Module 3 Behaviour And Animal Welfare
Module 3Behaviour andAnimal WelfareThis lecture was first developed forWorld Animal Protection by Dr David Main(University of Bristol) in 2003. It was revisedby World Animal Protection scientificadvisors in 2012 using updates providedby Dr Caroline Hewson.Free online resourcesTo get free updates and additional materials, please go n/Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
This module will teach youHow to know if performing a particularbehaviour is important to animalsThe basics of behaviourBehavioural repertoireMotivationSome influences on motivationMeasures of behavioural priorityExamples of important behavioursModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Animals’ experienceModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
ResponsesPhysiological responsesMany are not visibleMany are non-specific and do notindicate if the experience is positiveor negativeBehavioural responses(Olsson et al., 2011)Easy to observeMore complex level of functioning thanphysiological responses - how animalschange and control their environmentMore specific measure of emotional stateand experienceModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Behaviour and welfare 1Welfare includes physical functioning,feelings, and the performanceof important behavioursVets already use behaviour (‘clinical signs’)Behaviour can be used to assesseach of these areasTo identify and treat negative feelings(eg pain, nausea)To diagnose disrupted physicalfunctioning (disease)Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Behaviour and welfare 2Why vets haven’t considered the performanceof important behavioursAnimals may function well even when they cannotperform those behavioursOwners are not aware of them and do not askThis is changing as public concern for animals grows,and research tells us moreModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Three areas when consideringanimal welfareMentalPhysicalAspects ofNaturalnessAfter Appleby, M. C. (1999) and Fraser et al. (1997)Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Behavioural repertoire 1Repertoire in the wild e.g.Reproductive behaviours: courtship, mating, parturient, maternalFeeding behaviours: seeking and consuming foodTime budgetHow animals allocate their time to different behavioursModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Behavioural repertoire 2Domestic sows(Stolba & Wood-Gush, 1989)Captive animals do not need to performthe full repertoire(Mason & Burn, 2011)Many behaviours in the wild areresponses to adverse conditionsbut are not otherwise necessaryModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Behaviour and motivation 1Motivation urge to perform behaviour(Hurnik et al., 1995)Results from brain’s evaluation of sensory stimulithat may be internal or externalSome behaviours motivated internally, others externally,others a mixtureModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Behaviour and motivation 2Behaviour motivated by internal cues is generallyrelated to an animal’s physical state(Nicol, 2011)Motivation can be to feed, to drink, to groom,to rest, etc.Motivation increases if the behaviour is not performedSuch behaviours must be permitted(eg calves and sucking; de Passillé & Rushen, 2006)Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Behaviour and motivation 3External cues,Eg Sight of predatorSmell of foodExternal and internal cuesSocial behaviour, e.g. playConflicting motivationsModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Behaviour and motivation 4Importance of understanding motivationEg fighting vs. playingEg aggressionAffects handlingAdvice to ownersModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Central role of brainEvaluation of sensory inputEmotions, motivation, learning, expectations, anticipationCognition: brain’s capacity to perceive, process and store informationEg sheep: spatial memory of grazing, expectations(Nicol, 2011)Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Emotion and cognition 1(Mendl et al., 2009, 2010a)Cognitive bias: influence of emotionon judgment, memory, etc.People in a negative emotional statefocus on negative memories and makemore negative judgments than peoplein a positive emotional stateModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Emotion and cognition 2Cognitive bias in dogs(Mendl et al., 2010b)24 shelter dogsTested for separation-related behaviourDogs who showed more separation-relatedbehaviour also showed pessimistic-like behaviourwith regard to finding foodModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Emotion and motivation 1(Keeling et al., 2011)Negative emotions - pain, fear frustrationMotivate relevant behaviours that meet an immediate needEg INJURY: injurypainguarding behaviour to protect the injured areaEg SEEING A PREDATOR: predatorfearrunning awaysurvivalModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Emotion and motivation 2(Keeling et al., 2011)Positive emotions, eg pleasure, excitementMotivate behaviour that is not needed urgently,for survival, but brings a long-term benefitE.g. PLAY: playpleasureplay againlearn social and prey-catching skillsModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Genetics and motivationGenetics(Jensen et al., 2008)EgGene mapping: behavioural differences are associatedwith differences in chromosomal regionsFeather-pecking