Trailer Connections. Both The Tractor And Trailer Have A .
Trailer connections. Both the tractor and trailer have a seven-terminal trailerreceptacle that accepts the trailer electrical cable plug (Figure 6-54). Trailers used as apart of double and triple trailers have trailer receptacles at both the front and rear of thetrailer to provide interconnection between trailers and dollies.Figure 6-54 - Tractor-trailer connectors.Because most tractors do not pull the same trailer all the time, the trailer receptacle andcable are standardized throughout North America. The trailer interconnection is definedby SAE recommended practice J560. Each of the seven circuits on all trucks andtrailers should be wired in the prescribed manner to permit tractors and trailersthroughout North America to be interchangeable.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-53
The color of wiring insulation for each trailer circuit is also standardized, as shown inFigure 6-55. This wiring convention should be followed to aid in troubleshooting andidentification.SAE J560 round return to towing vehicleBlkBlackClearance, side marker & license plateYelYellowLeft-hand turn signal & hazard signal lampsRedRedGrnGreenRight-hand turn signal & hazard signal lampsBrnBrownTail, clearance, side marker lamps, &identification lampsBluBlueLamp and Signal CircuitsStop lamps and antilock devicesAuxiliaryFigure 6-55 - Trailer standard wiring colors.Note in the schematic layout Figure 6-56 that the trailer running lights are broken downinto two circuits: the black wire and the brown wire. The black wire should be connectedto the front marker and clearance lamps, the identification lamp (three-bar light), the twolower rear-side marker lamps, and the center marker lamps (if applicable). The brownwire should be connected to the rear clearance lamps, the tail lamps, and the licenseplate lamp. These circuits should be kept isolated from each other because they may beprotected by two different circuit protection devices in the tractor. Otherwise, a shortcircuit at one place in the trailer running lamp wiring would disable all trailer runninglamps.The illustration of the trailer plug and the trailer receptacle in Figure 6-57 is somethingthat you should become familiar with. It shows the views of the mating end of the tractorreceptacle and of the trailer plug. A test light or a special trailer light test tool is used totest for voltage at the specific terminal to determine if the problem is with the truck or thetrailer. Notice the larger-diameter terminal at the top; this is the trailer ground terminal.Because all trailer light current must pass through the ground circuit, it uses a largerdiameter terminal than the other terminals and uses a larger-diameter wire than theother wires in the seven-way cable.The tractor normally provides the circuit protection for trailer wiring. However, sometrailers may have circuit breakers for trailer lights as well, (Figure-58). The trailer powerdistribution module is usually mounted on the left frame rail aft of the cab or on a rearcrossmember at the end of the frame rail, as shown in Figure 6-59. The trailer PDMcontains fuses and relays to enable high current outputs via a wiring harness and relaysto enable high current outputs via a wiring harness to the trailer connector.The length of the trailer wiring must be considered when replacing trailer wiring. Eventhough the rear trailer lamps may have the same ratings as the truck lamps, the longdistance to the lamps can result in a substantial voltage drop on the wiring. Thisreduces the voltage at the trailer lamps. Wire gauge is especially important for doubleNAVEDTRA 14050A6-54
and triple trailers because the total circuit from the rear trailer light feed to the tractorcan be more than 80 feet. Figure 6-60 should be used to determine the wire gaugenecessary for trailer wiring repair or replacement.Conductor No.ColorKeyLamp and Signal Circuits1White2BlackxSide marker and identification lamps3Yellow Left-hand turn signal and hazard signal4Red5Green Right-hand turn signal and hazardsignal6Brown Tail, combined rear clearance, andlicense plate7BlueAUxAuxiliary, option lamps, dome, etc.Ground return to towing vehicleStop lamps and antilock devicesFigure 6-56 - Schematic layout of a trailer electrical system.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-55
Figure 6-57 - Tractor and trailer mating ends.Figure 6-58 - Trailer power distribution module.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-56
Figure 6-59 - Trailer PDM installation.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-57
TOTAL LENGTH OF CABLE IN CURCUIT FROM BATTERY TO MOST DISTANTLAMP12-Volt SystemAmperes Up to 30(approx) FeetGauge40 Feet50 Feet60 Feet80 Feet100 Feet 120 2108886635121088666Recommended minimum wire gauge for stop light and ground circuits.Single trailer (up to 50' length)Doubles trailer (2-28' lengths)Doubles trailer (2-40' lengths)Triples trailer (3-28' lengths)STOP LIGHT (Red)GROUND (White)-12 Gauge-12 Gauge-10 Gauge10 Gauge10 Gauge10 Gauge8 gauge8 gaugeFigure 6-60 - Recommended wire gauges for trailer wiring.Figure 6-61 is a quick reference for troubleshooting electrical systems. It is alwaysrecommended to refer to the service manual for detailed information for troubleshootingand repairs.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-58
