The Following Pages Of Data And Physical Prop- Engineering .
The following pages of data and physical properties are provided as references in the use andapplication of Spiral pipe and fittings.The complexity of air system design engineeringhas changed dramatically since the 1950’s eventhough the basic formulas have still remainedthe same. There have been significant additionaltheories added with new extremely complexand systematic formulas needed to satisfy thesecomputations and provide for further enhancementof the overall systems of today. We have tried togive you the basic information needed for bothmethods. The old rule of thumb method seems tobe the simplest method for smaller and moderatejobs. For complex jobs, we still recommend acertified engineer.The new method of static loss calculations is far toocomplex for the average Joe. Therefore, we havegiven you the quick reference chart approach tosimplify and speed up the process.Basic DefinitionsThe following are used to describe airflow and willbe used extensively in this catalog. Standard airis defined at standard atmospheric pressure (14.7psia), room temperature (700 F) and zero watercontent; its value is normally taken to be 0.075 lbs/ft3.The volumetric flow rate, many times referred to as“volumes,” is defined as the volume or quantity ofair that passes a given location per unit of time, i.e.(cfm). It is related to the average velocity and theflow cross-section area in ft2 by the equationQ VAwhere Q volumetric flow rate or cfm,V average velocity or fpm, andA cross-sectional area in ft2.Given any two of these three quantities, the thirdcan readily be determined as follows:Q VA or V Q/A or A Q/VThere are three different but mathematically relatedpressures associated with a moving air stream.Static pressure (SP) is defined as the pressure inthe duct that tends to burst or collapse the ductand is expressed in inches of water gage ( wg).Engineering DataVelocity pressure (VP) is defined as that pressurerequired to accelerate air from zero velocity tosome velocity (V) and is proportional to the kineticenergy of the air stream. Using standard air, therelationship between V and VP is given byÓVP will only be exerted in the direction of airflowand is always positive.Total pressure (TP) is defined as the algebraic sumof the static and velocity pressures or TP SP VP.Total pressure can be positive or negative withrespect to atmospheric pressure and is a measureof energy content of the air stream, alwaysdropping as the flow proceeds downstream througha duct. The only place it will rise is across the fan.Total pressure can be measured with a pitot tubepointing directly upstream and connected to amanometer.Principles of air flowTwo basic principles of fluid mechanics governthe flow of air in industrial ventilation systems:conservation of mass and conservation of energy.These are essentially bookkeeping laws which statethat all