Tyndale Bible Dictionary

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TYNDALEBIBLEDICTIONARYE D I TOR SPhilip W. Comfort, Ph.D.Walter A. Elwell, Ph.D.Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.Carol Stream, Illinois

Visit Tyndale’s exciting Web site at www.tyndale.comTYNDALE and Tyndale’s quill logo are registered trademarks of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.Tyndale Bible DictionaryCopyright 2001 by Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.Left two cover images copyright 2001 by Reed Holmes. All rights reserved.Middle and far right cover photographs copyright 2000 Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.Fourth cover image from the left copyright 2001 by Steven Allen. All rights reserved.Interior photograph for letter F copyright 2000 by Reed Holmes. All rights reserved.Designed by Timothy R. BottsScripture quotations marked NLT are taken from the Holy Bible, New Living Translation, copyright 1996. Used bypermission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights reserved.Scripture quotations marked NIV are taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version . NIV . Copyright 1973,1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.Scripture quotations marked KJV are taken from the Holy Bible, King James Version.Scripture quotations marked RSV are taken from the Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version, copyright 1946, 1952,1971 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United Statesof America, and are used by permission. All rights reserved.Scripture quotations marked NRSV are taken from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyrighted, 1989by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States ofAmerica, and are used by permission. All rights reserved.Other Scripture versions used include the New American Standard Bible (NASB), the New English Bible (NEB), theNew Jerusalem Bible (NJB), the Revised English Bible (REB), Today’s English Version (TEV), the American StandardVersion (ASV), the English Revised Version (ERV), and the Jerusalem Bible (JB).Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataTyndale Bible dictionary / editors, Philip W. Comfort, Walter A. Elwell.p. cm. — (The Tyndale reference library)ISBN-13: 978-0-8423-7089-9 (alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-8423-7089-7 (alk. paper)1. Bible—Dictionaries. I. Title: Bible dictionary. II. Comfort, Philip Wesley.III. Elwell, Walter A. IV. Series.BS440 .T96 2001220.3—dc212001034697ISBN-13: 978-1-4143-1945-2ISBN-10: 1-4143-1945-2Printed in the Philippines14 1387126115104093082071

PermissionsPERMISSIONS FOR ILLUSTRATIONSWe recognize the following institutions for permission to reproducephotographs in this volume:British LibraryFrontispiece of the Authorized King James Version: BibleTyndale’s Version, The Ending of Matthew’s Gospel: BibleBritish MuseumPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 654: Apocrypha, Gospel of ThomasEgypt Exploration SocietyPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 1166: Bible, Old Testament ManuscriptsPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 1786: MusicPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 2684: Amulet; JudePapyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522: JobPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 3523: Bible, New Testament ManuscriptsPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 3525: Apocrypha, Gospel of MaryPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 4404: MatthewPapyrus Antinoopolis 12: John, Epistles ofFoundation Martin BodmerBodmer Papyrus II (P66): John; SpiritBodmer Papyrus XIV-XV (P75): Bible; LukeFranklin Trask Library, Andover Newton Theological SeminaryPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 1230: RevelationInstitut für Alterumskunde der Universität zu KölnKöln Papyrus 12 (P87): PhilemonIsrael Antiquities AuthoritynDead Sea Scroll of Deuteronomy, 4QDeut : DeuteronomymDead Sea Scroll of Exodus, 4QpaleoExod : ExodusDead Sea Scroll of Habakkuk, 1QpHab: Tetragrammaton; God, Names ofbDead Sea Scroll of Isaiah, 1QIsa : IsaiahDead Sea Scroll of Leviticus, 11QpaleoLev: LeviticusaDead Sea Scroll of 1 Samuel, 4QSam : 1 Samuel

