Production Cars C Automobile Year D
Automobile drag coefficientProduction carsCAutomobiledYear0.7 to 1.1 typical values for a Formula One car (downforce settings change for each circuit)0.74Legends car0.7Caterham Seven0.6 a typical truck0.57Hummer H20.54Mercedes Benz G-Class0.51Citroën 2CV19480.48Volkswagen Beetle (original design)19380.48Rover Mini19980.48Volkswagen Cabriolet (Rabbit Convertible)1979–19930.47Lancia Aprilia19370.46Ford Mustang (coupe)19790.45Range Rover Classic19900.45Dodge Viper RT/1019960.44Ford Mustang (fastback)19790.44Peugeot 30519780.44Peugeot 50419680.44Toyota Truck19900.43TVR 3000S1978-790.425Duple 425 coach(named for its low Cd by coach standards)19850.42Lamborghini Countach19740.42Triumph Spitfire Mk IV19710.42Plymouth Duster19940.41Volvo 740 (sedan)19820.405Subaru Forester1997-20020.40Ford Escape Hybrid20050.40Nissan Skyline GT-R R3219890.40Chevrolet Astro1995-20050.39Honda Odyssey1994-980.39Chevrolet Tahoe20060.39Dodge Durango20040.39Ford Escort 5 Door1981-19840.39Triumph Spitfire19640.385Nissan 280ZX19780.38Lexus GX20032003
0.38Mazda Miata19890.38Subaru Forester20090.38VW NewBeetlewithout wing or spoiler 0.3920030.374Ford Capri Mk III19780.372Ferrari F5019960.37BMW Z3 M coupe19990.37Jaguar XJ (X300/X308)0.37Renault Twingo0.37Volkswagen Tiguan20080.36Cadillac Escalade hybrid20080.36Cadillac Fleetwood19960.36Volkswagen Jetta1985-19920.36Citroën CX (named after the term for Cd)19740.36Citroën DS19550.36Chrysler Sebring19960.36Ferrari Testarossa19860.36Ford Escort1997-20020.36Ford Mustang19990.36Honda Civic2001–20050.36Opel GT19690.36Subaru Impreza WRX20100.36Saturn SW1996-20010.36Toyota Celica Convertible1994-19990.355NSU Ro 8019670.35Aston Martin Vanquish20040.35BMW Z4 M coupe20060.35BMW M3 Convertible20050.35Dodge Viper GTS19960.35Honda Del Sol1992–19970.35Jaguar XKR20050.35Lexus GX20100.35Lexus RX2003–20090.35MINI Cooper20080.35Nissan Cube20090.35Renault Clio (Mk 2)20020.35SSC Ultimate Aero2007–present
0.35Tesla Roadster20080.35Toyota MR-219980.35Toyota Sequoia20070.35Toyota Previa1991-19970.35Volvo 940 (sedan)19900.348Toyota Celica Supra (Mk 2)19820.342Toyota Celica (Liftback Model)19820.34Subaru Impreza WRX (4 Door)20090.34Aston Martin DB920040.34Chevrolet Caprice19940.34Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid20080.34Ferrari F4019870.34Ferrari 360 Modena19990.34Ferrari F430 F120040.34Ford Sierra19820.34Ford Puma19970.34Geo Metro (Hatchback)1995-19970.34Honda Prelude19880.34Mercedes-Benz SL (Roof Down)20010.34Nissan Altima1993-19970.34Peugeot 10619910.34Saturn SL21991-19950.34Subaru Legacy Wagon1993-19990.34Toyota Supra (with factory 3 piece turbo wing)1989–19900.34Toyota Corolla (Wagon)1993-19970.338Chevrolet Camaro19950.33Audi A320060.33Acura Integra1993-20010.33Citroën SM19700.33Honda Civic Hatchback1988-19910.33Dodge Charger20060.33Ford Crown Victoria19920.33Ford Fusion20100.33Ford Escort ZX21998-20030.33Honda Accord Sedan20020.33Lamborghini Murcielago2001
0.33Lexus RX20100.33Mazda RX-7 FC3C19870.33Nissan 200SX Coupe1995-19980.33Peugeot 20619980.33Peugeot 30919860.33Renault Modus20040.33Subaru Impreza WRX STi20040.33Saturn SL219990.33Toyota Corolla1993-19970.33Toyota Supra (without wing)1989–19900.324Cobalt SS Supercharged20050.321Toyota Matrix2003-20080.32Volkswagen Golf MK319910.32AMC Pacer1975–19800.32Ferrari California20080.32Buick Riviera19950.32BMW M3 Coupe20050.32Dodge Avenger19950.32Ford Taurus1992-19950.32Geo Metro (Sedan)1995-19970.32Honda Accord (Coupe)20020.32Honda NSX19900.32Honda Civic (Coupe)1992-19950.32Honda Civic (Hatchback DX)1996-20000.32Honda Civic (Sedan EX)1996-20000.32Mazdaspeed320070.32McLaren F119920.32Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.5-16/2.3-160.32Nissan Altima1998-20010.32Nissan 240SX Coupe1995-19980.32Nissan 300ZX19890.32Nissan Maxima19970.32Porsche 997 GT22008–present0.32Peugeot 40619950.32Peugeot 80619940.32Scion xB20080.32Suzuki Swift1991