mass and all energy must be completelyaccounted for and it is important to know whatsimplifying assumptions are included in theprinciples discussed below:1. Heat transfer effects are neglected. However,if the temperature inside the duct is significantlydifferent than the air temperature surroundingthe duct, heat transfer will occur. This will lead tochanges in the duct air temperature and hence inthe volumetric flow rate.2. Compressiblity effects are neglected. However,if the overall pressure drop from the start of thesystem to the fan is greater than about 20 wg, thenthe density needs to be accounted for.3. The air is assumed to be dry. Water vapor in theair stream will lower the air density, and correctionfor this effect, if present, should be made.4. The weight and volume of the contaminant inthe air stream is ignored. This is permissible forthe contaminant concentrations in typical exhaustventilation systems. For high concentrations ofsolids or significant amounts of some gases otherthan air, corrections for this effect should beincluded. (Continued on page 54)50
www.spiralmfg.comEngineering DataStatic Pressure (SP) Loss for 90 and 45 Die-Formed Elbows-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃÊ vÊ i À i Ê äcÊ L Üà ÀÌÊx Ç]äääÈ]äääx]äää6i V ÌÞ]Ê *{]äääÎ]äääÓ]xääÓ]äää ä ä¿¿n n¿gÇ¿gÇ { {¿gx x¿gÈ¿gÈ ÌÊ VÊ Î Î¿gÕV Ê Ê ÌiÀiÃi ]xää ]äää äänääÇääÈää ä ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ ä xÊÊÊÊÊÊ äÓÊ äÓxÊÊ äÎÊÊÊÊÊÊ ä{ÊÊÊ äxÊÊ äÈÊÊÊÊÊÊ änÊÊÊÊ ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ xÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ ÓÊÊÊÊÊ ÓxÊÊ ÎÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ {ÊÊÊÊÊÊ xÊÊÊÊ ÈÊÊÊ ÇÊÊ n ÊÊ -Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃ]Ê V iÃÊ vÊ7 ÌiÀ-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃÊ vÊ i À i Ê{xcÊ L Üà ÀÌÊx ÓÇ]äääÈ]äääx]äää6i V ÌÞ]Ê *{]äääÎ]äääÓ]xääÓ]äään ä Ç x È ÌÊ ]xääVÊ Î ÊÊ{ ÕV Ê Ê ÌiÀiÃi ]äää äänääÇääÈää ääxÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ ääÇxÊÊ ä Ê ä ÓxÊ ä xÊÊÊÊ äÓÊÊ äÓxÊÊ äÎÊÊÊÊÊ ä{ÊÊÊ äxÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ äÇxÊÊÊÊÊÊ ÊÊÊÊ ÓxÊ xÊÊÊÊÊÊ ÓÊÊÊÊ ÓxÊÊÊÊ ÎÊ ÎxÊÊ { {xÊ x-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃ]Ê V iÃÊ vÊ7 ÌiÀTable 51-1: Duct Pressure Loss Results for Stamped (1.5CLR) Elbows @ 4000 ft/min with .999 �Straight Duct Loss (inches tal Duct Loss ( wg) 900 15Total Duct Loss ( wg) 45 075Flow Rate: 0ElbowLoss FactorBased per 100 feet duct length viscosity (cP).018 Inlet pressure (psig) 0 Temp (F) 70 Galvanized metal roughness (ft) .0005 Flow region Turbulent, 4000fpm friction factor 0.02 velocity pressure .9995111419 Yellowpine Street N.W. Minneapolis, MN 55448-3158Phone: 763-755-7677 800-426-3643 Fax: 763-755-6184
