MATERIALSOFCRUDEOILMATERIALS OF CRUDE OIL REFINING .
/MiRO1.jpgMATERIALS OF CRUDE OILREFINING: CORROSIONPROBLEMS AND PREVENTIONMSE 395 Final Presentation - GarethHughes
OverviewIntroductiondto Refining andd Corrosion Brief look at types of corrosionMaterials Used in RefineriesFerrous Alloys Otherh AlloysAll Corrosive SubstancesLow Temperature High Temperature CCorrosioni ProtectionPi MethodsM h dConclusions
Crude Oil RefiningNecessary tocreate usefulhydrocarbonproductsComplicated systemrequiring manydifferent pressureand temperatureconditionsDiverseDienvironmentalditii fli thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:RefineryFlo
Corrosion in RefineriesControls operation of process line Mustbe watched to prevent accidents Causes reduction in heating and coolingefficiency Requires periodic inspection and maintenance,which halts the entire production lineCost of corrosion: 3.7 billion annually 1.4 1 4billion equipment replacements 1.8 billion maintenance expenses 0.5 0 5 billionbilli foulingf li removallR.D. Kane, Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations, Corrosion: Environments and Industries, Vol 13C, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 2006, p 967–1014
Materials Used – ConditionsFoundMaterials must exhibit a number ofproperties Resisthigh temperatures and pressures Resist hydrocarbon impurities Resist air and water intrusion cycles Display warning of corrosion (no spontaneousf ilfailure)) Must maintain strength in fire and suddentemperature changes to stop spreading offire if accidents occurLimits materials to metals Plasticstoo low temperature Ceramics not strong enough and brittleB.B. Morton, Metallurgical Methods for Combating Corrosion and Abrasion in the Petroleum throughout Industry, J. Inst. Petrol., Vol 34 (No. 289), 1948, p 1–68
Materials Used – FerrousAlloysMMostt common typetoff materialt i l useddStandard carbon steel used to 80% ofcomponents and almost all structuralapplications Limited corrosion resistance, mainly storageapplicationsLow-alloy C-Cr-Mo steel used forapplications of higher temperatures,temperatureshydrogen, and sulfide exposure Used for some elevated temperaturepapplicationsppStainless steels used exclusively for hightemperature sulfidic and naphthenic acidconditionsditi Considerably more expensive and slightly reducedstrengthA.J. Freedman, G.F. Tisinai, and E.S. Troscinski, Selection of Alloys for Refinery Processing Equipment, Corrosion, Vol 16 (No. 1), 1960, p 19t–25t
Materials Used – OtherAlloysUUsedd ffor specificifi applicationsli tiwherehcheaper ferrous alloys would failCopper Used for heat exchangersIncreased temperature conduction, butcorrosion problems with contaminated waterNickel Used for very high temperature corrosionresistanceOften alloyed with other metals to improvechloride resistanceTitanium Used for low temperature, but veryEffect of nickel alloying on 17%-24%Crcorrosive sulfidic and chloridicstainless steel on resistance to stressenvironmentscorrosioni crackingki iin bboilingili 42% magnesiumiCoolers and condensers using seawaterchloride solutionA.J. Freedman, G.F. Tisinai, and E.S. Troscinski, Selection of Alloys for Refinery Processing Equipment, Corrosion, Vol 16 (No.1) 1960 p 19t 25t
Corrosion ProblemsSplit into two categories Lowtemperature (below 260oC) Corrosionmostly by pitting and stresscorrosion cracking Always in the form of aqueous or otherliquid solutions Highgtemperature (above 205oC) Corrosionmostly by uniform thinning,localattack,k andd erosion-corrosionii Generally in the absence of water,taking the form of liquid or gaseoushydrocarbonsR. Baboian, Corrosion Engineer's Handbook, 3rd ed., NACE International, 2002, p 192
Low Temperature CorrosivesMMostt widespreadidd formfoffcorrosion, but less severeCaused by two sources: Contaminants in crude oilprocess streamAir and water Hydrogen sulfide Sour water – combination ofwater with ammonia, hydrogencyanide, and organic sulfides Chemicals introduced, such assolvents, neutralizers, andcatalysts Caustic soda most prevalentC.G. Munger, Deep Pitting Corrosion in Sour Crude Oil Tankers, Mater. Perform., Vol 15 (No. 3), 1976, p 17–23
