MICROWAVE OPTICS
IncludesTeacher's NotesandTypicalExperiment ResultsInstruction Manual andExperiment Guide forthe PASCO scientificModel WA-9314B012-04630GMICROWAVE OPTICS 10101 Foothills Blvd. Roseville, CA 95678-9011 USAPhone (916) 786-3800 FAX (916) 786-8905 web: www.pasco.combetterways toteach science
012-04630GMicrowave OpticsTable of ContentsSectionPageCopyright, Warranty, and Equipment Return . iiIntroduction . 1Equipment . 1Initial Setup . 3Accessory Equipment . 3Assembling Equipment for Experiments . 5ExperimentsExperiment 1: Introduction to the System . 7Experiment 2: Reflection . 11Experiment 3: Standing Waves - Measuring Wavelengths . 13Experiment 4: Refraction Through a Prism . 17Experiment 5: Polarization . 19Experiment 6: Double-Slit Interference . 21Experiment 7: Lloyds Mirror . 23Experiment 8: Fabry-Perot Interferometer . 25Experiment 9: Michelson Interferometer . 27Experiment 10: Fiber Optics. 29Experiment 11: Brewster's Angle . 31Experiment 12: Bragg Diffraction . 33Teacher's Guide . 35Appendix . 45Schematic Diagrams . 46Replacement Parts List . 47 This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to thefollowing two conditions:1. this device may not cause harmful interference.2. this device must accept any interference received, including interference that maycause undesired operation.Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Pasco Scientific could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.i
Microwave Optics012-04630GCopyright, Warranty, and Equipment ReturnPlease—Feel free to duplicate this manualsubject to the copyright restrictions below.Copyright NoticeEquipment ReturnThe PASCO scientific 012-04630E Model WA-9314BMicrowave Optics manual is copyrighted and all rightsreserved. However, permission is granted to non-profiteducational institutions for reproduction of any part of themanual providing the reproductions are used only for theirlaboratories and are not sold for profit. Reproductionunder any other circumstances, without the writtenconsent of PASCO scientific, is prohibited.Should the product have to be returned to PASCOscientific for any reason, notify PASCO scientific byletter, phone, or fax BEFORE returning the product. Uponnotification, the return authorization and shippinginstructions will be promptly issued. NOTE: NO EQUIPMENT WILL BEACCEPTED FOR RETURN WITHOUT ANAUTHORIZATION FROM PASCO.Limited WarrantyWhen returning equipment for repair, the units must bepacked properly. Carriers will not accept responsibility fordamage caused by improper packing. To be certain theunit will not be damaged in shipment, observe the following rules:PASCO scientific warrants the product to be free fromdefects in materials and workmanship for a period of oneyear from the date of shipment to the customer. PASCOwill repair or replace at its option any part of the productwhich is deemed to be defective in material or workmanship. The warranty does not cover damage to the productcaused by abuse or improper use. Determination ofwhether a product failure is the result of a manufacturingdefect or improper use by the customer shall be madesolely by PASCO scientific. Responsibility for the returnof equipment for warranty repair belongs to the customer.Equipment must be properly packed to prevent damageand shipped postage or freight prepaid. (Damage causedby improper packing of the equipment for return shipmentwill not be covered by the warranty.) Shipping costs forreturning the equipment after repair will be paid byPASCO scientific.➀ The packing carton must be strong enough for theitem shipped.➁ Make certain there are at least two inches ofpacking material between any point on theapparatus and the inside walls of the carton.➂ Make certain that the packing material cannot shiftin the box or become compressed, allowing theinstrument come in contact with the packingcarton.CreditsThis manual edited by: Dave GriffithTeacher’s guide written by: Eric AyarsiiAddress:PASCO scientific10101 Foothills Blvd.Roseville, CA 95747-7100Phone:FAX:email:web:(916) 786-3800(916) 786-3292techsupp@pasco.comwww.pasco.com
012-04630GMicrowave OpticsIntroductionThere are many advantages to studying optical phenomena at microwave frequencies. Using a 2.85 centimetermicrowave wavelength transforms the scale of the experiment. Microns become centimeters and variables obscured by the small scale of traditional optics experimentsare easily seen and manipulated. The PASCO scientificModel WA-9314B Basic Microwave Optics System isdesigned to take full advantage of these educational benefits. The Basic Microwave Optics System comes with a2.85 centimeter wavelength microwave transmitter and areceiver with variable amplification (from 1X to 30X).All the accessory equipment needed to investigate a variety of wave phenomena is also included.This manual describes the operation and maintenance ofthe microwave equipment and also gives detailed instructions for many experiments. These experiments rangefrom quantitative investigations of reflection and refraction to microwave models of the Michelson and FabryPerot interferometers. For those who have either theComplete Microwave Optics System (WA-9316) or theMicrowave Accessory Package (WA-9315), the manualdescribes experiments for investigating Bragg diffractionand Brewster's angle.EquipmentGunn Diode Transmitter CAUTION: The output power of the MicrowaveTransmitter is well within standard safety levels.Nevertheless, one should never look directly into themicrowave horn at close range when the Transmitter is on.The Gunn Diode Microwave Transmitter provides 15 mWof coherent, linearly polarized microwave output at awavelength of 2.85 cm. The unit consists of a Gunn diode in a 10.525 GHz resonant cavity, a microwave hornto direct the output, and an 18 cm stand to help reducetable top reflections. The Transmitter may be powereddirectly from a standard 115 or 220/240 VAC, 50/60 Hzoutlet by using the provided power supply. Other featuresinclude an LED power-indicator light and a rotationalscale that allows easy measurement of the angle of polarization.Power Supply Specifications:9 Volt DC, 500 mA;Miniature Phone Jack Connector (the tip is positive)The Gunn diode acts as a non-linear resistor that oscillatesin the microwave band. The output is linearly polarizedalong the axis of the diode and the attached horn radiatesa strong beam of microwave radiation centered along theaxis of the horn.DEN DIO VEGUN ROWA TERMIC NSMITTRAntificO sciePASCTo Operate the Microwave TransmitterSimply plug the power supply into the jack on theTransmitter's bottom panel and plug the power supply intoa standard 115 or 220/240 VAC, 50/60 Hz outlet. TheLED will light indicating the unit is on.Microwave Transmitter with Power Supply1
Microwave Optics012-04630GMicrowave Receiver NOTE: The detector diodes in the Receiver (andthe Probe) are non-linear devices. This non-linearity will provide no problem in most experiments. Itis important however, to realize that the meter reading is not directly proportional to either the electricfield (E) or the intensity (I) of the incident microwave. Instead, it generally reflects some intermediate value.The Microwave Receiver provides a meter reading that,for low amplitude signals, is approximately proportionalto the intensity of the incident microwave signal. A microwave horn identical to that of the Transmitter's collectsthe microwave signal and channels it to a Schottky diodein a 10.525 GHz resonant cavity. The diode respondsonly to the component of a microwave signal that is polarized along the diode axis, producing a DC voltage thatvaries with the magnitude of the microwave signal.To Operate The Microwave Receiver:Special features of the Receiver include four amplificationranges—from one to thirty—with a variable sensitivityknob that allows fine tuning of the amplification in eachrange. For convenience in class demonstrations, bananaplug connectors provide for an output signal via hookupto a projection meter (such as PASCO Model ES-9065Projection Meter or SE-9617 DC Voltmeter). This outputcan also be used for close examination of the signal usingan oscilloscope. The receiver is battery powered and hasan LED battery indicator; if the LED lights when you turnon the Receiver , the battery is working. As with theTransmitter, an 18 cm high mount minimizes table topreflections, and a rotational scale allows convenient measurements of polarization angle. NOTE: Before using the Receiver, you will needto install the two 9-volt transistor batteries—they areincluded with the system. See the instructions in theMaintenance section at the end of this manual.① Turn the INTENSITY selection switch from OFF to30X, the lowest amplification level. The battery indicator LED should light, indicating that the battery isokay. If it does not, replace the battery following theprocedures in the Maintenance section of this manual. NOTE: The INTENSITY selection settings (30X,10X, 3X, 1X) are the values you must multiply themeter reading by to normalize your measurements.30X, for example, means that you must multiply themeter reading by 30 to get the same value youwould measure for the same signal with the INTENSITY selection set to 1X. Of course, this is trueonly if you do not change the position of the VARIABLE SENSITIVITY knob between measurements.② Point the microwave horn toward the incident microwave signal. Unless polarization effects are under investigation, adjust the polarization angles of the Transmitter and Receiver to the same orientation (e.g., bothhorns vertically, or both horns horizontally).③ Adjust the VARIABLE SENSITIVITY knob to attaina meter reading near midscale. If no deflection of themeter occurs, increase the amplification by turning theINTENSITY selection switch clockwise. Remember,always multiply your meter reading by the appropriateINTENSITY selection (30X, 10X, 3X, or 1X) if youwant to make a quantitative comparison of measurements taken at different INTENSITY settings.Microwave ReceiverThe female audio connector on the side of the Receiver isfor an optional Microwave Detector Probe ( PASCOModel WA-9319). The probe works the same as the Receiver except it has no horn or resonant cavity. The Probeis particularly convenient for examining wave patterns inwhich the horn could get in the way, such as the standingwave pattern described in Experiment 3 of this manual.2