Electric al Troub le s hootin gDescription of FaultPossible causeStop lights on at all timesBattery Mega Fuse that supplies the trailerpower distribution module (ODM) is openor missing.Trailer connector center pin (pin 7) is notproviding desired power conditionIncorrect Reference ParameterIntermittent or no electrical trailer operationat all outputsLoss connection. Check trailer PDMelectrical connections and ground.No operation on single output.Trailer PDM components are inoperable.Check PDM fuse (blown) and relay (stuck)for that output.Intermittent or no operation on singleoutputTerminal connection(s) damaged wire.Trace the suspect circuit.Figure 6- 61 - Quick reference electrical troubleshooting.11.5.1 HornsThe horn system uses a coil-operated diaphragm to produce sound waves and anaudible sound. The horn system is simple; it consists of:1. Fuse or circuit breaker - electrical safety device that protects horn circuit fromshorts2. Horn wiring harness - wires that connect fuse to harness and horns to hornbutton switch3. Horns - diaphragm-operated devices that vibrate to produce sound waves4. Horn switch - steering wheel- or steering column-mounted switch for completinghorn circuitFigure 6-62 shows a basic horn system. Power is present at the horns and in theharness whenever the ignition switch is turned on. The horns switch grounds the circuitto activate the horns.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-59
Figure 6-62 - Horn circuit.When the driver presses the hornbutton, the wire leading from thehorns is grounded. This causescurrent to flow through the fuseand horns. The resistance in thehorn coils limits how much currentflows into ground.When the driver releases the hornbutton, a spring pushes theswitch back open. This breaks ordisconnects the ground circuit. Nocurrent can then flow through thehorns and they stop sounding.Horn nomenclature. A cutawayview of a typical horn is given inFigure 6-63. It is made up of thefollowing components:1. Horn coil - set of windingsthat produce magnetic fieldwhen energized by currentflowNAVEDTRA 14050AFigure 6-63 - Cutaway view of a horn.6-60
2. Contacts - breaker points that open and close to control current flow throughhorn coil3. Diaphragm - flexible membrane in horn that moves back and forth to produce airwaves and sound4. Plunger - metal core that is attached by magnetic field of coil windings5. Wire terminal - connector for making electrical connection with wiring harness6. Outlet - opening of horn housing for directing sound to front of vehicleWhen the driver presses the horn button, current flow enters the wire terminal and horncoil. A magnetic field forms around the coil. The field attracts and pulls the plunger intothe coil. Since the plunger is attached to the diaphragm, the diaphragm is flexed backtoward the coil.With enough movement, the edge of the plunger touches one of the contact point arms.This pushes the contacts open and interrupts the current flow through the coil. Withoutcurrent, the magnetic field collapses, and the diaphragm snaps or flexes back into itsnormal position.Once the diaphragm and plunger move back, the contacts reclose. This reenergizes thecoil and the diaphragm is again pulled back toward the coil. The process is repeatedrapidly and the diaphragm vibrates back and forth in the horn housing. The resultingvibration set up in the surrounding air can be heard as a "honking" sound.A tone adjustment screw is normally provided for changing the sound of the horn. It canbe turned to affect the action of the contact points and frequency of the diaphragmvibration.Horn relay. A horn relay is sometimes used between the horn switch and the horns. Itis used to reduce the amount of current flowing through the horn switch.When the driver presses the horn switch, a small current flow enters the horn relay. Thisenergizes the small coil in the relay to close the relay contacts. Then, a larger currentflows through the closed relay points and to the horns.Horn Service. When a horn will not sound, check the fuse and connections, and testthe voltage at the horn terminal. If a horn blows continuously, the horn switch may bebad. A relay is another cause of horn problems. The contacts in the relay could beburned, or they may be stuck together.A horn current adjusting screw is sometimes provided on the horn to set the amp drawthrough the horn. To adjust horn current, connect an ammeter between the feed wireand horn terminal. To prevent meter damage, be sure the ammeter can read more than30 amps.Get another person to sound the horn while you read the meter. If the current is notwithin specifications (typically 4-5 amps), turn the amps screw on the horn until themeter reads properly. Also, make sure you are getting adequate supply current/voltageand there is not a high resistance in the horn circuit. If you cannot get the horn to readwithin current specifications, replace it or isolate the circuit problem.11.6.0 Small Accessory Motors11.6.1 Windshield WipersA typical windshield wiper system is made up of a switch, wiper motor assembly, wiperlinkage, wiper arms, and wiper blades. Either a fuse or circuit breaker protects thesystem.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-61
