The Voynich Manuscript Folio Astronomical 68v3

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The Voynich Manuscript Folio Astronomical 68v3Abstract: The Voynich Manuscript astronomical folio 68v3 resembles a drawing found in an Armenianmanuscript. The decoded hieroglyphs provide the names of a number of constella@ons and contrary tomedieval teachings proposes that the Earth orbits the Sun and the Moon orbits the Earth.‘The painter has the Universe in his mind and his hands’ — Leonardo da VinciIntroductionWilliam R. Newbolt suggested that the VM’s folio 68v3 may represent the Andromeda galaxy (i). Thissugges@on is considered unlikely, the galaxy is difficult to see without the aid of a telescope which hadyet to be invented. Folio 68v3 is similar to, but the mirror image, of a drawing in an Armenian manuscriptby the mathema@cian and astronomer Anania Sirak (ii). The Anania Sirak illustra@on is similar to anillustra@on in an Armenian astronomy manuscript, wriNen in Armenian in 1416 (see f.2) (iv). TheArmenian astronomers came from Cilicia (Lesser Armenia ca.1199-1375) a prosperous state on theEastern shores of the Mediterranean near Cyprus. Cilicia, a cradle of ancient science and astronomicalknowledge, fell to the Mameluks of Egypt in 1375. Many merchant families fled westward and foundedor joined with their scaNered communi@es in France, Italy, the, Netherlands, Poland, and Spain(iii). Theytook their manuscripts and knowledge of astronomy with them. Leonardo da Vinci or the author of theVM, may have seen the Armenian drawings and documents related to astronomy.Plate 1: The Voynich Manuscript Folio 68v3

Plate 2: A comparison of Folio 68v3 with 7th and 14th century Armenian drawingsThe decoded hieroglyphs around the two circles are as follows:Outer circle: The Earth turns about the heaven. By the Earth as pulled whether it be by such like the Sunis for the secret mysteries. It is disannul it is oval and it is there for there is a planetary world not namedyet meant from foolishness in taking. It is both as a round circle about a star, or the sun as it is the Earthor whether it be it is there or and it is for the Earth it turn the Earth moreover there with the Earth turn amass. Moreover to thee he knoweth as there the Earth for if it is there and he knoweth well it isbelonging to the sun as well and it is about the Earth, the air from the Sun, even as the earth is there orthe world it is as he knoweth and it is.Inner circle: Gathering in as Sun beam shaking and placed the Earth for it is as I reported, now the Sun oras well as turn around as in a wheel the Earth such like, a round circle about a star only such likeWithin the inner circle: What to forget I or he had very liNle. I am glad to brag, father, he mock to besilent. It is as the Earth is by sunbeam shaking for it is then, where it is from the Greek secret mysteries.The hieroglyphs of the spiral curves are decoded in the order given in Plate 1.1. Constella@on family2. Cetus, the whale star. ‘Oh it is in this place as a kind of egg or round knob belt.Cetus the whale star or it resembles a cauldron’. The following drawingconfirms that Cetus is a type of oblong belt. Cetus, a sea monster in Greekmythology, is located just south of the eclip@c and is visible at night duringthe months around September.3. Bootes: The name Bootes comes from the Greek word for herdsman the fourth brighteststar Acturus. It is visible in the months around May. ‘resembling a mass where in thisplace stars like the Boote, Charlemain’s star.4. Leo: Leo is a constella@on represen@ng a lion and contains many bright stars. GammaLeonis is a gold-yellow giant star in the lion’s tail, the reason for the comparison to

the sun. It is a large equatorial constella@on and appears highest in the midnight sky in the monthsaround February. The drawing below is from a scien@fic Western manuscript c 1000 (iv). ‘Such likethee Leo and much to say about heavenly maEers. Take hold it is about beauty or it is such like thesun.’5. Triangulum, delta a triangle: Triangulum is a small constella@on highest in the night sky inOctober. In May it appears in the sky in about the same place as Boote, but at different @mesof the night. Ancient Greeks called Triangulum Deltoton due to its resemblance to the uppercase Greek leNer delta (Δ). ‘Oh by choice it is Triangle and a liEle beyond the Bootes.’6. Serpens, a serpent: An equatorial constella@on which appears highest in the evening skyin the months around June. It has the Eagle Nebula, ac@ve in new star forma@on that isresponsible for the constella@on’s ac@vity and solici@ng the comment, ‘breathquietness.’(v) ‘The serpent thou turn a path. There is and to what end breath quietness.’7. Milky Way: The milky way galaxy contains our solar system, ‘it hath the Earth’. The milkyway can be seen in the northern hemisphere between June and August. ‘It hath themilky way is aIer the Earth.’8. Ursa: The big dipper: Ursa Major and Ursa Minor are the greater and lesser bears,beNer known as the big and liNle dipper. Ursa major is always the largest constella@onviewable in the northern night sky. ‘And there is resembling both a many headedmonster buEocks is placed the orsa bear star.’ (VI)DiscussionIn an earlier ar@cle (vi) I discuss the possibility that Leonardo, at the age of about 10, began wri@ng theVM. He had just returned from a trip with Captain Noli to Cabo in West Africa and had observed CaptainNoli using the stars for naviga@on. This would have encouraged a savant like Leonardo to study the stars,planets, moon and the sun and consider their rela@onship to the earth. In his statement ‘the Earth isrotaKng in the heavens, pulled around an oval path by the Sun’, he was proposing the heliotropic solarsystem. The Roman Catholic Church supported Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the universe, a sta@onaryEarth with all celes@al bodies orbi@ng it. The VM was wriNen during a period in history known as thedark ages, the Roman Catholic Church dominated all intellectual thought and astronomy. Theheliocentric model of the universe was discarded due to the inability:1. To feel mo@on as the Earth as it orbits the Sun.2. To measure parallax. Parallax is due to the posi@on of nearby stars to shij rela@ve to distantstars. Friedrich Bessel in 1838 made the first successful measurement of stellar parallax.