0.32Toyota Celica19940.32Toyota Celica2000-20050.32Toyota Supra (N/A with wing and turbo models)19930.32Toyota Supra (with factory turbo wing)1987–19880.32Toyota Tercel Sedan1995-20000.32Volkswagen GTI Mk V2006Production cars (continued)CAutomobiledYear0.315 Saturn SL11996-19990.31Audi A4 B519950.31BMW 7-series20090.31Buick Park Avenue19960.31Cadillac CTS-V20050.31Chevrolet C6 Corvette Z062005–present0.31Citroën AX19860.31Citroën GS19700.31Eagle Vision19950.31FIAT Coupé19950.31Ford Falcon19950.31Ford Thunderbird1989-19970.304 Ford Probe1988-19920.31Holden Commodore19980.31Honda Civic (Sedan)20060.31Honda Civic (Hatchback)1992-19950.31Kia Rio (Sedan)20010.310 Lamborghini Diablo19900.31Lexus LFA(wing retracted)20100.31Mazda RX-7 FC3S19860.31Mazda RX-7 FD R1(R2)19930.31Mazda RX-820040.31Mazda MX-61992–19970.31Nissan Tiida / Versa20040.31Peugeot 30720010.31Porsche 997 Turbo/GT320060.31Renault 2519840.31Saab Sonett III1970
Automobile drag coefficient70.31Saturn SC220010.31Scion xA20040.31Toyota Avalon1995–20000.31Toyota Corolla1998-20020.32Toyota Paseo1995-19990.31Toyota RAV420060.31Toyota Supra (N/A; without factory wing)19930.31Volkswagen GTI Mk IV19970.30Audi 10019830.30Ford Taurus1996-19990.30Honda Accord Sedan2003, 2005–20070.30Honda NSX20020.30Honda CRX DX/Si0.30Honda Odyssey20050.30Hyundai Sonata20060.30Koenigsegg CCX20060.30Mitsubishi Eclipse20000.30Nissan 180SX19890.30Nissan 300ZX19830.30Nissan 350Z Coupe Base and Enthusiast models2003–20080.30Nissan 370Z Coupe(0.29 with sport package)20090.30Renault 19 16V19910.30Saab 9219470.30Toyota Sienna2003–20090.30Toyota Corolla2003-2008[46]19880.295 Ford Falcon19980.291 Toyota Avalon20050.29Alfa Romeo 15519920.29BMW 1-Series (116i Sportshatch)20080.29Pontiac Firebird Trans Am(with optional W62 Aero Package and N89 Turbo Cast rims)19840.29BMW 8-Series19890.29Chevrolet Corvette20050.29Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z0620020.29Daewoo Espero19900.29Dodge Charger Daytona19690.29Eagle Talon1990s0.29Ford Escape2010
0.29Ford Focus C-Max20030.29Honda Accord Hybrid2005, 20070.29Honda Accord Coupe2003, 2005–20070.29Honda CRX HF0.29Infiniti G35 Sedan20080.29Lancia Dedra19900.29Lexus LS 40019900.29Lotus Elite19580.29Lotus Europa19660.29Mazda Millenia19950.29Mazda RX-7 FC3S Aero Package19860.29Mazda 320100.29Mazda RX-7 FD19930.29Mercedes-Benz SL (Roof Up)20010.29Mercedes-Benz W203 C-Class Coupe20010.29Nissan 350Z Coupe Track and Grand Touring2007–20080.29Nissan Versa2007–20080.29Peugeot 30820070.29Peugeot 40720040.29Peugeot 60719990.29Porsche Boxster20050.29Subaru XT19850.29Subaru SVX19920.29Toyota Echo2000-20050.29Toyota Yaris20070.29Toyota Camry1996–20010.29Toyota Prius20010.29Volvo C702000[46][50]19880.288 Chrysler Concorde1998–20010.286 Chevrolet Corvette C620060.284 Volkswagen Passat CC20080.28Audi A2 1.4 TDI20000.28Citroën XM19890.28Citroën C420040.28Lexus IS20060.28Mitsubishi Diamante19950.28Porsche 997 Carrera(with optional automatic spoiler, PDK transmission 0.30)20040.28Renault 25 TS1984
0.28Honda Civic b 9-320030.28Toyota Camry / Lexus ES20010.28Opel Astra Coupe Turbo20030.28Opel Omega sedan19860.27Nissan GTR20080.27Mazda Mazda620090.27Audi A2 1.6 FSI20030.27Honda Civic Hybrid2006-0.27Hyundai Genesis20090.27Infiniti G35 Coupe(0.26 with "aero package")2003–20070.27Lexus GS20050.27Mazda6 (sedan and hatchback)0.27Mercedes-Benz W203 C-Class Sedan20010.27Nissan GT-R20080.27Toyota Camry Hybrid20070.27Tucker Torpedo19480.27Volkswagen Passat B5 (sedan)19970.27Mercedes-Benz S Class(0.268 with Sport Package)2000–20050.27Opel Insignia2008–present0.26Opel Insignia - EcoFlex2009–present0.26BMW E90 (0.26-0.30)20090.26Chevrolet Volt20100.26Hotchkiss Gregoire19510.26Lexus LS 430(0.25 with air suspension)2001–20060.26Lexus LS 46020060.26Mercedes-Benz W221 S-Class20060.26Mercedes-Benz W211 E-Class2002-090.26Opel Calibra(8 valve version)19890.26Toyota Prius2004–20090.25Audi A2 1.2 TDI20010.25Honda Insight1999, 2003, 20050.25Toyota Prius20100.24Mercedes E 220 CDI Blue Efficiency European version only, other E-Class Coupe0.28(0.25 sedan)(2009[53]2008
