greensboro, North Carolina. Ethnicity, gender and education level were predictorsPhoto courtesty of Maria Baron PalamarMaria Baron Palamar studied the challenges and opportunities for racoon oral rabies vaccinations in urban environments.of rabies knowledge. Latinos and African Americans had less rabies knowledge than non-Latino Whites.Non-Latino Whites and men had lessrabies knowledge than women. Only41% of African American respondentsidentified animal bites as a route of rabies transmission to humans, and lessthan half of all respondents knew thatwashing a bite wound with soap andwater was useful prevention. Ourknowledge scale was internally consistent (Cronbach’s alpha 0.73) and couldbe valuable for future studies of zoonotic disease knowledge. Future rabies educational campaigns should focus ondeveloping culturally sensitive, language appropriate educational materials geared to minorities.Guilford County also needed to assess the pet vaccination status andawareness of rabies vaccination clinicsoffered by the County. Furthermore,they needed to understand how thepublic would respond to rabid animalsand how to deliver information aboutrabies and rabies clinics to them in thefuture. To address this need, we askedseveral outreach questions in additionto the knowledge questions as part ofPlease see, Palamar Page 11
11Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyPalamarContinued from page 10the initial bilingual (English/Spanish)survey of people residing in Greensboro, NC. Our results indicated thatmost pet owners report vaccinatingtheir pet. Most Latinos were not awareof rabies vaccination clinics offered bythe county and they preferred to obtainfuture rabies information through theradio and TV, as do African Americans. Most non-Latino whites wereaware of the rabies clinics offered bythe county and preferred to obtain future information through the internet.The final aspect of controlling andeventually eradicating raccoon rabiesfrom urban environments was to implement wildlife management measures that reduce the risk of rabies. Because raccoons are the most importantrabies vector in eastern US, we developed a program for the control of rabies associated with raccoons inGreensboro, NC.The U.S. Department of Agriculture- Wildlife Services has established theNational Oral Rabies Vaccination(ORV) Program with the goal of limiting the westward expansion of raccoonrabies. In the ORV program, baits inoculated with rabies vaccination aredistributed aerially. However, aerialvaccines are distributed primarily inrural areas where raccoon density is reported to be lower than in urban environments, aerial baiting limited effectiveness in urban/suburban environments.ORV baiting devices and the associated cost have not been extensively evaluated in urban environments. Additionally raccoon pre-vaccinationserology is necessary to determine theprevalence of rabies virus neutralizingantibodies in raccoons before administering a rabies vaccine, and to accurately evaluate the effects of the oralPhoto courtesy of Maria Baron PalamarMaria Baron Palamar obtains blood samples from a captured racoon.vaccination in a specific population.To determine efficacy and cost ofbaiting devices; the species attractedto the bait; and raccoon rabies titterspre ORV delivery, we establishedbait stations and trapping with trailcameras at 28 different locationswithin the city limits of Greensboro.We had 4 baiting and trapping periods to evaluate the effectiveness ofthe oral bait delivery stations and toobtain tissue samples from residentraccoons. Raccoons were capturedin 83% of photographs and we observed raccoon activity in 27 out of28 baiting stations. We sampled 80unique raccoons and 3.6% of thesamples were positive for rabies. Additionally we calculated that it wouldcost the city of Greensboro 3,665per year to build, install, bait and remove the required amount of bait stations for the amount of green spacethat they currently have.
12Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biologyabstract: eric kilburgWild turkey nesting ecology and nest survival in thepresence of frequent growing-season fire(UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DRS. CHRISTOPHER E. MOORMAN AND CHRISTOPHER S. DEPERNO)Prescribed fire traditionally hasbeen applied during the dormant season in southeastern pine forest
Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology 4 By Dr. Steve W. Ross Dr. John Miller, emeritus professor of Zoology at NCSU
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