Engineering DataStatic Pressure (SP) Loss for 90 and 45 ,5-Gore and 3-Gore Elbows-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃÊ vÊx } ÀiÊ äcÊ L ÜÃÇ]äääÈ]äää ÀÌÊxÓ x]äää6i V ÌÞ]Ê *{]äääÎ]äääÓ]xäänä Îä xä ä ÊÓä VÊ { Ê ÌiÀiÃi ÌÊÕV Ê Ó]äää ]xää ]äää äänääÇääÈää ä ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ ä xÊÊÊÊÊ äÓÊÊÊ äÓxÊ äÎÊÊÊÊÊ ä{ÊÊÊ äxÊÊÊ äÈÊÊÊÊÊ änÊÊÊÊÊ ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ xÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ ÓÊÊÊÊÊ ÓxÊ ÎÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ {ÊÊÊÊÊ xÊÊÊÊÊ ÈÊÊÊ ÇÊ nÊÊ ÊÊ -Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃ]Ê V iÃÊ vÊ7 ÌiÀ-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃÊ vÊÎ } ÀiÊ{xÊcÊ L Üà ÀÌÊxÓ ÓÇ]äääÈ]äääÊ6i V ÌÞ]Ê *x]äää{]äääÎ]äää{ ÊÊÊÓ]xäänä xä Îä Óä ä Ê Ó]äääVÊ iÀÊiÃiÌVÌÊ Õ ]xää ]äää äänääÇääÈää ääxÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ äänÊÊÊÊ ä ä ä ÎÊ ä xÊÊÊÊ äÓÊÊÊ äÓxÊÊ äÎÊÊÊÊÊ ä{ÊÊÊÊÊ äxÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ äÇxÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ ÊÊÊÊ ÎÊ xÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ ÓÊÊÊÊ ÓxÊÊÊÊ ÎÊÊ Îx {Ê {xÊ x-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ - * Ê ÃÃ]Ê V-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃ]Ê ViÃÊ vÊ7 ÌiÀiÃÊ vÊ7 ÌiÀTable 52-1: Duct Pressure Loss Results for Gored (1.5CLR) Elbows @ 4000 ft/min with .999 aight Duct Loss (inches 48Total Duct Loss (“wg) 900 5 otal Duct Loss (“wg) 450 3 low Rate: bowLoss FactorBased per 100 feet duct length viscosity (cP).018 Inlet pressure (psig) 0 Temp (F) 70 Galvanized metal roughness (ft) .0005 Flow region Turbulent, 4000fpm friction factor 0.02 velocity pressure .99952
www.spiralmfg.comEngineering Data53Static Pressure (SP) Loss in90 Tees & Conical Tees11419 Yellowpine Street N.W. Minneapolis, MN 55448-3158Phone: 763-755-7677 800-426-3643 Fax: 763-755-6184
Engineering DataStatic Pressure (SP) Loss in 45 Laterals& Branch Entry Loss-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃÊ Ê{xcÊ ÌiÀ ÃÝ « i\Ê Ê 61 ÊrÊ{äää]Ê À V Ê 6 ÊrÊÈäää6Èäää rÊ x6i V ÌÞÊ, Ì ÊrÊr{äää61H À Ê ÀÌ\Ê xÊ, Ì ÊJÊÈäääÊv « ÊrÊ »Ê- * Ê ÃÃ616À V Ê6i V ÌÞ]Êv « Ê 6ÊÊ ÀÌÊxÎ n ä Óx xÓ äÎ äÀ V Ê6i V ÌÞÊ 6 Ê ÊÊ VÕ ÌiÊ6i V ÌÞÊ, Ì ÊrÊÊÊÊÊÊ1«ÃÌÀi Ê6i V ÌÞÊ 61 ÊÊÊÊ-i iVÌÊVÕÀÛiÊV ÀÀië }ÊÌ ÊÌ ÃÊÀ Ì Ê ÊÊÊ iÌiÀ iÊLÀ V ÊÃÌ Ì VÊ«ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃÊ ÃÊ ÊÊvÕ VÌ Ê vÊLÀ V ÊÛi V ÌÞ -Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃ]Ê V iÃÊ vÊ7 ÌiÀBranch EntriesOutletBranch 1Branch AngleBranch 2(Continued from page 50)Conservation of mass requires that the netchange of mass flow rate must be zero. If theeffects discussed on page 51 are negligible, thenthe density will be constant and the net changeof volumetric flow rate (Q) must be zero. Therefore, the flow rate that enters a hood must be thesame as the flow rate that passes through theduct leading from the hood. At a branch entry,the sum of the two flow rates that enter the fittingmust be equivalent to the total leaving the fitting.Note that branch entry loss is assumed tooccur in the branch for calculations. Enlargement regain should not be included in branchentry enlargements. Any losses due to acceleration of combined flow should be addedto the calculations in the outlet pipe.Table 54-1: Equivalent Resistance inFeet of Straight 75718”172642”396054