in poultry: lines with lower tendencyto peck had higher egg productionTemperament in cattle: docility in the milking parlourModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Examples of other factorsaffecting motivationStress responseEnvironment, Eg SubstrateDiseaseModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Summary so farHow to know if performing a particular behaviour is important to animalsBehavioural repertoireMotivationInfluence of emotionsNEXT: measures of behavioural priorityExamples of important behavioursModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Measures of behavioural priority 1(Nicol, 2011)Animal works hard for the opportunityor resources to perform the behaviourEg hens and nest boxesHeifers and resting (13 hours)Animal develops substitute/abnormal behavioursif he or she cannot perform a desired behaviour,Eg Calves cross-sucking (de Passillé & Rushen, 2006)Behaviours indicating frustration - if space/housing permitsModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Substitute or abnormal behavioursStereotypiesrepetitive behaviours, unchanging pattern,serve no obvious purposeRedirected behavioursnot abnormal but directed to an abnormal substrate,eg calves cross-sucking other calvesModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Examples of important behaviours“Behavioural needs” (Widowski, 2010)Animals suffer if deprived of the opportunityto perform themExamplesLaying hens: nesting in a secluded place (Nicol, 2011)Pigs: rooting (Nicol, 2011)Calves: sucking (de Passillé & Rushen, 2006)Polar bears: walking long distances (Clubb & Mason, 2003)Hamsters: burrowing (Hauzenberger et al., 2006)Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Three areas whenconsidering animal welfareMentalPhysicalAspects ofNaturalnessAfter Appleby, M. C. (1999) and Fraser et al. (1997)Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Feedback:Please let us know what you thinkHow have you used this module?What did you like about it?What did you not like?Do you have any tips to share?Please take part in our 10 minute survey here:https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/BKP3D6HYour feedback will help other teachers like youModule 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
ReferencesAppleby, M. C. (1999). What Should We Do About Animal Welfare?Oxford, Blackwell.Clubb, R., & Mason, G. (2003). Animal welfare: Captivity effects onwide-ranging carnivores. Nature, 425, 473-474.Fraser, D., Weary, D. M., Pajor, E. A., Milligan, B. N. (1997). Ascientific conception of animal welfare that reflects ethical concerns.Animal Welfare, 6: 187-205Keeling, L. J., Rushen, K., & Duncan, I. J. H. (2011). Understandinganimal welfare. In M. C. Appleby, J. A. Mench, I. A. S. Olsson, & B. O.Hughes (Eds.), Animal welfare (2nd ed., pp. 13-26). Wallingford, UK:CABI.Mason, G. J., & Burn, C. C. (2011). Behavioural restriction. In M. C.Appleby, J. A. Mench, I. A. S. Olsson, & B. O. Hughes (Eds.), Animalwelfare (2nd ed., pp. 98-119). Wallingford, UK: CABI.Mendl, M., Burman, O. H. P., Parker, R. M. A., & Paul, E. S. (2009).Hauzenberger, A. R., Gebhardt-Henrich, S. G., & Steiger, A. (2006).Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: EmergingThe influence of bedding depth on behaviour in golden hamstersevidence and underlying mechanisms. Applied Animal Behaviour(Mesocricetus auratus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 100, 280Science, 118, 161-181.294.Mendl, M., Burman, O. H. P., & Paul, E. S. (2010a). An integrative andHurnik, J. F., Webster, A. B., & Siegel, P. B. (1995). Dictionary offunctional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood.farm animal behaviour (2nd ed., p. 116). Ames: Iowa StateProceedings Royal Society, B277, 2895-2904.University Press.Mendl, M., Brooks, J., Basse, C., Burman, O., Paul, E., Blackwell, E., &Jensen, P., Buitenhuis, B., Kjaer, J., Zanella, A., Mormède, P., &Casey, R. (2010b). Dogs showing separation-related behaviour exhibitPizzari , T. (2008). Genetics and the genomics of animal behavioura “pessimistic” cognitive bias. Current Biology, 20, R839-R840.and welfare: challenges and possibilities. Applied Animal BehaviourScience, 113, 383-403.Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
ReferencesNicol, C. (2011). Behaviour as an indicator of animal welfare.In J. Webster (Ed.), Management and welfare of farm animals(5th ed., pp. 31-67). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Olsson, I. A. S., Würbel, H., & Mench, J. A. (2011). Behaviour.In M. C. Appleby, J. A. Mench, I. A. S. Olsson, & B. O. Hughes (Eds.),Animal welfare (2nd ed., pp. 138-154). Wallingford, UK: CABI.de Passillé, A. M. B., & Rushen, J. (2006). Calves’ behaviourduring nursing is affected by feeding motivation and milk availability.Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 101, 264-275.Stolba, A., & Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1989). The behaviour of pigsin a semi-natural environment. Animal Production, 48, 419-425.Widowski, T. (2010). Why are behavioural needs important?In T. Grandin (Ed.) Improving animal welfare. A practical approach(pp. 290-308). Wallingford, UK: CABI.Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.
Module 3: Behaviour and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014.Unless stated otherwise, image
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