Manuscript from Murabba’at, Mur XII: BibleManuscript from Nahal Hever, 8Hev grXII: HabakkukJohn C. TrevoraDead Sea Scroll of Isaiah, 1Q Isa : Bible, Dead Sea Scroll ManuscriptsSpurlock Museum, University of IllinoisPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 1229: James, Epistle ofTrustees of the Chester Beatty LibraryChester Beatty Papyrus II (P46): Colossians; Philippians; WritingChester Beatty Papyrus VIII: JeremiahChester Beatty Papyrus X: DanielUniversity of Michigan, Special CollectionsUniversity of Michigan inv. 6238 (P46): Colossians; Ephesians; Hebrews;Lord; Philippians; Romans; WritingUniversity of GhentPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 1230: 1&2 ThessaloniansPERMISSIONS FOR WRITTEN WORKSSome of the articles in this dictionary have been adapted from other workspublished by Tyndale House Publishers, particularly The Origin of the Bibleand Who’s Who in Christian History. In preparing several other articles, theeditor, Philip Comfort, made some adaptions from his own previouslypublished works, now no longer in print. These works are as follows: NewCommentary on the Whole Bible (New Testament volume); I Am the Way;Opening the Gospel of John (with W. Hawley); The Complete Guide to BibleVersions; The Quest for the Original Text of the New Testament; Early Manuscriptsand Modern Translations of the New Testament; and The Inspired Word.

IntroductionTyndale Bible DictionaryOur primary aim throughout the writing and editing process of this volume has been to provide our readers with a comprehensive Bible dictionary. We believe we have reached that goal.The Tyndale Bible Dictionary includes all the significant people, places, and terms in the Bible.The dictionary also has comprehensive articles on all the books of the Bible, significant wordsin the Bible, translations of the Bible, manuscripts of the Bible, and the canon of Scripture(including articles on apocryphal and pseudepigraphal books). Furthermore, you will findinformative articles on the life and times of various nations that existed during Bible times aswell as comprehensive articles on plants, animals, musical instruments, clothing, and othereveryday objects. Key Bible themes and concepts such as redemption, justification, holiness,and righteousness are explained in depth. Difficult-to-understand subjects such as the “sinunto death” are also covered.BIBLE VERSIONSThis dictionary can be used with any of the major Bible translations, including the New LivingTranslation, King James Version, Revised Standard Version, New International Version, NewAmerican Standard Bible, New English Bible, New Jerusalem Bible, Revised English Bible,Today’s English Version, American Standard Version, and the English Revised Version. Specialeffort has been made to list terms (usually with unique spellings) found only in the KingJames Version and then to refer the reader to the modern term.ASTERISKSOne of our foremost goals in the creation of the Tyndale Bible Dictionary was to include asmany terms and topics as possible while being careful to ensure the relevance of every entry.Part of this goal included presenting terms from a variety of Bible versions. Though the NewLiving Translation is the primary Bible version used, hundreds of terms appear in the dictionary that do not appear in the NLT. All dictionary entries marked with an asterisk (*) arewords that are not found in the New Living Translation but do appear in other versions suchas the King James Version and Revised Standard Version.CROSS-REFERENCESTwo types of cross-references are utilized in this dictionary: “See” references point to one or more articles that contain information considered necessary for a complete understanding of the topic in question. “See also” references point to one or more articles that contain information consideredinteresting but not essential.

Both “See” and “See also” references refer to articles by topic name. When a topic nameappears in a cross-reference in quotes and refers to a specific page number, the reference is to atext box that occurs on that page.PHOTOGRAPHSOne of the features that sets the Tyndale Bible Dictionary apart from other Bible dictionaries isthe inclusion of over one hundred new photographs of the Holy Lands, supplied by BarryBeitzel, a well-known geographer of the Holy Lands. These unique aerial-view photos providea visual perspective to the topics presented in the dictionary. Also included are nearly onehundred photographs of ancient biblical manuscripts and artifacts as well as dozens ofhand-drawn illustrations of Bible life and times.MAPSOver fifty maps of the Holy Lands are included in the Tyndale Bible Dictionary in an attempt tobetter acquaint you with the layout of the land about which you are reading. In addition,sixteen full-color pages of detailed maps and diagrams appear in the back of the dictionary.ABBREVIATIONSApocryphal BooksAdd EstAdditions to EstherBarBaruch1 Esd1 Esdras2 Esd2 Esdras4 Ezr4 EzraEcclusSirach (Ecclesiasticus)Jdt1 Macc2 MaccPss of SolTbWisd of SolJudith1 Maccabees2 MaccabeesPsalms of SolomonTobitWisdom of SolomonDead Sea Scrolls (Non-Canonical)CDCairo Damascus Document1QMWar Scroll2QS1QSaManual of DisciplineRule of the CongregationOther WritingsAntiquitiesJosephus, Antiquities of the JewsApionJosephus, Against ApionDio Cassius Dio Cassius, Roman HistoryEusebiusEusebius, Historia EcclesiasticaProl GalStraboTacitusWarJerome, Prologue to GalatiansStrabo, BiographyTacitus, HistoriesJosephus, The Jewish WarBooks of the onomyJosJoshuaJgsJudgesRuRuth1 Sm 1 Samuel2 Sm 2 Samuel1 Kgs 1 Kings2 Kgs 2 Kings1 Chr 1 Chronicles2 Chr 2 iastesSong of m1 Cor2 alachiMatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatians

EphPhilCol1 Thes2 Thes1 TmEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TmTiPhlmHebJas1 Pt2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 PeterBible VersionsASVAmerican Standard VersionERVEnglish Revised VersionJBJerusalem BibleKJVKing James VersionNASBNew American Standard BibleNEBNew English BibleNIVNew International VersionOther Abbreviationsapprox. approximatelyc.circa—approximatelycf.comparech, chschapter, chaptersd.diedededition, editions; editor, editorse.g.,for example,et al.and othersetc.and so forthi.e.,that is,lit.literal, literallyLXXSeptuagintmga variant reading noted in themargin or footnote of a translationNJBNLTNRSVRSVREBTEVTLB2 Pt1 Jn2 Jn3 JnJudeRv2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelationNew Jerusalem BibleNew Living TranslationNew Revised Standard VersionRevised Standard VersionRevised English BibleToday’s English VersionThe Living BibleMS, MSSMtMTNTOTp, ppStTRv, vvvidmanuscript, manuscriptsMountain, MountMasoretic TextNew TestamentOld Testamentpage, pagesSaintTextus Receptusverse, versesLatin for “it appears [to read assuch]”vol, vols volume, volumesyr., yrs. year, yearsAUTHORSHIP OF ARTICLESMany writers contributed to this volume, either by writing articles or editing and rewritingarticles substantially. Because so many articles were worked on by so many different hands inthe editorial process, it is impossible to assign authorship to each article. Furthermore, if wenoted authorship for some articles while excluding others, our acknowledgments would beuneven and therefore unfair. Consequently, we have listed all of the contributors beginningon page xi.We pray that this volume will help you, the reader, in your study of God’s Word, and thatsuch study will enrich your appreciation for the inspired Scriptures.Philip W. Comfort, Ph.D.Walter Elwell, Ph.D.

ContributorsGENERAL EDITORSPhilip W. ComfortWalter A. ElwellCOORDINATING EDITORJeremy P. TaylorPHOTOGRAPHYBarry BeitzelWRITERSWallace AlcornRobert L. AldenL. C. AllenRonald AllenJames F. BabcockClarence B. BassBarry BeitzelW. Wilson Benton, Jr.Gilbert BilezikianE. M. BlaiklockGeorge BlankenbakerGerald L. BorchertManfred T. BrauchKenneth J. BryerH. Douglas BuckwalterGeorge E. CannonJ. Knox ChamblinPhilip W. ComfortRoger Douglass CongdonMark T. CoppengerDavid CornellJohn CrandallRobert D. CulverPeter H. DavidsBruce A. DemarestCarl E. DeVriesPaul H. DeVriesJames C. DeYoungRaymond B. DillardJ. D. DouglasJames D.G. DunnJ. J. EdwardsJohn ElliottWalter A. ElwellH. K. FarrellPaul F. FeilerDavid A. FieldsCharles L. FeinbergHarvey E. FinleyJohn FischerFrancis FoulkesLouis GoldbergWesley L. GerigRobert GuelichD. L. HallJ. Gordon HarrisR. K. HarrisonGinnie HearnWalter HearnPaul HelmCarl Wayne HensleyAndrew E. HillHarold W. HoehnerJames M. HoustonE. Margaret HoweF. B. Huey, Jr.Philip Edgcumbe HughesDavid K. HuttarEdgar C. JamesJakob JoczPaul KaufmanDonald KenneyWilliam Nigel KerrEugene F. KlugGeorge E. LaddWilliam LaneWilliam Sanford LaSorF. Duane LindseyRobert W. LyonW. Harold MareJames L. MasonGerald L. MattinglyPaul K. McAlisterJim McClanahanThomas E. McComiskeyJ. Gordon McConvilleWayne O. McCreadyLee McDonaldDouglas J. MillerRobert H. MounceW. Robert MyersRoger NicoleMark R. NortonGrant OsborneDaniel PartnerHazel W. PerkinJohn PiippoJohn PiperGary PollittAustin H. Potts