www.spiralmfg.comEngineering DataEquivalent Resistance & Friction LossQuick Reference ChartsTable 55-1: Elbow Equivalent Resistance In Feet Of Straight Pipe By Center Line Radius (CLR)1.5 CLR002.0 CLR00002.5 62448”13087654389604529647513214357349Losses in Elbows and Fittings. When an air stream undergoes change of either direction or velocity, a dynamic loss occurs.Unlike friction losses in straight duct, fitting losses are due to internal turbulance rather than skin friction. Hence roughness of material has but slight effect over a wide range of moderately smooth materials. Fitting losses can be expressed asequivalent length of straight duct; or as a fraction of velocity pressure; or directly in inches of water gage ( wg).Table 55-2: Friction Loss In Inches Of Water ( WG) Per 100 Feet Of Spiral PipeVelocity FPMDuctVelocity FPMVelocity 6516”1.011.301.621.9842”0.310.400.500.61Ó Ç{This equation gives the friction losses, expressed as “wg per 100 feet of pipe, for standard air of 0.075 lbm/ft3 density flowingthrough average, clean, round galvanized pipe having approximately 40 slip joints per 100 feet (k 0.0005 ft.).5511419 Yellowpine Street N.W. Minneapolis, MN 55448-3158Phone: 763-755-7677 800-426-3643 Fax: 763-755-6184
Engineering DataStatic Pressure (SP) Loss for Spiral Pipe-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ À VÌ Ê ÃÃÊ vÊ-« À Ê* «iÕL VÊ iiÌÊ vÊ ÀÊ*iÀÊ ÕÌiÊ ]äää äänääÇääÈääxää{ääÎääÓxäÓää xäÓx]äääÓä]äää¿¿xä ¿¿{n ¿¿{È ¿¿{{ ¿¿{Ó ¿¿{ä ¿¿În ¿¿ÎÈ ¿¿Î{¿¿ÎÓ ¿¿Îä¿¿Ón x]äää ä]äää �ää¿¿Óä ]xää¿¿ n¿¿ È ]äää äänääÇääÈää¿¿ {¿¿ Ó¿¿ xää¿¿ ä{ää ¿¿Îään¿¿ÓxäÇ¿¿ÓääÈ¿¿ xäx¿¿{¿¿ Ê ÀÊ i Ìi ÌÊ ÕV Ê Vià ÌÞ Vxä{äÎä]äääÊÛiv« ää änäÇäÈääänä äÎ]ääää äx]äää{]xää{]äääää ä ä]äää ]äään]äääÇ]äääÈ]äääxä]äääää{x x]äääää nää {ää ÓÓä]äääää �äääÎÈääÎ{ ääÎÓääÎä ääÓnääÓÈääÓ{Çä]äääÈä]äääο¿ ää änäÇäÈäxä{äÎäÎä-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ À VÌ Ê ÃÃÊ Ê V iÃÊ vÊ7 ÌiÀÊ*iÀÊ ää½56
www.spiralmfg.comCompression & Deflection Propertiesof Spiral Pipe, Static Pressure (SP) Loss inFlexible Rubber HoseEngineering Data* Þà V Ê*À «iÀÌ iÃÊ vÊ-« À Ê* «iÓxä Ê Ê «ÀiÃÃ Ê }Ê Ê* Õ ÃÊ*iÀÊ i Ê ÌÊ «ÀiÃÃ Ê }ÊÊ* Õ ÃÊ*iÀÊ i Ê Ì{ääÎxäÎääÓäÊ ÓxäÓ Ê ÓääÓÓÊ * Ê7Ê* * ÊÊÊÓÎÊ Ê Ó{Ê ÓxÊ ÓÈÊ xä ääxäx ä xÓäÓx Ê ÓääÓäÊ xäÓ Ê * Ê7 ääx ä xÓÎÊ Ó{Ê xää{ääÓÓÊ nääÓÓÊ * Õ Ã* Õ ÃÎx{äÓxÊ ÓÈÊ Ó{Ê ÇääÈääxää{ääÎääÓää ää Óx¿¿ä äx¿¿ Óä¿¿ ä¿¿ x¿¿ V iÃÊ vÊ iv iVÌ ÊqÊ-Õ«« ÀÌi ÊÈ xÊ Ì Ê i ÌiÀà Ӻʫ «i]Ê -Õ«« ÀÌi ÊÜ Ì Ê i ÌiÀÊ -Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ ÃÃÊ vÊ iÝ L iÊ,ÕLLiÀÊ ÃiääxäääääÎx äääääÓx Ê Ãi n xääÈ ää ä ]äää ÀÌÊxÇ ÓääÓäÓ]äääÎä ÌÞ V6iÊ *Î]äää{äx]äää{]äää{xÓäÊ äää { Ó Î x È Ç n V iÃÊ vÊ iv iVÌ ÊqÊ-Õ«« ÀÌi ÊÈ xÊ Ì Ê i ÌiÀÃnºÊ« «i]Ê -Õ«« ÀÌi ÊÜ Ì Ê i ÌiÀÊ ÕL VÊviiÌÊ vÊ ÀÊ«iÀÊ ÕÌiÊ Îä äääÎääÓää ää57Óx «ÀiÃÃ Ê }Ê Ó» iÌiÀÊ vÊ-« À Ê* «i Ê ÓäÊ Ó Ê ÇääÈääÓä Ê «ÀiÃÃ Ê ÌÌi } «ÀiÃÃ Ê }Ên» iÌiÀÊ vÊ-« À Ê* «i ää äää äänääÓÓÊ Ê ÓÎÊ Ó{Ê ÓxÊ ÓÈÊ xäÎä Ê «ÀiÃÃ Ê ÌÌi } Ê* * ÊÊx { ÊÊÊxääÊÊÊ{ääÎ ÊÊÊÎääÊÊÊÓäää ää ä ääx ä ä ä äxä ä x ÓÉÓ Ó Î{ x-Ì Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ -* Ê ÃÃÊ Ê*- Ê«iÀÊ ää½/ ÊV ÛiÀÌÊÌ Ê V iÃÊ vÊÜ ÌiÀÊ} }iÊ Õ Ì « ÞÊLÞÊÓÇ Ç11419 Yellowpine Street N.W. Minneapolis, MN 55448-3158Phone: 763-755-7677 800-426-3643 Fax: 763-755-6184 ä
Engineering DataDiameter, Gauge & StrengthProperties;Collapsing & Bursting PressuresDiameters, Gauge, and StrengthProperties of Spiral PipeNominalDiameter(inches)Bursting Pressure(Seam Failure)P.S.ISteel alculation of wall thickness to diameter ratio:Internal NegativePressure To CollapseStandard PipeIn. 71.61.41.31.251.21.21.2************************ / Example: For 24 gauge steel and duct diameter of 13”. / .0296/13 .0023Above reference, for lower charts, to predictbursting and collapsing pressures.GaugeMean 71 PSI 27.7 wg1 wg .0361 PSIProperties are approximate, based on bothempirical and extrapolated data*Did not fail at 500 PSI ** Did not fail at -14.7 PSI (-407 in. H2O)*** Less than 1.2 PSI xxää ÌiÀ Ê i} Ì ÛiÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊÌ Ê «Ãi]Ê« Ã Þ À ÃÌ Ì VÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊÌ Ê ÕÀi]Ê« à ÀÌÊÌ Ê«Ài VÌÊLÕÀÃÌ }Ê«ÀiÃÃÕÀiÃÊ vÊÃÌii Ê-« À Ê« «i{ää ÀÌÊÌ Ê«Ài VÌÊV «Ã }«ÀiÃÃÕÀiÃÊ vÊÃÌii Ê-« À Ê« «i ä ÎääÓxäÓää xä ää änäÇäÈäxänÇÈx{ÎÓ x{äÎxÎä ää ääÓ ääÎ ää{, Ì Ê vÊ7 Ê/ V iÃÃÌ Ê iÌiÀ ääÈ ään / ,iviÀÊÌ ÊÕ««iÀÊÀ } ÌÊV À iÀÊ vÊ« }iÊv ÀÊ ÀiÊ iÌ Ã ää ääÓ ääÎ ää{, Ì Ê vÊ7 Ê/ V iÃÃÌ Ê iÌiÀ ääÈ ään / ,iviÀÊÌ ÊÕ««iÀÊÀ } ÌÊV À iÀÊ vÊ« }iÊv ÀÊ ÀiÊ iÌ Ã58
181256.6401385.4461520.534 10.55931661.906 11.54101809.562 12.56641963.500 13.63542123.722 14.74812290.226 15.90442463.014 17.10432642.086 18.34782827.440 ��50”52”54”56”58”60”11419 Yellowpine Street N.W. Minneapolis, MN 55448-3158Phone: 763-755-7677 800-426-3643 Fax: 450EXHAUST 87548275506507007508009001000HORIZONTAL SUPPLY 3524401295205131741500EXHAUST MAINSQUANTITY OF AIR FLOWING, IN CFM600SUPPLY FLUES AND RISERSEHAUST RISERS AND VENT 713272091182400GASES AND FUMESReproduced in part by permission from Handbook of Air Conditioning Heating and Ventilating, The Industrial Press, New 912.5664”Sq. Ft.AREASq. In.3”Dia.In.Velocity FPMQ CFMV VELOCITYA AREA IN FT2Q VACapacity of Round Pipe 3 to 60 Inches Diameter, 300 to 2400 FPMwww.spiralmfg.com
The weight and volume of the contaminant in the air stream is ignored. This is permissible for the contaminant concentrations in typical exhaust ventilation systems. For high concentrations of . Total Duct Loss (“wg) 900 5 Gore 10.39 7.25 5.55 4.46 3.72 3.
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
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Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
