E-ISSN: 2278-4136 Protected Cultivation Of Vegetable Crops .

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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2017; 6(5): 1629-1634E-ISSN: 2278-4136P-ISSN: 2349-8234JPP 2017; 6(5): 1629-1634Received: 17-07-2017Accepted: 18-08-2017Ummyiah HMAssistant Professor, Division ofVegetable Science, Sher-eKashmir University ofAgricultural Sciences andTechnology of Kashmir,Shalimar, Srinagar, JammuKashmir, IndiaKP WaniAssociate Professor, Division ofVegetable Science, Sher-eKashmir University ofAgricultural Sciences andTechnology of Kashmir,Shalimar, Srinagar, JammuKashmir, IndiaSH KhanAssociate Professor, Division ofVegetable Science, Sher-eKashmir University ofAgricultural Sciences andTechnology of Kashmir,Shalimar, Srinagar, JammuKashmir, IndiaM Mudasir MagrayAssistant Professor, Division ofVegetable Science, Sher-eKashmir University ofAgricultural Sciences andTechnology of Kashmir,Shalimar, Srinagar, JammuKashmir, IndiaCorrespondenceUmmyiah HMAssistant Professor, Division ofVegetable Science, Sher-eKashmir University ofAgricultural Sciences andTechnology of Kashmir,Shalimar, Srinagar, JammuKashmir, IndiaProtected cultivation of vegetable crops undertemperate conditionsUmmyiah HM, KP Wani, SH Khan and M Mudasir MagrayAbstractIndia has a wide range of diverse agro-climatic conditions, but vegetable cultivation has generally beenrestricted to regional and seasonal needs. Although the production has increased to a level of 113.5million tonnes from an area of 7.2 million hectares, still the technology used and practices followed arepredominantly traditional, resulting in low productivity and inconsistent quality and quantity of produce.In the upper reaches of Himalayas, cold desert conditions prevail where the temperature is extremely low(-5 to -300C ) during winter season and most of the regions remain cut off from the rest of the countryfrom November to March due to heavy snowfall. Due to this reason, people in these areas experienceacute shortage of vegetables in winters. Sometimes in winter, vegetables are transported by air inSrinagar and Ladakh and the cost of these vegetables is beyond the reach of common man. Thereforeself-sustenance is a need for these regions. To overcome these problems, Protected Cultivation offers agreat potential. Protected cultivation enables us to grow vegetables in the off-season and also to extendthe vegetable growing seasons for a much longer period than is possible under open field conditions.Vegetables are available earlier than usual and some can be grown well even during frosts. Thoughcertain breakthroughs in vegetable cultivation in adverse climates using protected devices have beenregistered, more extensive research and generation of awareness are required to tap potential of ProtectedCultivation of vegetable crops and also increase the area under protected devices.Keywords: cultivation, vegetable crops, temperate conditions, microclimateIntroductionProtected cultivation is a technique wherein the microclimate in the surrounding area of theplant is controlled partially or fully or modified to protect the crop from weather especiallyvery low or high temperatures, hail storms and heavy rains. This technology is also useful forprotecting the plants from birds, insects etc. and conserving the soil moisture simultaneously.Protected cultivation of vegetables offers distinct advantages of quality, productivity andfavorable market price to the growers. Vegetable growers can substantially increase theirincome by protected cultivation in off-season as the vegetables produced during their normalseason generally do not fetch good returns due to their large availability in the markets. Offseason cultivation of cucurbits under low plastic tunnels is one of the most profitabletechnologies under northern plains of India. Walk-in tunnels are also suitable and effective toraise off-season nursery due to their low initial cost. Insect proof net houses can be used forvirus free cultivation of tomato, chilli, sweet pepper and other vegetables mainly during therainy season. These low cost structures a lution. True NFT consists of growing theplants in a shallow plastic-lined trough in which oxygenatednutrient solution is flowed continuously. Channels are on aslope to allow the nutrient solution to flow from one end tothe other and collected for return to the sump tank. Nutrientsolution is pumped continuously from the sump tank back tothe channels. Vegetables suited for NFT system are tomatoand cucumber.Aeroponics: It involves growing of plants in a trough orcontainer in which the roots are suspended and sprayed with anutrient mist. The rooted plants are placed in a special type ofbox with computer controlled humid atmosphere. It isrelatively a new production system used especially forresearch purposes.Raising Healthy NurseryHealthy nursery raising is very important for successfulgrowing of crops under protected cultivation since it setsfoundation for harvesting full potential of greenhousetechnology by providing strong and disease free plantingmaterial for commercial plantings and ultimately contributesto the higher earnings at the growers’ level. Popular plantprotection structures used in growing of healthy plantingmaterials are:1. Plastic low tunnels: These structures are commonly usedin the hilly and cold desert regions of the country forgrowing nurseries of crops during winter months so thatthe crops can be transplanted immediately after fields arefree from snow resulting in considerable saving ofgrowing periods. During the bright sunny days, theplastic cover is removed and again spread over duringnight.2. Insect cages: These are also popular among the growersas the insect cage restricts the entry of insects whichgenerally lay eggs on the young seedlings and alsoprovide some shade especially in summers. The insectproof nets of 60 meshes are considered excellent for thispurpose.3. Glass house or Mist Chambers: Such structures arebeing used by the commercial nursery growers in theform of big plant production factories throughout theworld to provide the quality planting material to masspropagate the genetically modified crops. These alsoprovide an additional advantage of total/ partialenvironment control and many layers of plants/ youngseedlings area accommodated to utilize full canopy area.Common vegetables and their varieties for GreenhouseCultivationTomato: Greenhouse tomato cultivars/ hybrids are ofindeterminate growth habit. As a result plants may reach alength of 30 to 40 feet in 10 to 11 months duration ofcultivation. Tomatoes grown in greenhouses are generally putnto the following categories: Beafsteak cultivars: FA-574, FA-180 and FA-514.Big fruited varieties: Naveen, Arka Vishal, ArkaVardan.Hand type/ cluster type: HA-646, FA-556, FA-521.Cherry tomato: NS Cherry-1, NS Cherry-2.Sweet Pepper: The important varieties available in ourcountry for greenhouse cultivation are: Bharat, Mahabharat(both red), Golden Summer, Tanvi (both yellow), CaliforniaWonder etc. 1632