The windshield wiper switch is a multiposition switch that sometimes contains arheostat. Each switch position provides a different wiping speed. The rheostat operatesthe delay mode for slow wiping action. A relay is frequently used to complete the circuitbetween the battery and the wiper motor.A wiper motor assembly consists of a permanent magnet motor and a transmission. Thewiper motor transmission changes rotary motion into a back-and-forth wiping motion.The transmission is normally a set of plastic gears, an end housing, and a crank.On the windshield wiper assembly the drive crank on the transmission connects to thewiper linkage.The wiper linkage is a set of arms that transfers motion from the wiper motortransmission to the wiper arms. The rubber wiper blades fit on the wiper arms.Windshield wiper service. Windshield wiper blades should be inspected periodically. Ifthey are hardened, cut, or split, replace them.With electrical problems in a wiper system, refer to the service manual and its wiringdiagram of the circuit. First, check the fuses and electrical connections. If they are good,use a test light to check for power to the wiper motor.If power is being fed to the wiper, the motor or transmission may be at fault. Beforereplacing the motor or transmission gears, make sure the motor is properly grounded. Ifpower is not reaching the wiper motor, check the wiper switch and circuit connectionsfor openings.If the windshield washer does not work, check the fuse and connections. Use a test lightto check for power going to the motor. If the test light does not glow, the wiper switchmay be bad.When working on a windshield wiper system, always follow the exact recommendationsgiven by the manufacturer, as systems and procedures vary with each vehicle.Normally, the wiper motor must be replaced as a unit. The transmission gears areusually the only serviceable part in the assembly.11.6.2 Windshield WasherA windshield washer consists of a solvent reservoir, pump, rubber hoses, connections,and washer nozzles. The solvent reservoir, located in the engine compartment, holds asupply of water and solvent. When the washer switch or button is activated, the wipermotor and washer pump turn on. Solvent is forced out of the reservoir and onto thewindshield.There are two common types of pumps used with windshield washer systems: a rotarypump and a bellows (diaphragm) pump. Most new vehicles use a rotary pump mountedin the solvent reservoir. A tiny electric motor spins an impeller, which forces the washersolution onto the windshield. A bellows pump is normally mounted on and powered bythe wiper motor.Windshield washer service. Many washer problems are caused by restrictions in thefluid lines or nozzles. To check for restrictions, remove the hose from the pump andoperate the system. If the pump ejects a stream of fluid, then the fault is in the deliverysystem. The exact location of the restriction can be found by reconnecting the fluid lineto the pump and disconnecting the line at another location. If the fluid still streams out,the problem is after that new disconnect. If the fluid does not flow out, the problem isbefore the hose was disconnected. Repeat this process until the problem is found.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-62
If the pump does not spray out asteady stream of fluid, the problemis in the pump circuit. It should betested in the same way as anyother electrical circuit. Make sure itgets power from the switch when itshould, then check the ground. Ifthe power to the pump is good andthere is a good ground, theproblem is the pump. Pumps arenot rebuilt or repaired; they mustbe replaced.11.6.3 Power WindowsA power window uses a controlswitch, reversible electric motor,circuit breaker, fuse, and relatedwiring to operate the doorwindows.A small electric power windowmotor is located inside each doorFigure 6-64 - Schematic simple powerto operate the window regulatorwindow circuit for a passenger-side window.(up-down mechanism for theglass). The motors have agearbox, or transmission (usually worm and ring gear), that changes the rotating motionof the motor armature into a partial rotation of a larger gear. This action pushes thewindow open or closed.A circuit breaker protects the window motor from overheating damage. The breaker canopen if the switch is held in one position too long. The circuit breaker can be locatedinside the motor or elsewhere in the circuit. A simple power window circuit for apassenger-side power window is shown in Figure 6-64.Some power windows will stop or reverse direction if an obstruction resists windowclosing. In some of these systems, a magnetic trigger wheel is mounted on the motor'sarmature shaft. As the trigger wheel turns, it creates a signal in a magnetic or Hall-effectsensor in the motor assembly. If the sensor outputs a slower-than-normal signal, thepower windows ECM will cut voltage or reverse polarity of the voltage going to thewindow motor. This stops the window or lowers it to prevent damage to objects or injuryto people who accidentally put their hands, head, or arms into the path of the window asit closes.Power window service. When none of the power windows work, you first check thefuse or circuit breaker for the whole system. If only one of the windows is inoperative,use a test light to check for power to its switches.If you hear a humming sound when a window switch is pressed, the motor gearbox mayhave stripped gear teeth. The plastic gears in the window motor gearbox can strip afterprolonged service. The motor will spin, but movement will not be transferred to thewindow. If the motor or the switches are found to be bad, they should be replaced.With hard-to-find problems, refer to the service manual wiring diagram for the powerwindows, which will show all the components that could affect power window operationand help with troubleshooting.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-63