Some@me before 1514, the Polish mathema@cian and astronomer, Copernicus, wrote an ini@al outline ofhis heliocentric theory, that the Sun and not the Earth was at the center of the universe. To link theheliocentric system to Ptolomy’s geocentric universe the Danish astronomer, Tycho Brache (1546-1601),proposed that the Moon orbited Earth, the Planets orbited the Sun, but was incorrect in sugges@ng thatthe Sun orbited the Earth (iii). It was Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), the German mathema@cian andastronomer who used astronomical measurements to show that the Earth and planets travel about theSun in ellip@cal orbits. When Galileo promoted a heliocentric solar system and the ideas of Copernicus,he was put on trial in 1633 by the Roman Catholic Church. His defense was that the scriptures were notwrong, only the theologian’s interpreta@ons of the scriptures was wrong (iii). The Catholic Church’ssupport of the geocentric solar system con@nued un@l 1992. The Va@can finally admiNed that Galileowas correct, the Earth did orbit the Sun (iii).Folio 68v3 follows the astronomical folios 68v1 and 2. Folio 68v1 proposed that the Sun is a star and68v2 that the Earth turns, producing shaking sunbeams as it turns, confirmed by the Apollo 1 space flightin 1967.The heliocentric solar system described in folio 68v3 was proposed about 150 years before Galileo useda telescope to prove that the Earth orbits the Sun. A remarkable observa@on made about 159 yearsbefore Nicholas Copernicus. In 1543, just before he died, Copernicus published "De revolu@onibusorbium celes@um" in which he proposed a heliocentric solar system (iii).Leonardo was scornful of people like his father, who believed in a geocentric universe or that an oval Suncould account for the changing seasons. The statement in this folio, ’the Earth rotates like a wheelaround the Sun’ was recorded about 100 years before Copernicus and Galileo proposed the heliotropicsolar system. It was a remarkable observa@on. Had the authori@es been able to read the VM, he wouldhave been in very serious trouble.Leonardo’s use of the word ABBA for father is surprising. ABBA is a word the Jewish people s@ll use todayfor father. Leonardo’s father was Italian, the na@onality of his mother is uncertain, but if she was Jewish,this could account for him using ABBA for father.I have always believed that what Leonardo wrote at the top of a page had nothing to do with thedrawing on the page. He used any free space in the manuscript to record other ideas. What he wastrying to say, assuming that my decoding is correct, is unclear.ConclusionLater in life Leonardo’s interest in astronomy stemmed primarily from his interest in vision and op@cs. Heprovided the correct explana@on of Earthshine. His drawing of the moon in f.68r1, without the face, isvery similar to his drawing of the moon in his ar@cle on Earthshine in the Leicester Codex. Leonardoowned a copy of Ptolemy’s “Cosmography”, as well as a book by the 9th century Persian astronomer AbuMashar (vii). It is easy to believe that a boy of his intellect and powers of observa@on wrote the VM, heor whoever wrote the VM was the Galileo of the 15th century.

AppendixThe Hieroglyphs were transposed using my AVA alphabet (vii), decoded using anagrams and translatedinto English using Florio’s 1611 Italian English dic@onary (viii).Spiral CurvesConstellation namesNo.1HieroglyphsTranscrip@onDecodingasani oi cetlotlcasiTransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian te4OleoiOIleo5DeetlaedeltaLeo

6da oleepOpleade7tleea votlaiLovia laNee8saurUrsaSpiral Curve #1No1HieroglyphsTranscrip@onDecodingasani oi cetlotlcasiconstella@oncasaTransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian dic@onary

Spiral Curve #2No HieroglyphsTranscrip@onDecoding1OceoiOTransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian etus)5OtleeaOETale