Ralph E. PowellJames D. PriceJoe ProchaskaAnson F. RaineyBernard L. RammRobert L. ReymondArthur RupprechtWilliam S. SailerStuart D. SacksJ. Julius Scott, Jr.Jack B. ScottA. SelanderH. LaVern SchaferNorman ShepherdJohn W. SiderMoises SilvaElmer B. SmickAlbert J. SmithRalph L. SmithKlyne R. SnodgrassRobert H. SteinStephen S. TaylorJohn Arthur ThompsonJ. G. S. S. ThomsonWilliam B. TolarWilliam TravisGeorge Allen TurnerWillem A. VanGemerenGerard Van GroningenDavid E. Van RekenHoward F. VosVictor L. WalterBruce K. WaltkeDavid W. WeadMarsha WegnerMorris A. WeigeltGordon J. WenhamR. E. O. WhiteWilliam White, Jr.Luder G. Whitlock, Jr.Michael WilcockFred M. Williams IIIJohn P. WilliamsR. Milton WinterHerbert M. WolfMarten H. WoudstraR. K. McGregor WrightWarren C. YoungRonald F. YoungbloodAdditional editorial work done by Peachtree Editorial and Proofreading Service andby Stanford Creative Services.

AAARON Moses’ brother and Israel’s first high priest. Inthe books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers, Aaron wasMoses’ spokesman and assistant during the Israelites’exodus from Egypt. Aaron was three years older thanMoses and was 83 when they first confronted the pharaoh (Ex 7:7). Their sister, Miriam (Nm 26:59), musthave been the eldest child, old enough to carry messageswhen the infant Moses was found by the pharaoh’sdaughter (Ex 2:1-9). Aaron’s mother was Jochebed andhis father was Amram, a descendant of the Kohath family of Levi’s tribe (Ex 6:18-20).Aaron and his wife, Elisheba, had four sons (Ex 6:23),who were to follow him in the priesthood (Lv 1:5). Twoof them, Nadab and Abihu, violated God’s instructionsby performing a sacrilegious act while burning incenseand were burned to death as a result (Lv 10:1-5). Thepriesthood was then passed on through the other twosons, Eleazar and Ithamar, who also sometimes failedto carry out God’s instructions precisely (10:6-20).Aaron’s prominence in the events of the exodus arosepartly from the fact that he was Moses’ brother. WhenMoses tried to avoid becoming Israel’s leader on thegrounds of having a speech impediment, Aaron’s abilityas a speaker was recognized and used by God (Ex4:10-16).Events of Aaron’s Life The Hebrew people wereslaves in Egypt at the beginning of Aaron’s life. Raisedas an Egyptian by one of the pharaoh’s daughters,Moses had fled into the Midian Desert after killing acruel Egyptian taskmaster (Ex 1–2). When God sentMoses back as a liberator (chs 3–4), he also sent Aaronout to meet Moses in the desert (4:27). Moses wasa stranger to his people after so many years of exile,so Aaron made contact with Israel’s elders for him(4:29-31). When Moses and Aaron went to see the pharaoh, God told the Egyptian monarch through the twoof them to let the Israelites go (Ex 5:1). When the pharaoh made life even more miserable for the Hebrewslaves, God began to show his power to the Egyptianruler through a series of miracles (chs 5–12). God performed the first three miracles through Aaron, using arod (probably a shepherd’s staff). The pharaoh had hispalace sorcerers do similar tricks. After God brought aplague of gnats (KJV “lice”) over all Egypt, the Egyptianmagicians admitted defeat and said, “This is the fingerof God!” (Ex 8:19, NLT). Then God