0.212 Tatra T77a19350.195 General Motors EV11996Concept/experimental carsCAutomobiled0.39YearPorsche 918 Concept20100.301 Chevrolet Volt (0.43 w/ a 30% reduction)20100.27Avion19860.26Alfa Romeo Disco Volante19520.25Dymaxion Car19330.25SmILE (an experimental car)19960.22Citroën ECO 2000 Concept19810.22BMW Vision EfficientDynamics Concept20090.20Loremo Concept20062009 (Planned production)0.20Opel Eco Speedster0.19Alfa Romeo B.A.T. 7 Concept19540.19Dodge Intrepid ESX Concept19950.19Mercedes-Benz Bionic Concept0.186Schlör's Göttinger Ei[59]2003Concept(based on the boxfish) 200519390.168 Daihatsu UFE-III Concept0.16General Motors Precept2005Concept (5 seats)20000.159 Volkswagen 1-litre car Concept20022010 (Planned production)0.152011 (Planned production)Aptera 2 Series 2e0.147 JCB Dieselmax land speed record holder20060.146 Urbee Production vehicle20100.141954Fiat Turbina Concept0.137 Ford Probe V Concept19850.125 Sunraycer, solar race car19870.121996Reflex 1000, solar cycle0.117 Summers Brothers Goldenrod Bonneville race car19650.082007Fortis Saxonia (Shell Eco-marathon) Concept0.075 PAC-Car II (Shell Eco-marathon) Concept20050.072001–2007Nuna, World Solar Challenge winner
0.32 Toyota Celica 1994 0.32 Toyota Celica 2000-2005 0.32 Toyota Supra (N/A with wing and turbo models) 1993 0.32 Toyota Supra (with factory turbo wing) 1987–1988 0.32 Toyota Tercel Sedan 1995-2000 0.32 Volkswagen GTI Mk V 2006 Production cars (continued) C d Automo
1 Olive Hill, KY Mechanic 1930 Automobile 1 Owensboro, KY Car Washer 1930 Automobile 1 Owensboro, KY Mechanic 1930 Automobile 2 Owensboro, KY Mechanic 1920 Automobile 1 Owensboro, KY Tire Repairman 1930 Automobile Tire Company 1 Paducah, KY Machinist 1920 Automobile Garage 1 Paducah, KY Mechanic 1930 Automobile 1 Paducah, KY Structure Work 1920 .
Background theory on Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) ! CARS Instrumentation ! Brief Introductions to F-CARS, E-CARS, M-CARS ! Application of CARS to cell imaging ! Applications ! Summary . Live cell imaging requires the development of new optical microscopy methods ! Specificity
definition of the automobile. First, in the customary automobile medical-payments insurance, indemnity was formerly payable to the insured who sustained bodily injury while occupying an owned automobile, while occupying certain non-owned automobiles, and through being struck by an automobile. In the family auto-
6.GV.01 Automobile Electrical System 3 50 6.GV.02 Automobile Drawing & Design 3 50 6.GV.03 Automobile Engine Systems 3 50 6.GV.04 Auto Body Repair, Denting & Painting 3 50 Lab/Practical 6.VP.01 Automobile Workshop - I 1.5 50 6.VP.02 Auto Body Repair, Denting & Painting Workshop 1.5 50
14, 8, 9 and 17 individual hydrocarbons were recorded in soil samples from keffi garage automobile workshop, new keffi hotel automobile workshop, angwan kwara automobile workshop, high court automobile workshops and angwan tanko automobile workshops respectively after remediation with 30% chicken droppings. However, a total of 22
Read the text "Smart Cars for Clean Air" before answering Numbers 1 through 5. Smart Cars for Clean Air Cars take us to school, work, and anywhere else we want to go. We rely on cars to get us to a wide variety of places . . . and fast! There is no doubt that the automobile has made our lives easier in a number of ways. But there is also no
Read the article "Smart Cars for Clean Air" before answering Numbers 1 through 10. Smart Cars for Clean Air Cars take us to school, work, and anywhere else we want to go. We rely on cars to get us to a wide variety of places and fast! There is no doubt that the automobile has made our lives easier in a number of ways.
THE AUTOMOBILE'S TORT LAW LEGACY Nora Freeman Engstrom* Everyone understands that the invention of the automobile has had a profound effect on daily life in America. It has transformed our workplaces, altered our neighborhoods, and radically changed our environment. But cars have never been perfectly safe, and, as the years have