5TaolenpPentola“Oh it is in this place as a kind of egg or round knob belt Cetus the whale star or it is resembling acauldron”Spiral Curve caTransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian ng a mass where in this place stars like the Boote, Charlemain’s star”Spiral Curve #4

@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian 4OteetlaEtatelo5EeobaBeEALeo

6OtleebaTeloOe7OloOLo8OleesSoleE“Such like thee Leo and much to say about heavenly maEers. Take hold it is aboutbeauty or it is such like the sun and”Spiral Curve oTransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

e“Oh by choice it is Triangle and a liEle beyond the Bootes.”Spiral Curve 2OtluaVoltaTransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

“The serpent thou turn a path. There is and to what end serpent breath quietness.”Spiral Curve ea votlaiLoVia laNeeTransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

3OtleeeopEePoTelo“It hath the milky way is aIer the Earth.”Spiral Curve aTransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

“And there is resembling both a many headed monster buEocks is placed the orsa,bear star.”Outer circleNo HieroglyphsTranscrip@o Decodin Transla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian bI4OetlaTeloa5AotlepPelato6Soi aaOsiaA

7AtleoeesTaSoleEe8AlaALa9Ba aACe14TlasarAstral

Aiuola20OleeosoiOisoleoE21OiOi

aTelo ***e27CoetleeuaAueceTelo28OtlceaEtlaco

SaSa33OlaiLaoi34OtleaTeloa35EesSeE36ColaCola

lo40OleebasarAere**AbSole41OetlaeedAdteloEeA

42OleoibarLaOIorbe43EeeaEEeA44EaesSaEeFe“The Earth turns about the heaven. By the Earth as pulled whether it be by such likethe Sun is for the secret mysteries, It is disannul it is oval and it is there for there is aplanetary world not named yet meant from foolishness in taking. It is both as a roundcircle about a star, or the sun as it is the Earth or whether it be it is there or and it isfor the Earth it turns the Earth moreover there with the Earth turn a mass. Moreover,to thee he knoweth as there the Earth for if it is there and he knoweth well it isbelonging to the sun as well and it is about the Earth, the air from the Sun, even asthe earth is there or the world it is as he knoweth and it is.”Inner Transla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

o

10OitluoiaTaiAiuol11OtlosaSolota“Gathering in as sun beam shaking and placed the Earth for it is as I reported, nowthe Sun or as well as turn around as in a wheel the Earth such like, a round circleabout a star only such like”Within the inner li2Opeeoibp ?Iooebepop3OonsSono4AtleoiLietoATransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

LeA

13BasSab“What to forget I or he had very very liEle. I am glad to brag, father, he mock. It is tobe silent. as the earth is by sunbeam shaking for it is then where it is from the Greeksecret mysteries.”Text above circlesFrom it you are capable of childish wit. Knoweth there is both take and fairness it is in a loNery and Iknoweth it is where he knoweth there is or is glad as they take it where it is thine own logic. As here theytake it to both or it is from them a promise and he was and he is now in that place. He is what it hetaketh it with between thou art what is now such like from both, as if he is from and as they or else he isignorant for with it there is from a report he hath from family.Line aAuecCape3BambaBamba4TeoiIoteTransla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

9Voolo seeeaSoloEeUeOa“From it you are capable of childish wit. Knoweth there is both take and fairness it isin a loEery and I knoweth it is where”Line @on using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

3bOlcaiLoica4CaiACi

rEE8EeorEeOr9CeolaColae

OlaLa10O“He knoweth there is or is glad as they take it where it is thine own logic. As here theytake it to both or it is from them a promise and he was and he is now in that place heis there as”Line n using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

apPeALine nsla@on using Florio’s 1611 Italian Dic@onary

2VocheaVoceHa3CabaAbCa“He taketh it with between thou art what is now such like from both, as if he is fromand as they or else he is ignorant for with it there is from a report he hath from a(the) family.”AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Rene Zandbergen for all the help and informa@on he has provided and my daughterKaren and her useful sugges@ons. I am indebted to The Beinecke Library for making the VoynichManuscript available on the internet, my son Kevin and daughter Erica for pos@ng this ar@cle, and mydaughter Karen for edi@ng this ar@cle.Referencesi Rene Zandbergen, Newbolt Andromeda galaxy hNp://www.voynich.nu/q09/index.html#f68v3ii Voynich Davidsch, Armenia and features, hNp://voynich.webpoint.nl/?page id 845iii Wikipedia, The history of astronomy, hNps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History of astronomyiv hNps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F17.v. Leo -NLW MS 735C.pngv hNps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpensvi hNp://www.edithsherwood.com/folio-116/index.phpvii t-anagrams/index.phpviii hNp://www.pbm.com/ lindahl/florio/

The Voynich Manuscript Folio Astronomical 68v3 Abstract: The Voynich Manuscript astronomical folio 68v3 resembles a drawing found in an Armenian manuscript. The decoded hieroglyphs provide the names of a number of constella@ons and contrary to medieval teachings proposes tha

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