brought on moreplagues through Moses, culminating in the deaths of allthe Egyptians’ firstborn sons. Aaron was with Moses(12:1-28) when God revealed how he would “passover” the properly marked homes of the Israelites,sparing their children on the night the Egyptian children died. That event was the origin of the Passoverfeast still observed by Jews today (13:1-16).After God led the Israelites to safety and destroyed thepursuing Egyptians, Aaron participated with Moses ingoverning the people on their long wilderness journey tothe Promised Land (Ex 16:1-6). Later, battling againstAmalek’s army, Aaron helped hold up Moses’ wearyarms in prayer to maintain God’s blessing (17:8-16).Although always subordinate to Moses, Aaron seems tohave been recognized as an important leader (18:12).God summoned him to be with Moses when God gavethe law on Mt Sinai (19:24). Aaron was among therepresentatives of the people who ratified God’s statutesin the Book of the Covenant (24:1-8). Aaron went withthose leaders partway up the holy mountain and saw thevision of the God of Israel (24:9-10). With Hur, he wasleft in charge when Moses was with God on the mountaintop (vv 13-14).AARON THE PRIESTBecause it marked the beginning of the priesthoodin Israel, the consecration of Aaron to his officewas both instructive and solemn. Nothing was leftto human ingenuity; all was precisely commandedof God. There were three ceremonies: washing,clothing, and anointing. When the tabernacle wasfinished, Aaron and his sons were set apart to thepriesthood by washing (to signify purification),clothing with official garments (for beauty andglory), and anointing with oil (to picture the needof empowering by the Spirit; cf. Ex 28; 40:12-15;Lv 8). Aaron thus became the first high priest,serving nearly 40 years. The character of his officewas hereditary; this is attested to by his sons’wearing his garments when they succeeded to theoffice of high priest (Ex 29:29-30; Nm 20:25-28).Although all priests were anointed with oil, theanointing of Aaron and his successors was distinctfrom that of the ordinary priests (Ex 29:7;40:12-15; Lv 8:12). Because the priesthood wasinherited, all subsequent priests had to trace theirancestry back to Aaron (Ezr 7:1-5; Lk 1:5). Also, asharp distinction was always drawn between thefamily of Aaron and the rest of the Levites (cf. Nm3:5). Thus, the high priest was designated as theanointed priest in a special sense (Lv 4:3-4;6:20-22; 21:10).Because of Aaron’s priestly role, the NT looksupon him as prefiguring the Messiah of Israel.Jesus Christ was appointed High Priest (Heb 3:1-2)in the same way God chose Aaron (Heb 5:1-5), buthe was described as a greater high priest thanAaron (Heb 7:11-28).Moses was gone for over a month, and in a momentof weakness, Aaron gave in to the people’s request for anidol to worship. He melted down their gold ornamentsto make a golden image of a calf (Ex 32:1-4). (The Israelites had probably been influenced in Egypt by the cult ofApis, a fertility god in the form of a bull.) At first, Aaronseemed to think he might be doing something acceptable to God (v 5), but things got out of hand and adrunken sex orgy took place around the idol (v 6). Godwas angry enough to destroy the people, but Moses