High Temperature CorrosivesM t dangerousMostdformfoff corrosioni High temperatures and highpressures can cause ignitionPrimarily caused by sulfurcompounds in the crude oil inconcentrationsioff 0.1%0 1% to 5.0%5 0%Corrosion occurs when sulfidesreact with metal to form metalsulfides and H2SMetal corrodes faster on theheated side of furnace tubes Dependent on the metal surfacettemperature,tratherth thanth thethstream temperatureM.L. Medvedeva, Specifics of High-Temperature Corrosion Processes During Oil Recovery, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering,Vol 36 (Nos. 11-12), 2000, p 749-754
Corrosion Control MethodsM it iMonitoring Off-line methods – checks during maintenance Tell when equipment must be replacedOn-line methods – report corrosion as ithappens Allows controlAlll off corrosionibby activelyi l changinghiprocess variablesCareful material selection Model the system before construction anddetermine corrosive areasPh i l materialPhysicalt i l barriersbi Application of corrosion resistant coatings orcladdingLayers of stainless steel Walls of acid resistant concrete R.D. Kane, D.C. Eden, and D.A. Eden, Innovative Solutions Integrate Corrosion Monitoring with Process Control, Mater. Perform., Feb 2005, p 36–41
ConclusionsImportant area of research for efficientproduction of fossil fuelsMuch is known about corrosion, butmethods for control are still basicRefinery process complicated, so manyforms of corrosion must be preventedconcurrentlyI a worldInld off lilimitedi d petroleumlresources,efficient production is extremelyimportant
R.D. Kane, Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations, Corrosion: Environments and Industries, Vol 13C, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 2006, p 967–1014 Materials Used –Conditions
Crude oil demand is how much crude oil is received by the refinery. This crude oil is processed to refinery products like diesel, gasoline, etc. Processing crude oil determines emissions in the crude oil supply (crude oil production and crude oil transport), which then must be attributed (called: allocated) to each product of the refinery.
crude oil and oil-derived products (Mokhatab, 2006; Nazina et al., 2007; Wolicka et al., 2009; Wolicka et al., 2011). 2. Crude oil Environment for microorganisms growth 2.1 Crude oil composition Crude oil is a mixture of thousand of variou s compounds, organic and inorganic, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, which in average .
Characteristics of Crude Oil The hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories: Paraffins: These can make up 15 to 60% of crude. Paraffins are the desired content in crude and what are used to make fuels. The shorter the paraffins are, the lighter the crude is.File Size: 560KB
DESALTING, DESALTERS, AND SALT IN CRUDE MONITORING IN PROCESS: AN OVERVIEW Speaker: Dr. Maurizio Castellano B.A.G.G.I Srl . 04 07 2018 Crude Oil and Heavy Crude Oil Salt content in crude ranges: from 5,000 to 250,000 ppm of NaCl according to the water content one may find in Crude oil
complex systems in recent years [2]. They can be applied in the design of crude oil distillation column based on the information obtained from a functioning crude oil distillation column of a refinery. Crude oil distillation is the separation of the hydrocarbons in crude oil into fractions based on their boiling points. It is converted to petrol,
prediction effectiveness of the proposed model [44]. Wu et al. added crude oil news as input data and used ANN to predict crude oil prices and made a good progress [41]. They applied the convolutional neural network to extract text features from online crude oil news to show the explanatory power of text features for crude oil price prediction .
refining industry is a national leader in developing approaches to the identified challenges when compared to the national industry. The U.S. petroleum refining industry processes almost 25% of the world’s annual crude oil production. The U.S. petroleum refining
Nom de l'Additif Alimentaire Fonction(s) Technologique(s) 340(iii) Phosphate tripotassique Adjuvant, antiagglomérant, antioxydant, régulateur de l'acidité, agent de rétention de la couleur, émulsifiant, affermissant, exaltateur d'arôme, agent de traitement des farines, humectant, agent de conservation, agent levant, séquestrant, stabilisant et épaississant 341 Phosphates de calcium .