012-04630GMicrowave OpticsInitial SetupTo attach the microwave Transmitter and Receiver to theirrespective stands prior to performing experiments, proceed as follows:Washers① Remove the black hand screw from the back panel ofboth the Transmitter and the Receiver.② Attach both units to the stands as shown below. Observe the location of the washers.Hand Screw③ To adjust the polarization angle of the Transmitteror Receiver, loosen the hand screw, rotate the unit,and tighten the hand screw at the desired orientation.Notice the rotational scale on the back of each unit formeasuring the angle of polarization. Be aware, however, that since the Transmitter and Receiver face eachother in most experiments it is important to match theirpolarization angle. If you rotate one unit to an angle of10-degrees, you must rotate the other to -10-degrees(350-degrees) to achieve the proper polar alignment.Attaching the Transmitter and Receiver StandsAccessory EquipmentAccessory equipment for the Basic Microwave OpticsSystem includes:Rotating Table (1)ROTATING TABLEGoniometer (1)Component Holder (2)Rotating Component Holder (1)Fixed Arm Assembly (1)3
Microwave Optics012-04630GMetal Reflector (2)Ethafoam Prism Mold w/Styrene Pellets (1)TubularPlastic Bags (4)Partial Reflector (2)The WA-9315 Microwave Accessory Package (which ispart of the Complete Microwave Optics System ModelWA-9316) includes the following:Cubic Lattice with 100 metalspheres—5x5x4 array (1)Polarizers (2)Slit Extender Arm (1)Polyethylene Panel (1)The following components, compatible with the WA9314B Basic Microwave Optics System, are availablefrom PASCO scientific:Narrow Slit Spacer (1)Model WA-9319 Microwave Detector Probe plugs directly into the Microwave Receiver. The probe is essential for experiments in which the horn of the Receivermight otherwise interfere with the wave pattern beingmeasured.Model WA-9318 Microwave Modulation Kit includes amodulator and microphone. With this kit, you can useyour Transmitter and Receiver as a microwave communications system.Wide Slit Spacer (1)4
012-04630GMicrowave OpticsAssembling Equipment for ExperimentsThe arms of the Goniometer slide through the holes in theComponent Holders as shown. Make sure the magneticstrip on the bottom of the arm grips the base of the carriage. To adjust the position of the holders, just slidethem along the Goniometer arms. Attach the mountingstands of the microwave Transmitter and Receiver to thearms of the Goniometer in the same manner.For most experiments it is advantageous to attach theTransmitter to the long arm of the Goniometer and theReceiver to the shorter, rotatable arm. This maintains afixed relationship between the microwave beam and components mounted on the long arm (or on the degree plate)of the Goniometer. In turn the Receiver moves easily tosample the output.Mounting the Component HolderReflectors, Partial Reflectors, Polarizers, Slit Spacers, andthe Slit Extender Arm all attach magnetically to the Component Holders. The metric scale along the Goniometerarms and the degree plate at the junction of the arms allow easy measurement of component placement. Whenrotating the rotatable arm, hold the degree plate firmly tothe table so that it does not move. IMPORTANT NOTES:1. CAUTION—Under some circumstances, microwaves can interfere with electronic medical devices. If you use a pacemaker, or other electronic medicaldevice, check with your doctor or the manufacturer to be certain that low powermicrowaves at a frequency of 10.525 GHz will not interfere with its operation.2. Always mount the apparatus on a CLEAN, SMOOTH table. Before setting upthe equipment, brush off any material—particularly metal chips—that mighthave adhered to the magnetic strips on the bottom of the Goniometer arms.5
Microwave Optics012-04630GCopy-Ready ExperimentsThe following Experiments provide a thorough introduction to wave theory usingthe microwave system. We expect that the student approaches each experimentwith the appropriate theoretical background, therefore, basic principles are onlybriefly discussed in each experiment.The experiments are written in worksheet format. Feel free to photocopy them foruse in your lab.6
012-04630GMicrowave OpticsExperiment 1: Introduction to the SystemEQUIPMENT NEEDED:– Transmitter– Receiver– Goniometer– Reflector (1)PurposeThis experiment gives a systematic introduction to the Microwave Optics System. This mayprove helpful in learning to use the equipment effectively and in understanding the significance ofmeasurements made with this equipment. It is however not a prerequisite to the following experiments.Procedure① Arrange the Transmitter and Receiver on the Goni-Rometer as shown in Figure 1.1 with the Transmitterattached to the fixed arm. Be sure to adjust bothTransmitter and Receiver to the same polarity—thehorns should have the same orientation, as shown.② Plug in the Transmitter and turn the INTENSITYselection switch on the Receiver from OFF to 10X.(The LEDs should light up on both units.)③ Adjust the Transmitter and Receiver so the distancebetween the source diode in theTransmitter and the detector diodein the Receiver (the distance labeled R in Figure 1.1) is 40 cm(see Figure 1.2 for location ofpoints of transmission and reception). The diodes are at the locations marked "T" and "R" on thebases. Adjust the INTENSITY andVARIABLE SENSITIVITY dialson the Receiver so that the meterreads 1.0 (full scale).