2 AARONITEST Y N D A L Einterceded, reminding God of his promise to multiplyAbraham’s descendants (Ex 32:7-14). Moses furiouslyconfronted Aaron about the immorality and idolatry,which Aaron blamed on the people without admittingany guilt of his own (vv 21-24). Although the idolatorswere punished by death (Ex 32:25-28) and the wholecamp by a plague (v 35), Aaron was evidently not punished. In a retelling of the events, Moses said that Aaronwas in great danger but was spared because he hadprayed for him (Dt 9:20).In their second year of nomadic wilderness life, Aaronhelped Moses carry out a census (Nm 1:1-3, 17-18).Eventually, Aaron may have become jealous of Moses’position of leadership, for Miriam and Aaron began toslander their brother, even though the elderly Moseswas by then more humble than any man on earth(Nm 12:1-4). God’s anger toward the two was avertedby Moses’ prayer, although Miriam did suffer for hersin (12:5-15). Aaron again seems to have escapedpunishment entirely. With Moses, Aaron opposed arebellion at Kadesh (14:1-5). He stood with Mosesagainst a later revolt (ch 16). After a final incident atMeribah, where the Israelites almost revolted again,God accused Moses and Aaron of having failed to takehim at his word and denied them entry into the Promised Land (20:1-12). Aaron died at the age of 123 onMt Hor, after Moses had removed his elaborate priestlygarments and put them on Aaron’s son Eleazar (Nm20:23-29; 33:38-39).See also Israel, History of; Exodus, The; Wilderness Wanderings; Priests and Levites; Levi, Tribe of; Aaron’s Rod.AARONITESAARONITES* Collective name for the priests whodescended from Aaron through his sons Eleazar andIthamar. The term is used twice in the KJV to refer to the3,700 men who supported David against Saul (1 Chr12:27) and of whom Zadok later became leader (1 Chr27:17). Both “house of Aaron” (Pss 115:10, 12; 118:3;135:19) and “Aaron” (1 Chr 27:17, RSV) are used to referto the Aaronites.See also Aaron.AARON’S RODAARON’S ROD* Staff belonging to Moses’ brother,Aaron, symbolizing the two brothers’ authority inIsrael. When the Israelites were wandering in the wilderness, a threat against Moses and Aaron’s leadershipwas led by Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (Nm 16:1-40).In spite of the Lord’s destruction of those rebels andtheir followers, the rest of the people of Israel turnedagainst Moses and Aaron, saying that they had killedthe people of the Lord (16:41). In order to restorerespect for the divinely appointed leadership, the Lordtold Moses to collect a rod from each tribe and have theleader of the tribe write his name on it. Aaron was toldto write his name on the rod of Levi. The rods wereplaced in the inner room of the tabernacle, in frontof the ark (of the covenant). In the morning, Aaron’srod had sprouted blossoms and had produced ripealmonds. The rod was then kept there as a continualsign to Israel that the Lord had established the authority of Moses and Aaron (Nm 17:1-11; cf. Heb 9:4).Following that incident the people of Israel enteredthe wilderness of Zin, but there was no water for themand their flocks. Again the people argued with Mosesand Aaron. The Lord instructed Moses to get the rod and,in the presence of Aaron and the rest of the people, command a particular rock to bring forth water. Taking therod, Moses asked dramatically, “Must we bring you waterfrom this rock?” (Nm 20:10, NLT) and struck the rocktwice. Water gushed out and the people drank. Yet Mosesand Aaron were forbidden to enter the Promised Landbecause they did not sanctify the Lord in the people’seyes (Nm 20:12-13). An earlier event had provided evidence that the Lord was able to provide needed water inthat manner (Ex 17:1-7).See also Aaron.ABAB* Month in the Hebrew calendar, about mid-July tomid-August. See Calendars, Ancient and Modern.ABADDONABADDON Hebrew word that means “place ofdestruction.” The word occurs six times in the OT, generally referring to the place of the dead (Jb 26:6; 28:22;31:12; Ps 88:11; Prv 15:11; 27:20). It serves as a synonym for Sheol and is variously translated “hell,”“death,” “the grave,” or “destruction.” The sameHebrew word occurs once in the NT in its Greek equivalent, Apollyon (Rv 9:11). Here the idea of destruction ispersonified as the “angel from the bottomless pit,” sothe word is often translated “destroyer.” Abaddon (orApollyon) was the angel reigning over the realm of thedead, who appeared after the fifth trumpet in John’svision (Rv 9:1).See also Sheol.ABAGTHAABAGTHA One of the seven eunuchs commanded byKing Ahasuerus to bring Queen Vashti to his drunkenparty (Est 1:10).ABANAABANA Syrian river (modern Barada) running throughthe city of Damascus. Although Naaman thought theAbana would be more effective than the Jordan River incuring leprosy, he obeyed the prophet Elisha, washed inthe Jordan, and was cured (2 Kgs 5:9-14; “Amana” is analternate textual reading in 5:12).See also Amana.ABARIMABARIM* Mountainous area located east of the JordanRiver and the Dead Sea, and extending northward fromthe plains of Moab. From the highest point on Mt Nebo,called Pisgah, located in Abarim (2,643 feet; 805meters), Moses looked into the Promised Land shortlybefore he died (Dt 32:48-50; 34:1-6).ABBAABBA Aramaic word for “father,” which is applied toGod in Mark 14:36; Romans 8:15; and Galatians 4:6.The name expresses a very intimate and inseparable relationship between Christ and the Father and betweenbelievers (children) and God (Father).ABDAABDA1. Adoniram’s father. Adoniram was superintendent ofpublic works under King Solomon (1 Kgs 4:6).2. Shammua’s son, who was a Levite leader in Jerusalemafter the exile (Neh 11:17). The same father and sonare elsewhere identified as Shemaiah and Obadiah(1 Chr 9:16).ABDEELABDEEL Shelemiah’s father. Shelemiah was an officersent by King Jehoiakim of Judah to arrest Jeremiah andBaruch after the king had read and burned their prophetic scroll (Jer 36:26).ABDIABDI1. Member of the Merari clan of Levites. Abdi’s grandsonEthan was a musician in David’s time (1 Chr 6:44;15:17).2. Levite whose son Kish served in Hezekiah’s time(2 Chr 29:12). This Abdi has sometimes been confused with Abdi #1.

