Animal Biotechnology - UC Agriculture & Natural Resources
Animal BiotechnologyAlison Van Eenennaam, Ph.D.Cooperative Extension SpecialistAnimal Biotechnology and GenomicsUC e.ucdavis.edu/animalbiotech/FFA – 7/17/2007Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
What is Biotechnology ?Biotechnology - Theapplication of science andengineering to livingorganisms.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal biotechnology Artificial selection (breeding programs)Artificial InseminationEmbryo transferUsing DNA information for the markerassisted selection of superior animalsCloningGenetic engineeringAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
“The public opposesanimalbiotechnology.” The majority (56%) ofAmericans oppose scientificresearch into geneticmodifications of e/2005summary.pdf In a survey of New Jersey consumers, Hallmanfound that two-thirds of respondents disapprovedof traditional animal crossbreeding techniques andhalf found them “morally wrong”.Schilling, B. J., Hallman, W. K., Adelaja, A. O., and Marxen, L. J.2002. Consumer Knowledge of FoodBiotechnology: A Descriptive Study of U. S. Residents. Food Policy Institute, Cook College,Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey. 25p. http://www.foodpolicyinstitute.org/Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Genetically-modified pet animalsAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Public Attitude Towards BiotechnologyHow much have you heard aboutanimal biotechnology ? (IFIC, 2004)4539403531302521201510850A LOTSOMEA -Consumer-Research.pdfNOTHINGAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
"I know it when I see it"Of the 22% of people who say they knownothing about biotechnology, geneticengineering or genetic modification;almost half (46%) disapprove of theuse of genetic modification to createplant-based foods, and 66% disapproveof animal-based genetic modification.Hallman, W. K., Hebden, W. C., Aquino, H.L., Cuite, C.L. and Lang, J.T. 2003. PublicPerceptions of Genetically Modified Foods: A National Study of AmericanKnowledge and Opinion. Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal biotechnology Artificial selection (breeding programs)Artificial InseminationEmbryo transferUsing DNA information for the markerassisted selection of superior animalsCloningGenetic engineeringAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
OUTLINE What is a clone ?– Embryo splitting– Nuclear transferEmbryo Adult What are the concerns ?– Food Safety– Animal Welfare and Ethical Issues Public OpinionAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
What is a clone ? Cloning, in horticulture and biology, anyorganism whose genetic information isidentical to that of a "mother organism"from which it was created.Food from clones has been a part of ourdiet for years. Many common fruits (e.g.,pears, apples, oranges and lemons) andseveral vegetables (e.g., potatoes andtruffles) are clones.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
What about cloned animals? Holstein Association USA (Brattleboro, VT)first registered clones from embryo splitting(ETS) in 1982 and clones from embryonuclear transfer (ETN) in 1989.Most of us have probably ingested meat anddairy products from livestock cloned bynatural reproduction (monozygotic siblings),mechanical embryo-splitting, or even nucleartransfer from an embryonic donor cell into anenucleated oocyte.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Cloning by “natural reproduction”(monyzgotic twins)Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Mechanical embryo splittingThe Holstein association of America has registered 2319 embryosplit clones (ETS) through October 2002 – probably the mostwidely recognized were DUPLICATE and DIVIDE.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Embryo Transfer LaboratoryNuclear transfer from anembryonic donor cell into anenucleated oocyte.Donor EmbryoCloning by Nuclear Transfer at UCDAVISDonor cells are grownin tissue cultureDonor cell nucleusis transferred torecipient eggTissue biopsy is takenfrom donor cow, DaisyThe two cloned calves,Dot and Ditto, ondisplay at the State Fair,were born May 2003Cloned embryo istransferred tosurrogate motherPregnancy is monitoredby ultrasoundHolstein Association USA first registered clones from nuclear transfer in 1989Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Cattle clones have been in USpopulation since early 80s*1996*Norman et al. Performance of Holstein Clones in the United StatesJ. Dairy Sci. 2004. 87:729-738Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Dolly (1996), the firstadult somatic cellnuclear transfer(SCNT) cloneAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Cloning rapidly became entangledwith the debate over human cloningEnsuing discussion failed to elaborate on thereasons as to why cloning was developedAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Embryo Transfer LaboratoryNuclear transfer from anembryonicadult donordonorcellcellintointoan anenucleated oocyte.Donor EmbryoCloning by Nuclear Transfer at UCDAVISDonor cells are grownin tissue cultureDonor cell nucleusis transferred torecipient eggTissue biopsy is takenfrom donor cow, DaisyThe two cloned calves,Dot and Ditto, ondisplay at the State Fair,were born May 2003Cloned embryo istransferred tosurrogate motherPregnancy is monitoredby ultrasoundAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Many animal species have beensince been cloned from adult cellsAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Who’s Buying? 20,000Regancrest Emory Derry died unexpectedly.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Who’s Buying? Full FlushUnable to supply market demand for his semenAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Who’s Buying?Specialty Cattle ProducersStarlight: record 77 inches ‘tip to tip’Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