SummaryThis chapter has presented information and procedures in troubleshooting electricalsystems. You covered the alternator and its components and function, along withrectifiers, voltage regulators, and troubleshooting procedures.The succeeding topics encompassed troubleshooting the cranking system withemphasis on the various tests, the ignition system and its components and subsystems,lighting systems, and electrical accessories.Electric and electronic devices can be found almost everywhere on an automobile,truck, power generation equipment, and construction equipment. These componentshave even replaced some mechanical devices. They are more efficient, compact, andlighter.Troubleshooting equipment takes complex diagnostic procedures, much serviceliterature, and specialized equipment. It is uncommon for the mechanic to get througheven one day without referring to a service manual or technical literature.Specialized tools, test equipment, and other diagnostic equipment, as well as servicemanuals and technical literature, are rapidly becoming a necessary requirement.NAVEDTRA 14050A6-64
Review Questions (Select the Correct Response)1.The voltage regulator maintains an alternator output of how many volts?A.B.C.D.2.Diodes, heat sink, and electrical terminal make up what assembly?A.B.C.D.3.roller thrustrollerfrictionneedleThe text lists three types of alternator belts. Which of the following is not analternator belt?A.B.C.D.6.TrueFalseThere are commonly two types of bearings used in an alternator, one being balltype. What is the other type of bearings sometimes used?A.B.C.D.5.rotorrectifierbrushstator(True or False) The stator is a rotating set of windings mounted between the endframes.A.B.4.10 to 1212 to 1413 to 1514 to 16ribbed V-beltconventional V-beltribbed beltcogged V-beltWhich component of the alternator feeds the diode trio?A.B.C.D.statorrotorrectifierdiode feederNAVEDTRA 14050A6-65
7.When a diode is connected to voltage source where the current passes throughthe diode, the diode is said to be what?A.B.C.D.8.There are four basic types of voltage regulators. Where might the electronicregulator be mounted?A.B.C.D.9.statordiode triovoltage regulatorrectifier bridge(True or False) It is not necessary to disconnect the battery before moving anycharging system components if the ignition is off.A.B.12.Allowing more current into the rotor windingsPreventing more current into the rotor windingsAllowing less current into the rotor windingsAllowing more current into the stator windingsField circuit modulation refers to how thecan cycle the rotor fieldcurrent on and off to control charging system output.A.B.C.D.11.Inside the alternatorAway from alternator in engine compartmentOn the rear of the alternatorOn the front of the alternatorThe electronic voltage regulator increases alternator output by doing what?A.B.C.D.10.Reverse biasedBiasedForward biasedAn insulatorTrueFalseWhile testing a 12-volt system, the voltmeter reads 15 volts. What is the reasonfor this high output?A.B.C.D.Blown fuseShorted field wireGrounded fieldCurrent limiter relay of the regulatorNAVEDTRA 14050A6-66
13.Circuit resistance tests are used to locate wiring problems in a charging systemby testing voltage between which components?A.B.C.D.14.When performing a regulator ground circuit resistance test, a voltmeter readingexceeding how many volts indicates a possible damaged ground strap or loosemountings?A.B.C.D.15.The diode is
SAE J560 STANDARDS Conductor Identification Wire Color Lamp and Signal Circuits Wht White Ground return to towing vehicle Blk Black Clearance, side marker & license plate Yel Yellow Left-hand turn signal & hazard signal lamps Red Red Stop lamps and antilock devices Grn Green Right-hand turn signal & hazard signal lamps Brn Brown
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
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JOHN DEERE JOHN DEERE Ltr. A 2,5 3.152 D 3 Zyl. 24-30 kW (23-40 PS) JD301 Tractor 135 Power Unit 152 Power Unit 300B BackHoe 300B Loader 301A Loader 301A Tractor 310 Tractor 350 C Tractor 350B Tractor 510 Tractor 820 Tractor 830 Tractor 920 Tractor 1020 Tractor 01/56. 01-45400-01 bo RE524747
JOHN DEERE JOHN DEERE Ltr. A 2,5 3.152 D 3 Zyl. 24-30 kW (23-40 PS) JD301 Tractor 135 Power Unit 152 Power Unit 300B BackHoe 300B Loader 301A Loader 301A Tractor 310 Tractor 350 C Tractor 350B Tractor 510 Tractor 820 Tractor 830 Tractor 920 Tractor 1020 Tractor 01/56. 01-45400-01 bo RE524747 02-45400-01 RE38848 61-45400-10 R98460 115 % 71-41784 .
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Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