BIBLE DICTIONARYABIATHAR 3ABEL-BETH-MAACAH (MAACHAH)ABEL-BETH-MAACAH (MAACHAH*) Alternate3. Member of the Elam clan in Ezra’s time. This Abdi islisted as one of the Israelites who married a foreignwife after the exile (Ezr 10:26).ABDIELABDIEL Guni’s son and father of Ahi (1 Chr 5:15). Ahiwas a clan leader in Gad’s tribe during the reigns of KingJotham of Judah and King Jeroboam II of Israel (1 Chr5:15-17).name for Abel, a fortified city in upper Galilee in 1 Kings15:20 and 2 Kings 15:29. It was also called Abel of BethMaacah (Maachah) in 2 Sm 20:14-15. See Abel (Place).ABEL-KERAMIMABEL-KERAMIM City taken by Jephthah the Israelitejudge when he conquered the Ammonites (Jgs 11:33). Itwas located south of the Jabbok River.ABDON (PERSON)ABDON (Person)ABEL-MAIMABEL-MAIM* Alternate name for Abel, a fortified city1. Hillel’s son who judged Israel for eight years (Jgs12:13-15). Abdon was a very wealthy man, as indicated by reference to the 70 donkeys he owned.2. Shashak’s son from Benjamin’s tribe who lived in Jerusalem (1 Chr 8:23, 28).3. Jeiel’s oldest son from Benjamin’s tribe who lived inGibeon. This Abdon is mentioned in Saul’s genealogy(1 Chr 8:30; 9:36).4. Micah’s son (2 Chr 34:20), also called Acbor, son ofMicaiah. See Acbor #2.ABDON (PLACE)in upper Galilee, in 2 Chronicles 16:4. See Abel (Place).ABEL-MEHOLAHABEL-MEHOLAH Birthplace of the prophet Elisha(1 Kgs 19:16). Here Elijah found Elisha plowing andthrew his coat over Elisha’s shoulders, symbolizing God’scall to Elisha to become a prophet (1 Kgs 19:19-21). Thetown is earlier mentioned as one place to which theMidianites fled from Gideon’s 300 warriors (Jgs 7:22). Itis also mentioned in a list of administrative districts setup by King Solomon (1 Kgs 4:12). The most likely modern identification is Khirbet Tell el-Hilu.ABDON (Place) One of four cities in Asher’s territorygiven to the Levites after the conquest of Canaan, thePromised Land (Jos 21:30; 1 Chr 6:74). Abdon is probably the same as Ebron (Jos 19:28). Today Abdon is calledKhirbet ’Abdeh.ABEDNEGOABEDNEGO One of Daniel’s three friends who wassentenced to death by Nebuchadnezzar but was protected in the fiery furnace by an angel (Dn 1:7; 3:12-30).See Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego; Daniel, Additions to (Prayer of Azariah).ABEL (PERSON)ABEL (Person) Second male child of Adam and Eve(Gn 4:2). The name is probably related to Sumerian andAkkadian words meaning “son” and was thus used as ageneric term for the human race.Abel’s older brother, Cain, was engaged in agriculture, but Abel himself was a shepherd. When bothbrothers brought offerings, God accepted Abel’s animalsacrifice but rejected Cain’s vegetable offering. As aresult, Cain became jealous of Abel and killed him.The narrative indicates that Abel’s character was moreworthy of God’s blessing; hence his offering wasaccepted and Cain’s was not (Gn 4:7). There is no scriptural evidence that cereal or vegetable offerings were lesseffective as either sin offerings or fellowship meals thanofferings involving the shedding of blood, since in laterMosaic law both were prescribed. In the NT Abel isregarded as the first martyr (Mt 23:35; Lk 11:51; Heb 11:4).ABEL (PLACE)ABEL (Place) Fortified border city in upper Galileeto which King David’s general Joab pursued the rebelSheba. After a wise woman of the city negotiatedwith Joab, the citizens executed Sheba and threw hishead over the wall. Joab then called off the siege2 Sm 20:13-22). The city was later conquered by theSyrian Ben-hadad during a continuing war betweenKing Asa of Judah and King Baasha of Israel. When Asapersuaded Ben-hadad to break a treaty with Baasha,Ben-hadad took a large amount of territory, includingAbel, or Abel-beth-maacah, as it was also called (1 Kgs15:16-20). Still later, Abel-beth-maacah (sometimescalled simply Abel of Beth-maacah, or Abel of Bethmaachah) was conquered by Tiglath-pileser III, and itsinhabitants were taken captive to Assyria (2 Kgs 15:29).The same city is called Abel-maim (“meadow of water”),emphasizing the productivity of the region (2 Chr 16:4).The town has been identified with modern Tell Abil-elQamh.ABEL-MIZRAIMABEL-M