Journal of Pharmacognosy and PhytochemistryCucumber: The cucumber varieties grown in greenhouses areusually European types. These are gynoecious and set fruitsparthenocarpically. The important parthenocarpic varietiesavailable in India are Satis, Alamir, Kian etc. somemonoecious varieties are also available in India which can begrown in greenhouses only through pollination management.These are Japanese Long Green, Pusa Sanyog, Priya etc.Other Vegetables Bottle gourd Bitter gourd Melons Leafy vegetables etc.Growth, yield attributing characters and yield of different tomato cultivars in polyhousePlantheight (cm)91 .5389.0792. 80125. 4791. 7397. 90115 .40120.00152. 40143. 53135 .07CultivarsNS-7531NS,1945NS-2145DRD-8014KarnaHyb SC 3Hyb-621NTH-2004YashCTH-230Pusa RubyPusa109. 80Hybrid1Avinash-2101 .67VC4B-1109. tArka 8.47AshishArka Alok99.80Hazarika and Phookan, 2005No. 527.206.808.007.206.60Fruit set(%)68. 6671 .5277 .7770 .0264. 0972 .6868 .957 4.5183. 9669 .9574. 25Retention of maturedfruits (%)89.5986.1689.7886.8787.1887 8085 4189.2490.2984.5489.64Marketable 60.571.01yield/ 738.807.5378. 0987.231.084.006.476.539.007.386.876.5376 17.806.3070.7885.870.893.317.875.8777 Tomato genotypes identified under protected cultivation and some advantagesS. No.123456Genotypes/ advantagesNaveen (hybrid)a) No incidence of aphid, Aphis gossypiib) Enhanced fruiting spanMariachi (hybrid)a)Higher TSS and LycopeneElegance (hybrid)a) High yieldBeril-7314 and Celeya (hybrids)a) Enhanced fruiting spanTomato- in generalI) Use of mist system increaseda)Leaf stomatal conductanceb) Plant growthTomato- in generalI) Increasing vapour pressure deficit reducesa) Fresh fruit weight and fruit water contentMaterial usedNet houseAuthorsCheema et al. ,2004Green houseMin et al., 2004Green housePeet et al., 2004Green house (originally produced)Tuxel et al., 2004Green houseRomero-Aranda et al., 2002Le Onardi et al., 2000GreenhouseAdvantages of Protected Cultivation Early nursery raising, easy management, protection frombiotic and abiotic stresses and production of healthyvegetable seedlings. Vegetable crops can be grown under adverse weatherconditions round the year and in the off-season. 1633 Vegetables with higher productivity and uniform qualitythan open field cultivation are produced and can beexported to WTO markets for higher returns.Management of insect-pests, diseases and weeds is easier.There is efficient and less use of resources especiallyland, labour, irrigation water, fertilizers, and insecticides

