S.V.Vedic University Series No :- 104 ISSN No (Web)

6V da Dar¿in - An International Refereed Monthly Research Journal, Issue - IV : January, de:PogadaVagulam, magadam, IlanjiBakula, PagadeElangi, IlanniBakulo, BanlaGokulBullet WoodMesua nagassarium (Burm.f)Not listed in Wealth of India. However , M.Ferra L. is listedTrade Name:MesuaHindi & Bengali:Nagakesar, NagesarGujarati & Marathi:NagachampaTelugu:Nagakesara, Kesaramu, NagachampakamuTamil:Nangu, Nangal, Irul, NagachambagamKannada:Nagakesara, NagasampigeMalayalam:Nanga, Peri, VewthaphalaAssam:Nahur, Dieng-nagi, Nagi-chingAndamans:GanganeFicus bengalensis L (The ugu:Tamil:Kannada:Malayalam:Bahupada, VataBar, Bargad, BorBar, boVad, Vadlo, VorVada, Wad, WarMarri, Peddamarri, VatiAl, AlamAla, Alada Mara, VataAla, VatamButea monosperma (Lamk.) TaubListed in Wealth of India as B.monosprma (Lam) KuntzeSyn:B.frondosa Koeing ex.Roxb (The flame of the forest)Sanskrit:PalasaHindi:PalasBengali & Marathi:PalasGujarati:Khakra

Astro - Herbal Relations as found in Ancient Sanskrit tthugaPalas in samathaFicus virens AitNot listed on this name in Wealth of India.Sampindus mukorrossi Gaertn (Soapnut ushai:Telugu:Phenila, UristaRitha, Reetha, aritha, Dodan, Kanmar, ThaliRithaItaReethaKeelthaHlingsiKunkuduAcacia catechu (L.f.) WilldCutch TreeSanskrit:Hindi, Bengali & Marathi:Telugu:Tamil:Kannada:Burm:Dalbergia sissoo angalliKaggaliShaShinshapa, AguruShisham, Sissu, SissaiShishuSisam, TanachErrasissu, SinsupaSisuitti, getteAgaru, BirdiIruvulSisu, Simsapa7

8V da Dar¿in - An International Refereed Monthly Research Journal, Issue - IV : January, 2017BambooThe more important bamboos are, Arundinaria, Bambusa, Cephalostachys,Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloas, Melocanna and Ochlandra.Sanskrit:Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati:Bengali:Telugu:Tamil, Malayalam:Kannada:Assam:Burm:VnashBansKetua, KutvasiBongu - Veduru, Pente - VeduruMungailBiduruKotuhaKyakatwaFicus religiosa L.The Malayalam:AswathaPeepul, PipliAshvatha, PimpalaAswathamu, BodhiArsu, AswathamArali, AshwathhaArachu, Arayal, AshvathamStrychnos nux-vomica L.Snake wood, Nux-vomica, Strchnine TreeSanskrit:Karaskara, Chipita, Dirghapatra, Geradruma,Kakasphurja, Marakatindu, Vishamushti.Hindi:Bailewa. Chibbige, Kajra, Kuchla.Bengali:Kuchila, Thalkesur.Marathi:Jharkatachura, Kajra, Kar, Kara.Gujarati:Kuchla.Telugu:Mushti.Tamil:Etti, Kagudi, KanjiriKannada:Hemmushti, Ittangi, Itti, Kanjira.Malayalam:Kanjiram, Kariram.Oriya:Kachila, Kora, Kosla.Punjabi:Kaguphale, rajra, Ruchila.Bombay:Jharakarachura, Kaaaajra, Kara