④ Set the distance R to each of thevalues shown in Table 1.1. For eachvalue of R, record the meter reading.(Do not adjust the Receiver controlsbetween measurements.) After making the measurements, perform thecalculations shown in the table.⑤ Set R to some value between 70 and90 cm. While watching the meter,slowly decrease the distance betweenthe Transmitter and Receiver. Doesthe meter deflection increase steadilyas the distance decreases?Figure 1.1 Equipment SetupEffective Point of Emission ofTransmitter Signal5 cm5 cmEffective Point of Reception ofTransmitter SignalReceiverTransmitterFigure 1.2 Equipment SetupTable 1.1R(cm)Meter Reading (M)MXR(cm)M X R2(cm2)401.040160050607080901007
012-04630GMicrowave Optics⑥ Set R to between 50 and 90 cm. Move a Reflector, its plane parallel to the axis of the microwavebeam, toward and away from the beam axis, as shown in Figure 1.3. Observe the meter readings. Can you explain your observations in steps 5 and 6? Don’t worry if you can’t; you willhave a chance to investigate these phenomena moreclosely in Experiments 3 and 8, later in this manual. Fornow just be aware of the following: IMPORTANT: Reflections from nearby objects, including the table top, can affect the results of your microwave experiments. To reduce the effects of extraneous reflections, keep your experiment table clear of allobjects, especially metal objects, other than those components required for the current experiment.ReflectorFigure 1.3 Reflections⑦ Loosen the hand screw on the back of the Receiver androtate the Receiver as shown in Figure 1.4. This variesthe polarity of maximum detection. (Look into thereceiver horn and notice the alignment of the detectordiode.) Observe the meter readings through a full 360degree rotation of the horn. A small mirror may behelpful to view the meter reading as the receiver isturned. At what polarity does the Receiver detect nosignal?HandscrewTry rotating the Transmitter horn as well. When finished, reset the Transmitter and Receiver so their polarities match (e.g., both horns are horizontal or both hornsare vertical).Figure 1.4 Polarization⑧ Position the Transmitter so the output surface of the hornis centered directly over the center of the Degree Plate ofthe Goniometer arm (see Figure 1.5). With the Receiverdirectly facing the Transmitter and as far back on theGoniometer arm as possible, adjust the Receiver controlsfor a meter reading of 1.0. Then rotate the rotatable armof the Goniometer as shown in the figure. Set the angleof rotation (measured relative to the 180-degree point onthe degree scale) to each ofFigure 1.5 Signal Distributionthe values shown in TableTable 1.21.2,
efits. The Basic Microwave Optics System comes with a 2.85 centimeter wavelength microwave transmitter and a receiver with variable amplification (from 1X to 30X). All the accessory equipment needed to investigate a vari-ety of wave phenomena is also included. This manual describes the operation and maintenance of
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Professional Engineering 6X9 / Microwave Transmission Networks / Lehpamer / 122-2 / Chapter 5 5Chapter Microwave Network Design 5.1 Introduction After the preliminary microwave network plan has been approved, detailed microwave network design has to be completed. Site acquisi-tion, microwave network design, RF design (in case of wireless network
Fiber Optics Lab Manual PREFACE This series of fiber optics laboratory experiments was developed by Professor Elias Awad for the FOA under a NSF grant. It is intended to introduce students in technical high schools and colleges to the technology of fiber optics. No previous experience in fiber optics is required. Students are expected to read all
1051-455-20073, Physical Optics 1 Laboratory 7: Fourier Optics 1.1 Theory: References: Introduction to Optics, Pedrottis, Chapters 11 and 21, Optics, E. Hecht, Chapters 10 and 11 The Fourier transform is an equivalent representation of a function or image in terms of the “amount” of
2 Vortex Optics Vortex Optics at www.vortexoptics.com 3 For hundreds of years, people have used optics to enhance vision, as well as optimize effectiveness of shooting equipment. Whether glassing up that big buck, taking aim, or simply observing the natural world, great optics make great experiences. Optics can be very task-specifi c.
Recommended reading -lasers and nonlinear optics: Lasers, by A. Siegman (University Science Books, 1986) Fundamentals of Photonics, by Saleh and Teich (Wiley, 1991) The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, by Y. R. Shen (Wiley, 1984) Nonlinear Optics, by R. Boyd (Academic Press, 1992) Optics, by Eugene Hecht (Addison-Wesley, 1987)
Hecht, Optics (optional) Saleh & Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics (optional) Labs: Mon/Wed 1:25-4:25PM Clark 405 1st lab this Monday . this course - except no nonlinear optics. 5 Introduction P3330 Exp Optics FA'2016 Postulates* of optics *from Latin "a request, demand": a self-evident proposition .