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry and fungicides.It is suitable for farmers having small land holdings.Organic farming of vegetables is easier in greenhousesand these structures are ideally suited for production ofgenetically engineered and micro-propagated vegetablevarieties and hybrids.Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India, 2012, 220.9. Tuxel Y. Organic tomato production in the Green house.Acta Hort. 2004; 659:729-736.Constraints in Greenhouse Vegetable Cultivation The basic cost of construction and operational cost of theclimate controlled greenhouse is very high. Uninterrupted and regular power supply is required foroperating cooling and heating system of the greenhouse. Cladding material of required quality is not readilyavailable. Non-availability of tools and implements for facilitatingcrop-production operations under greenhouse. There is a lack of specific research programme ongreenhouse vegetable production in the country. No specific breeding work has been initiated fordevelopment of suitable varieties/ hybrids for greenhousecultivation. Exotic seeds are very costly and are out ofreach of the Indian growers.Future Strategies Standardizing proper design of construction ofpolyhouses including cost effective cladding and glazingmaterial. Developing cost effective agro-techniques for growingdifferent vegetables and lowering energy costs of thegreenhouse environment management. Developing professional and skilled polyhousemanufacturers. Awareness among farmers pertaining to the potential ofprotected vegetable production should be created. Major research activities on growing of vegetables underprotection should be launched by ICAR and SAU’s.References1. Castilla N, Hernandez J. Greenhouse technologicalpackages for high quality crop production. Acta Hort.2007; 761:285-297.2. Cheema DS, Kaur P, Sandeep Kaur. OffseasonCultivation of Tomato under Net house conditions. ActaHort. 2004; 659:177-181.3. Hazarika TK, Phookan DB. Performance of tomatocultivars for polyhouse cultivation during spring summerin Assam. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 2005;62(3):268-271.4. Le-onardi C, Soraya G, Nadia B. High vapour pressuredeficit influences growth, transpiration and quality oftomato fruits. Scientia Hort. 2000; 84:285-296.5. Min, Wu, Johann S, Buck, Cheiri K. Effect of nutrientssolution EC, plant microclimate and cultivars on fruitquality and yield of hydroponic tomatoes. Acta Hort.2004; 659:541-547.6. Peet MM, Harlaw CD, Larrea ES. Fruit quality and yieldin five small fruited greenhouse tomato cultivars underhigh fertilization regime. Acta Hort. 2004; 659:811-818.7. Romero-Aranda R, Soria T, Cuartero J. Green house mistimproves yield of tomato plant grown under salineconditions. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 2002; 127:644-648.8. Singh S, Singh BS. Hydroponics – A technique forcultivation of vegetables and medicinal plantsǁ. In.Proceedings of 4th Global conference on ―Horticulturefor Food, Nutrition and Livelih,ood Optionsǁ 1634

Quonset Greenhouse C. Based on Covering material Glass Greenhouses Plastic Film Greenhouses Rigid Panel Greenhouses Planning of Greenhouse Facility There are five essential components of greenhouse technology to harvest its full potential in growing the vegetables. These are: Selection of crops to be grown in the greenhouse.

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