Astro - Herbal Relations as found in Ancient Sanskrit TextsM.P:Nepal:9Kuchla.Nirmal.Phyllanthus emblica L.Not listed in Wealth of India under this name. Seem to have been transferred togenus Emblica. However, the following names were found to be given to this plant.Syn.Syzigium cuminiiAonla, Ammla, Jambolan, Java plum, Jamun, Jambu, Jambool, Black-olu, tree,Protugese plum, Malabar plum, Indian blackberry, Duhat.Ficus racemosa L.Mentioned under F.glomearata Roxb. Syn: F.racemosaHindi:Gular, Umar ?Bengali:Dumur, JagyadumbarMarathi:UmbarGujarathi:Umar, GularTelugu:Atti, Bodda, Paidi, UdumbaramuTamil, Kannada, Malayalam: AthiOriya:DimriSyzigium cuminii (L.) Malayalam:Oriya:Kannada:Common Name:Punjabi:Nepal:Andaman:Jamun, JamJam, KalajamJambu, JamliJaman, JambulNereduNeredam, naval, SambalNaval, PevinnovalJanoNevalaJaman, Jambolam, Black plum, BlackberryJammuKalajamThabye, Jamun

10V da Dar¿in - An International Refereed Monthly Research Journal, Issue - IV : January, 2017Pinus roxburghii Sarg, Syn. P.longifoliaChir Pine, Himalayan long leaved pineHindi:Chir, Chil, SaralaTrade:Chir, ChilOther vernacular names are mostly derivatives of these namesShorea robusta Gaertn.f.SalHindi & Bengali:Marathi & ab & Haryana:Lepcha:Assam:Trade:Sal, Sakhu, ShalRal, Rala (resin)Gugul, Guggilamu (resin)Kungiliyam (resin)Kabba (resin)Maramaram (resin)Sal, Sagua, Salwa, SekwaSal, Seral (resin)Taksal-kungSal, Doieng-blei, hal-orang, BolsalSalSalix tetrasperma Roxb.Indian , Bent, Jalmala, Bilsa, Laaaaaaaaaaila, BhinsuPanijama, BolshakiBoch, wallunjm BitasaEtipala, EetipisinakaVanji, Nirvan, AtrupalaiNiravanji, BaricheVanji, AttupaaBaisi, barija, PanilamoYir, BinsBis, Bein, Beis, Bista, Bakshel, Mogsher,Safedar, Bida, BedleilaVeh, BheGaro, Bol-Slak, BheshDhanieIndian Willow

Astro - Herbal Relations as found in Ancient Sanskrit Texts11Artocarpus heterophyllus lamk. Syn: A.integra (Thunb) MerrilSanskrit & Calotropis procera Br.Listed as C.Procera (Ait) R.Br. in Wealth of raVelerukkuAnokaProsopis cineraria (L.) Druce Syn. P.spicigera L;, Mimosa cineraria ada:Malayalam:Oriya:Jand, Chaunkra, khar, khejraShamiShemri, SaunderSami, Semru, Khijado, Haamra, KandiJammichettuPerumbay, JambuBanni, PerumbaiParampu, TambuShamiAnthocephalus chinensis Lamk.Not listed in Wealth of India on this name but seems to be same as A.cadambaas listed here.Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali,Marathi & lai-cadambaKadawala

12V da Dar¿in - An International Refereed Monthly Research Journal, Issue - IV : January, mMangifera indica L. (The :Kannada:Malayalam:Amra, ChutaAmAmbaAmriMamidi, MariManga, MauMavuAmram, Chutam, MavuAzadirachta indica, juss. Syn. Melia azadirachta L. (The Neem Tree)Sanskrit:NimbPers:Nib, Azad-DarakhtHindi & Bengali:NimMarathi & Gujarati:LimbaTelugu, Tamil & Malayalam: VepaKannada:BevuMadhuca indica Mac. Syn M.latifolia Macb., Bassia latifoloa RoxbListed in Wealth of India as M.indica a:Malayalam:Maaahua, MohwaIppaMahona, Mool, MadhukaMahonaElapaHippePoonam, Ilupa, Mahoula, Moha, Mods*****