The Tyndale Bible Dictionary includes all the significant people, places, and terms in the Bible. The dictionary also has comprehensive articles on all the books of the Bible, significant words in the Bible, translations of the Bible, manuscripts of the Bible, and the canon of Scripture (inc

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New Living Translation requires written permission for use of the NLT text. For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact Tyndale House Publishers at csresponse@tyndale.com, or call 1-800-323-9400. TYNDALE, New Living Translation, NLT, the New Living Translati

II8 OUR ENGLISH BIBLE 4· TYNDALE'S VERSION. The first translation from the original languages was made by William Tyndale. There is no room here for a full account of his life and work, for which see Demaus, William Tyndale. His

TYNDALE BIBLE VERSE FINDER Tyndale BibleVerse Finder ABORTION God cares for the unborn (Exodus 21:22-25) page 60 We should protect the helpless (Psalm 82:3-4) page 451 Children are from God (Psalm 127:3) page 473 God forms every child (Psalm 139:13-16) page 476 God plans the future of every child (Jeremiah 1:5) page 57

Jun 02, 2019 · Bible Handbooks — Hayford’s Bible Handbook; Halley’s Bible Handbook; Eerdman’s Handbook . Concordances — Strong’s Concordance; Young’s Concordance . Bible Dictionaries — The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary; Nelson’s Illustrated Bible Dictionary . Word Study Books —

Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6 . Dictionary of Computing 0 7475 6622 4 Dictionary of Economics 0 7136 8203 5 Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1 Dictionary of Food Science and Nutrition 0 7136 7784 8 Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7136 8142 X

NLT Life Application Study Bible, Third Edition will also be available in large print and personal size editions in spring 2020. Printed in South Korea 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tyndale House Publishers and Wycliffe Bible Translators share the vision for an understandable, accurate translation of the Bible for every person in the world

Schiavo ex rel. Schiavo, _ F.3d _, 2005 WL 648897 (11th Cir. Mar. 23, 2005) (Schiavo I), stay denied, _ S. Ct. _, 2005 WL 672685 (Mar. 24, 2005). After that appeal was taken, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on March 22, 2005, adding four more counts, and a second amended complaint on March 24, 2005, adding a fifth count. On the basis of the claims contained in those new .