Game Makers Apprentice - Wag & Paws
TECHNOLOGY IN ACTION TheGame Maker’sApprenticeGame Developmentfor BeginnersCreate PC games the easy way usingGame Maker’s simple drag-and-drop interfaceLearn essential game design theoryMake your games more fun!Jacob HabgoodMark OvermarsandForeword by Phil Wilson,the producer of the highly anticipated Xbox 360 game Crackdown.INCLUDESAN CD WD ITTO EVER H GACR YT MEEA HIN MTE G AK9 G YO ERAM U N SOES EED FTW!ARE
The Game Maker’sApprenticeGame Development for BeginnersJacob HabgoodMark Overmars
The Game Maker’s Apprentice: Game Development for BeginnersCopyright 2006 by Jacob Habgood and Mark OvermarsAll rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrievalsystem, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.In purchasing this book, the authors and publisher grant you permission to use the electronic resourcesfrom the accompanying CD for commercial or noncommercial use in your own games made with GameMaker. However, redistribution of the original games or their resources is prohibited and the authorsretain full copyright of all the original game concepts and the intellectual property associated with them.ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-59059-615-9ISBN-10 (pbk): 1-59059-615-3Printed and bound in China 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrenceof a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademarkowner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.Lead Editor: Chris MillsDevelopment Editor: Adam ThomasTechnical Reviewer/Additional Material: Sean DaviesEditorial Board: Steve Anglin, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell, Jason Gilmore, Jonathan Gennick,Jonathan Hassell, James Huddleston, Chris Mills, Matthew Moodie, Dominic Shakeshaft,Jim Sumser, Keir Thomas, Matt WadeProject Manager: Richard Dal PortoCopy Edit Manager: Nicole LeClercCopy Editor: Liz WelchAssistant Production Director: Kari Brooks-CoponyProduction Editor: Ellie FountainCompositor: Dina QuanProofreader: Lori BringIndexer: Present Day IndexingArtist: Kinetic Publishing Services, LLCIllustrations and Cover Art: Kevin CrossleyGame Artists: Kevin Crossley, Matty Splatt and Ari FeldmanCover Designer: Kurt KramesManufacturing Director: Tom DebolskiDistributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor,New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax 201-348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-sbm.com, orvisit http://www.springeronline.com.For information on translations, please contact Apress directly at 2560 Ninth Street, Suite 219, Berkeley,CA 94710. Phone 510-549-5930, fax 510-549-5939, e-mail info@apress.com, or visit http://www.apress.com.The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precautionhas been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have any liability toany person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectlyby the information contained in this work.
To halcyon dayswith a frog,a parrot,and a talented bunch of gremlins.
ivContents at a Glance Getting StartedForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xivAbout the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviAbout the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiAbout the Illustrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiiAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xixIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxPART 1Action GamesWelcome to Game Maker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Your First Game: Devilishly Easy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2PART 2More Actions: A Galaxy of Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Target the Player: It’s Fun Being Squished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Game Design: Interactive Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Level DesignInheriting Events: Mother of Pearl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Maze Games: More Cute Things in Peril . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Game Design: Levels and Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5PART 3 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8
PART 4 Multiplayer GamesEnemies and Intelligence CHAPTER 9 Cooperative Games: Flying Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 CHAPTER 10 Competitive Games: Playing Fair with Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 CHAPTER 11 Game Design: Balance in Multiplayer Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211PART 512131415GML: Become a Programmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Clever Computers: Playing Tic-Tac-Toe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Intelligent Behavior: Animating the Dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Final Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299v
ContentsGetting Started.3Your First Game: Devilishly Easy.9Installing the Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5The Global User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Running a Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6How to Get More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8What’s Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Welcome to Game Maker Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xivAbout the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviAbout the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiAbout the Illustrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiiAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xixIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxPART 1 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2Designing the Game: Evil Clutches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Sprites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13The Boss Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Events and Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14The Dragon Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Save and Run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Instances and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Demons, Baby Dragons, and Fireballs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24The Fireball Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24The Demon Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Summoning Demons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30The Baby Dragon Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31vii
viii CONTENTSPART 2Backgrounds and Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33A Background Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Background Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Sound Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Congratulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Action Games. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Target the Player: It’s Fun Being Squished. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Designing the Game: Galactic Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Sprites and Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Moons and Asteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Flying Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Winning and Losing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56An Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Finishing Touches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60A Title Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Winning the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Adding Some Visual Variety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Help Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Congratulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63More Actions: A Galaxy of Possibilities CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4Designing the Game: Lazarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65An Animated Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66A Test Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Falling Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Finishing Touches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78No Way Out! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Adding a Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Starting a Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Sounds, Backgrounds, and Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Congratulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Game Design: Interactive Challenges CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101What Makes a Good Game? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Game Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Interactive Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Game Genres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Difficulty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Rewards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Subgoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Interactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Choices and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Control Overload! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Unfair Punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Audio Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Level DesignInheriting Events: Mother of Pearl CHAPTER 5PART 3 CHAPTER 6Designing the Game: Super Rainbow Reef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101A Game Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103The Front-End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103The Completion Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Bouncing Starfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Biglegs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Parent Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Normal Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Solid Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Special Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Polishing the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Sound Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Saving Games and Quitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123A Slower Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Creating the Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Congratulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126ix
x CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8Maze Games: More Cute Things in Peril. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Designing the Game: Koalabr8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127The Basic Maze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128The Game Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129A Moving Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Save the Koala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Creating Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Adding Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Locks and Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143A Detonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Finishing the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Congratulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Game Design: Levels and FeaturesSelecting Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Pie in the Sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Do You Have That in Blue? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Starting an Arms Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152One-Trick Ponies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Emerging with More Than You Expected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Designing Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154The Game Maker’s Apprentice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Learning Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Difficulty Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Saving the Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Applying It All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Emerging Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Training Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Dividing Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Summary . . . . . . . . . . . .
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