Some Scintillating Jewels of Sagacious Science Crafted inAncient Bharata VarshaK. Vanadeep*Introduction:The word ‘Science’ finds its origin in the Latin term ‘Scientia’, meaning‘Knowledge’. Thus, science can be interpreted as a knowledge that can be reliedupon completely. Till medieval times, the words ‘Science’ and ‘Philosophy’ wereused as complementary and transposable terms. Science was often known by thename ‘Natural Philosophy’ till recent times, since Science and Philosophy weretreated like the two faces of the same coin and to be precise, Science was consideredto be an inseparable and integrated part and parcel of Philosophy. This is the specificreason why the highest degree, even in Sciences (and for that case, any other subjectas well), is called ‘Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)’.It is of everyone’s knowledge, that the progress of science was triggered tomomentum by ‘The Renaissance’. To be specific, this was the renaissance of Science,followed by Culture, more than anything else. Till then, the western world wasengaged a sort of ignominious sorry state of affairs, at least as far as the formulationof various scientific postulates is concerned.But, we can infer unassumingly that the Indian texts, scriptures and treatiseswere replete with references and discussions, right from the Vedic times to the timesof VaraahaMihira (505 – 587 B.C.) and aftermath.Discussions:A fleeting look at the multi-faceted Indian prowess in the arena of sciencesChemistry:Ancient Indian chemists were well aware of the process of distillation. In the‘Rasa Ratna Samucchaya’ of Vaagbhata, it has been mentioned thus:“Place the chemical in a vessel provided with a long tube inserted in an inclinedposition, which enters the interior of another vessel arranged as a receiver. The mouthof the vessel and the joint should be luted clay and cloth. Now, put a strong fire at thebottom of the vessel containing chemicals, while the other vessel is in cold water. Theapparatus is used for distillation” (Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, I. 48 – 50).* Lecturer & Researcher, Tirupati

14V da Dar¿in - An International Refereed Monthly Research Journal, Issue - IV : January, 2017This apparatus was called ‘Tiryak Patana Yatra’ and is believed to be introducedby Nagarjuna for the extraction of cinnabar essence. This was also used for thedistillation of perfumes and ointments.Batteries:“Place copper plates in an earthen pot, cover it with copper sulphate andmoistened saw dust. Spread Zinc powder and cover it with mercury. Due to chemicalreaction, positive and negative charges and consequent current is produced”(Agasthya Samhita).Surprisingly, this produces a voltage (1.1 Volt) almost equal to that of themodern day dry cell (1.5 Volt)Shape of the Earth:“As the Earth is round, every person considers himself at the top of the Earthwhere he is standing. So, downward direction is towards the center of the earth foreveryone” Bhugoladhyayaha, Surya Siddhanta of Arya Bhatta.“Earth is situated suspended in space st the center of the Bhugola (CelestialSphere), surrounded by the orbits of the planets. The Earth is made up of water, soil,fire and air and is circular on all sides, spherical in shape” (Aryabhattiya, IV, 6)Arya Bhatta, for the first time, emphatically pronounced that the earth isspherical and that it rotates around the Sun and all other stars are relatively stationary.It is to be prominently observed that Nicholas Copernicus had postulated his ‘Heliocentrictheory’, condemning Ptolemy’s established ‘Geo-centrictheory’, only after1000 years.Durationof Day:Arya Bhatta in 476 A.D. has derived the duration of one sidereal day on Earthto be 23 Hours 56 Minutes 4 Seconds and 0.1 Fractions, without any substantialsophisticated astronomical equipment and not even looking at the sky literally. Themodern value is 23 Hours 56 Minutes 4 Seconds 0.091 Fractions. The comparisonbetween these two values speaks volumes about the accuracy of ancient Indianscience.Velocity of Light:Saayanacharya (1315 – 1387 A.D) is the brother of Vidyaranya who was theguru of Hari Hara Raya and Bukka Raya, on whose initiation; they founded the famousVijaya Nagara Empire in 1336 AD. Saayana wrote one of the most authoritative