The FDA continues to call for avoluntary prohibition of themarketing of milk or meat from adultSCNT clones and their offspringAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Are the milk and meat fromSCNT clones safe for humanconsumption?1. All studies have shown that food products derived fromclones fall within normal industry standards or previouslyreported values for milk and meat.2. Sample sizes are small in all studies – although there arean increasing number of studies publishedFDA ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL CLONING“food products derived from animal clones andtheir offspring are likely to be as safe to eat asfood from their non-clone counterparts, basedon all the evidence available.”Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
“Birth of cloned calf poses test forEurope's food safety regulations”January 2007: The Food Standards Agency isseeking urgent legal advice after farmersannounced the birth of a calf whose genetic motheris the clone of an American prizewinning dairy cow.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
What clones will be banned?“Reacting to reports that a cloned cow from theUnited States has birthed a calf on a British farm,virtually all major British grocery chains havepledged to boycott meat from clones or theiroffspring.Tesco, Wal-Mart's Asda chain, Morrisons and Marks& Spencer were among the chains participating inthe boycott, which would include meat, milk or"anything else from clones or their offspring,"according to an Asda spokesperson.”How can you test/trace/verify an identical copy?Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Question to processors whoplan to ban clones.Do you plan to monitor and prevent the milk and meat fromclones created by embryo splitting and embryonic cell nucleartransfer from entering your processing chain?Estimates for the prevalence of these clones currently in thefood supply are difficult to find as these animals are notspecifically tracked in any way.If you plan to exempt these clones from your ban, then hasbetter be more specific in your language and limit your claim toprohibiting only "adult somatic cell nuclear transfer" clones.The term "clone" encompasses more than that specific subset,and it may in fact include animals that are currently being usedin your supply chain.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal Welfare Concerns Large calf syndromeUnder-developed respiratory, cardiovascular, and renalsystemsFDA ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL CLONING“Cloning technology does not present any type of riskthat is not present with other forms of reproduction.However, the adverse outcomes may occur at ahigher frequency with cloning than with otherassisted reproductive technologies now in commonuse, such as in vitro fertilization or embryo transfer.”Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Public Attitudes Towards Specific“Animal Biotechnologies” (IFIC, upload/2005BiotechSurvey.pdfCLONINGAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Of the Americans who are uncomfortableor unsure about animal cloning; theirprimary concern is:Religious or ethical36%Safety23%Personally uncomfortable with itThe effect on animal species13%10%Fear of risks6%No opinion6%Distrust producers of arch/2005update/2005summary.pdf Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
1. Government regulators should include ethical and moralconsiderations, in addition to scientific evaluation of risks andbenefits, when making regulatory decisions about cloning orgenetically modifying animals.2. Though ethical and moral considerations are important,government regulators should consider only scientificevaluation of risks and benefits when making regulatorydecisions about cloning and genetically modifying animals.1. Morals / Ethicsand Science53%10%63%2. Science only18%9%27%10%Not Sure10%Feel that way e/2005summary.pdfAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
SUMMARY Embryo split and embryo nuclear transfer “clones” havebeen in the food supply for over 20 years.Unlikely that somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloneswill be produced in large numbers for commercialagricultural purposes.A voluntary moratorium on marketing products fromadult SCNT clones and their progeny has been in effectfor over 6 years despite the finding that clones and theirprogeny are as safe to eat as food from non-clones.Ethical and animal welfare concerns dominate the publicdiscussion about cloned animals.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
World Record 97 lb 4 oz. chinook salmon(Les Anderson, Kenai River, AK 1985)Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Growth-enhanced Atlantic SalmonAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
18AnimalmontholdandsalmonBiotechnologyGenomics Education
European panel now recommendsGTC anti-clotting drug’s surgical useOCTOBER 15 2006FRAMINGHAM — A Europeandrug regulation committeereversed itself yesterday andrecommended that a GTCBiotherapeutics Inc. anticlotting drug (humanantithrombin) drawn from themilk of genetically altered goatsbe approved for use in surgicalpatientsAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
PharmAthene Awarded 213 MillionDepartment of Defense Contract forAdvanced Development of ProtexiaSeptember 25, 2006PharmAthene, Inc., announcedtoday that it has been awardeda multi-year contract valued atup to 213 million from theDepartment of Defense (DoD)U.S. Army Space and MissileCommand, for advanceddevelopment of the Company'sbroad spectrum chemical nerveagent prophylaxis, Protexia(R).Recombinantproteins in the milkof transgenic BELE goats from whichthey are extracted.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
“Transplantation-friendly”miniature GE pigs .Lack the allergenic proteins that causethe rejection of animal organs when usedin human xenotransplantation surgeriesAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Genetically engineeredfood animalsAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