Some Scintillat4ing Jewels of Sagacious Science Crafted in Ancient Bharata Varsha15commentaries on Vedas (Saayana Bhaashyam). In his commentary on the Rigveda,a straightforward reference to the velocity of light (originally in the Rigveda) can befound, which reads:“Thus it is remembered: [0 Sun!] bow to you, you who traverse 2,202 yojanasin half a nimisha” (Saayanacharya’s commentary on 4th verse of the hymn of Rigveda,I.50).If the value of one yojana is taken to be 9.06625 mile and half a nimisha equalsto 8/75 seconds (as specified in the 231st verse in Shaanti Parvam of the MahaBhaarata),then, the velocity of light comes out to be 186, 413.22 mile/second. One would bestunned to find this value in extreme congruence with the contemporary popularscientific figure put at 186, 300 mile/second.Atomic Size:“The tip of a human hair is divided into 100 parts and each part is in turndivided into 100 parts” (Swetasvaropanishad, 5.9).This shows that our learnedancestors attempted to arrive at some plausible estimation of highly microscopicatomic sizes by employing scales pertaining to known and familiar objects aroundthem. This is approximately about 10-8 cm. In Atomic Physics, the atomic sizes anddistances are measured in terms of Angstrom units (1 A0 10-8 cm)The VIBGYOR:The concept of ‘Seven-coloured’ visible solar spectrum is not of Newtonianorigin, but, dates back to the primeval Vedic period. The first and the foremost ofthe Vedas, Rigveda, the most ancient text known to mankind, describes the coloursembedded in the pure white light of the Sun as Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow,Orange and Red. Another verse in Rigveda goes thus:”(Where) the seven rays of theSun are incident, there, I may live with my family” (Rigveda, 8-72-16).Further, in the traditional ‘Suryaashtakam’, we have a slokam (verse) like this:“Saptaashwa Radhamaarudham Prachandam KasyapaatmajamSwetha Padmadharam Devam Tam Suryam Pranamaamyaham”(Suryaashtakam, slokam 2)“O Sun (Surya)! I offer my salutations to You (pranamaamyaham), who is seatedon the chariot driven by seven horses (Saptaashwa Radhamaarudham), He who is theSon of Kasyapa (Kasyapaatmajam) and fierce (Prachanda) and the God (Deva) whoadorns a white lotus in his hand” (Swetha Padmadharam) (Vanadeep, 2012).

16V da Dar¿in - An International Refereed Monthly Research Journal, Issue - IV : January, 2017Capillary Action in Roots:The Shaanti Parva of the Maha Bhaarata has this following reference to thecapillary action of the roots, while drawing water from the soil through suction.“Just as water may be drawn up by sucking the lotus petiole with the mouth, soalso plants drink water (from the soil), assisted by the air (pressure gradient)”The uniqueness of Indian epics and classics is that even though the centraltheme of the work revolves around a social, political or family drama, severalmeritorious concepts of science, spirituality and ethics have been inserted andincorporated, wherever, there is the minutest and remotest of probabilities.The moderntheory of capillary suction force was proposed by Dickson and Jolly in 1984, whileMaha Bhaarata dealt with it easily as a commonplace concept and example, at least5000 years ago. This proves that how advanced the know-how of various sciencesat that time was, in India.Rationalistic approach to Eclipses:Varaaha Mihira in Chapter V, Raahu Chaaraha of the Brihat Samhita, humblyas well as vehemently condemns the antiquated and futile notions about the prevalentnotions pertaining to eclipses as they are of no avail and take us nowhere if we getentangled in those versions. He opines that certain symbolism is vested in suchdescriptions (Vanadeep et al, 2012), which seem to be preposterous superficiallyandthis ought to be deciphered and understood in correlation to the actual astronomicalphenomenon on scientific lines. (Vanadeep et al, 2012).Besides, the following verse from the Rigveda also points to this:“O Sun! When the demon Svarbhaanu (Raahu) engulfed you by his shadow,the people of the whole world were stunned and have forgotten their position. Then,the Sage Atri could locate the Sun covered by the darkness, caused by Svarbhaanu.Nobody else (other than Sage Atri) could do that” (Rigveda, 5/40)Gravitation:Aadi Shankaracharya, in his commentary on the Prasnopanishad, statescategorically that “If the famous Goddess of the Earth (Bhoo Devi) would not holdon this body by supporting Apaana (Apaana Vaayuis a kind of vital and life-sustainingwind circulating in the body), this body would have floated anywhere in the spaceor might have fallen down relatively” (Shankarabhaashya on Prasnopanishad).Oneshould retain in mind that this was written almost 1,500 years prior to the birth ofIsaac Newton.

Some Scintillat4ing Jewels of Sagacious Science Crafted in Ancient Bharata Varsha17Relative Motion:Many wild theories have cropped up in the West and elsewhere that the Earthwas flat, stationary and was situated at the center of the universe, making all heavenlyand celestial bodies like the Sun, the Planets and the Stars revolve around it.All the darkness of such ignorance would be put to permanent rest when theSun of knowledge in the form of Arya Bhatta’s treasured treatises rises. In his AryaBhattiyam, he unambiguously states thus: “Just as a man moving forward in a boatsees the objects (on his side) as moving backward, it is exactly so when the peopleof Lanka (Equatorial regions) perceive the movement of the other-wise stationarystars towards the West” (Arya Bhattiyam, Chapter 4, slokam 3).It was lately recognized by the modern science that it is the Earth that movesfrom West towards the East, that makes the Sun, Planets and the Stars appear tomove from East towards the West.Metallurgy:The following are the living examples of India’s mastery over metallurgy:a. The known history of metallurgy in India dates back to 2500 B.C. and lastedtill 13th Century A.b. Techniques of Iron production and utilization were in practice from about400 BC.c. The massive statue of GautamaBuddha discovered in Sultanganj, UttarPradesh, belonging to the Gupta era measuring 2 meter and weighing about1 ton, shows that Indian craftsmen were well-versed with metal casting andmolding.d. The most titanic testimonial to Indian metallurgical skills is the spectaculariron victory pillar at Delhi, located near the famous monument Qutb Minar.It was erected during the Gupta period around 5th Century AD. One is leftto marvel in dumb founded state about the most outstandingly extraordinaryfeature of this pillar that, being a massive iron pillar and keeping in viewthe great affinity of iron to moisture as well as the colossal time period, ithad remained corrosion-resistant and rust-proof for almost a staggering 1600years. One could only say ‘kudos to Indian skills!’.The Indian know-how regarding the physical and chemical properties of metalsis matchless. The following examples testify this assertion:

18V da Dar¿in - An International Refereed Monthly Research Journal, Issue - IV : January, 2017“Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc are the six types of metals, whoseresistance towards corrosion/weathering due to oxidation is in the order that is reverseof the above sequence” – Rasaarnavam, 12th century AD.“When strongly heated in the fire, the loss of weight for Gold is nil, for Silver2%, Tin 8%; for Lead and Copper 5% and for Iron, it is 10%” – YaagnyavalkyaSmritiThe Time Scales, from the Tiny to the Titanic:Indian seers have dealt with times that were tinier than the tiny and enormousthan the enormous. First, we shall examine the macro time scales as envisaged inHindu Cosmology. The fraternities of the eternities have been presented below, justlike the ‘tip of an ice

15. Swathi Arjuna Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) W&A 16. Vishakha Vikamkatha Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr 17. Anuradha Vakula Mimusops elengi L 18. Jyeshtha Sarala Pinus roxburghil Sarg 19. Mula Sarja Shorea robusta Ga