EnviropigTM (Low-phosphorus manure)http://www.uoguelph.ca/enviropig/Nature Biotechnology, 19, 741 - 745, (2001).Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Transgenic cows expressing an antibacterialendopeptidase in their mammary glandsshow enhanced resistance to mastitis.Wall,R.J. et al. 2005. Genetically enhanced cows resist intramammary Staphylococcusaureus infection. Nature Biotechnology 23, 445-451.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Would there be general acceptance of transgenic technology if itcould be applied to engineering resistance to influenza in poultryand therefore lessen the risk of an influenza epidemic, such asthe one in 1918 that killed more than 20 million people?Clark,J. & Whitelaw,B. 2003. A future for transgenic livestock.Nat. Rev. Genet. 4, 825-833Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animals, especially pets, occupy a specialplace in our society. The public is oftenunaware of animal agricultural practices.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Genetically engineered fishand cloned cats – oh my.12/2004Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
GloFish – barred on ethicalgrounds in California - “just a pet”Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
“just a floral arrangement”Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
GE animals raise unique moral,ethical, and cultural questions Animal “integrity” Animal welfare related to breeding goals related to biotechnology Environmental issueswith regard to geneflow from GE animalsto native populations.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
“Biotechnology must be used within ethicalconstraints. It is the task of bioethics to helpsociety develop those constraints ” American consumers (75%) and scientists (70%)agree that cloning and genetic engineering of animalsraise some moral and ethical issuesHowever public is much less likely to approve (2125%) of these technologies than scientists (60-68%)Keystone Research Center (2004) – Biotechnology and ethics: a national survey of consumers and scientists.Report to the Biotechnology Industry Organization. KRC Research, Washington DC, 29pp.Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
“Biotechnology must be used within ethicalconstraints. It is the task of bioethics to helpsociety develop those constraints ” American consumers (75%) and scientists (70%)agree that cloning and genetic engineering of animalsraise some moral and ethical issuesHowever public is much less likely to approve (2125%) of these technologies than scientists (60-68%)Animal scientists must become conversant and willingparticipants in the consideration of ethical issues andconcerns surrounding the implementation of their workif they wish to be involved in reaching the societalconsensus as to which ethical constraints willultimately be applied in determining acceptable usesof animal biotechnologyAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
SUMMARY No GE or SCNT cloned food animalscurrently on the food marketFDA regulates GE/cloned food animalsFuture uses of GM animals could be diverseand may address important societal needsYet to see if the expense of the technologyis commercially viableGE animals raise unique moral, ethical, andcultural questionsAnimal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education "I know it when I see it" Of the 22% of people who say they know nothing about biotechnology, genetic engineering or genetic modification; almost half (46%) disapprove of the use of genetic modification to create plant-based foods, and 66% disapprove of animal-based genetic modification.
Unit B: Plant Biotechnology 75 1. Overview of Biotechnology (1 3 10 hrs) 14 hrs Introduction : A) Origin and History of biotechnology, B) Scope and importance of biotechnology: a) Biotechnology in Medicine, b) Biotechnology in food industry, c) . Dubey R.C. 2009. A text Book of Biotechnology
What is agricultural biotechnology? Biotechnology is a broad collection of tools and technolo-gies that involve the manipulation of living cells and/or biological molecules to solve problems and make useful products. Agricultural biotechnology is the application of biotechnology to agriculture. Agricultural biotechnology
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY . Lesson 1: An Overview of Biotechnology . Competency/Objective: Summarize the importance of biotechnology to agriculture. Study Questions . 1. What is biotechnology? 2. What has been the role of biotechnology in agr iculture? 3. What is the current
Biotechnology BT 20412 BT Plant Biotechnology 3 1 - 20 15 15 50 70 120 4 3 Biotechnology BT 20413 BT Food Biotechnology 3 1 - 20 15 15 50 70 120 4 4 Biotechnology BT 20414 BT Recombinant DNA Technology 3 1 . A textbook of Biotechnology by R.C. Dubey, S.Chand & company Ltd. References Books:
The Agricultural Biotechnology Program at the University of Lethbridge Agricultural Biotechnology examines agriculture and the natural world, emphasizing the relationships between food production, the environment, science and society. The program focuses on the life sciences, with prominence given to the application of Biotechnology in agriculture.
animal. Say the good qualities of the 2nd place animal over the 1st place animal. List why the 2nd place animal does not win the class. (bad qualities) Say why 2nd place animal beats 3rd place animal by stating only the good qualities of the 2nd place animal. Say the good qualities of the 3rd place animal over the 2nd place animal.
students of Botany at University level, which is organised every year since last 7 years. The Department aims to be a Centre of Excellence. The Department of Biotechnology established in 2002, at present offers UG, PG and Ph.D. programmes in Biotechnology. There are 4 recognized research guides for Ph.D. in Biotechnology and M.Sc. (by research) in Biotechnology. Name of the research centre .
Cambridge IGCSE Accounting is accepted by universities and employers as proof of an understanding of the theory and concepts of accounting, and the ways in which accounting is used in a variety of modern economic and business contexts. Candidates focus on the skills of recording, reporting, presenting and interpreting financial information; these form an ideal foundation for further study, and .
