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Twelfth EditionSociologyA Down-to-Earth ApproachJames M. HenslinSouthern Illinois University, EdwardsvilleBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle RiverAmsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal TorontoDelhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei TokyoA01 HENS1648 12 SE FM.indd 111/09/13 2:54 PM

To my fellow sociologists,who do such creative research on social life and whocommunicate the sociological imagination to generationsof students. With my sincere admiration and appreciation,Editor in Chief: Dickson MusslewhitePublisher: Charlyce Jones OwenEditorial Assistant: Maureen DianaDirector of Marketing: Brandy DawsonSenior Marketing Manager: Maureen PradoRobertsDevelopment Editor: Dusty FriedmanProgram Manager: LeeAnn DohertyProject Manager: Marianne Peters-RiordanManufacturing Buyer: Diane PeiranoSenior Art Director:Cover Designer:Cover Creative Director:Cover Art:Digital Media Director: Brian HylandDigital Media Editor: Alison LorberMedia Project Manager: Nikhil BramahavarFull-Service Project Management: Lindsay BethoneyComposition: PreMediaGlobal USA, Inc.Printer/Binder: R.R.Donnelley & SonsCover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix ColorText Font: 10/12 Galliard Std-RomanCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on theappropriate page within text [or on page xx].Copyright 2014, 2012, 2010 by James M. Henslin. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America.This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibitedreproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to PearsonEducation, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax yourrequest to 201-236-3290.Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where thosedesignations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed ininitial caps or all caps.Library of Congress Control Number: 201394898410 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Student Version:ISBN 10: 0-205-99164-5ISBN 13: 978-0-205-99164-8Instructor Review Copy:ISBN 10: 0-205-99190-4ISBN 13: 978-0-205-99190-7Books A La CarteISBN 10: 0-205-99189-0ISBN 13: 978-0-205-99189-1A01 HENS1648 12 SE FM.indd 211/09/13 2:54 PM

Brief ContentsPart IThe Sociological Perspective1The Sociological Perspective 12Culture 333Socialization 614Social Structure and Social Interaction 935 How Sociologists Do Research 124Part IISocial Groups and Social Control6Societies to Social Networks 1447Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations 1708 Deviance and Social Control 193Part III910111213Part IVSocial InequalityGlobal Stratification 225Social Class in the United States 256Sex and Gender 287Race and Ethnicity 320The Elderly 358Social Institutions14The Economy 38715Politics 42016Marriage and Family 45017 Education 48618Religion 51219Medicine and Health 545Part V202122Social ChangePopulation and Urbanization 578Collective Behavior and Social Movements 613Social Change and the Environment 638iiiA01 HENS1648 12 SE FM.indd 311/09/13 2:54 PM

ContentsTo the Student from the Author xxTo the Instructor from the Author xxiAbout the Author xxxiiiPart I    The Sociological PerspectiveChapter 1The Sociological PerspectiveThe Sociological Perspective 2Seeing the Broader Social Context 3The Global Context—and the LocalSociology and the Other Sciences 4The Natural Sciences 4The Social Sciences 4Sociology in North America 15Sexism at the Time: Women in Early SociologyRacism at the Time: W. E. B. Du Bois 17Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer6Down-to-Earth Sociology Enjoying a Sociology Quiz—Testing Your Common Sense 7The Risks of Being a SociologistOrigins of Sociology 7Tradition Versus Science 77Chapter 2Culture18Down-to-Earth Sociology W. E. B. Du Bois: The Soulsof Black Folk 19Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory VersusReform 19The Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, and PublicSociology 20Down-to-Earth Sociology Careers in Sociology: WhatApplied Sociologists Do 21Testing Your Common Sense—Answers to the Sociology Quiz 8Auguste Comte and Positivism 9Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 9Karl Marx and Class Conflict 10Emile Durkheim and Social Integration 10Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 11Values in Sociological Research 12Verstehen and Social Facts 13Weber and Verstehen 13Durkheim and Social Facts 14How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together15Down-to-Earth Sociology Harriet Martineau andU.S. Customs: Listening to an Early Feminist 173Down-to-Earth Sociology An Updated Version of the OldElephant Story 6The Goals of Science1Cultural Diversity in the United States UnanticipatedPublic Sociology: Studying Job Discrimination 22Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology 22Symbolic Interactionism 23Functional Analysis 24Conflict Theory 27Putting the Theoretical Perspectives TogetherLevels of Analysis: Macro and Micro 28Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology 29Sociology’s Tension: Research Versus ReformGlobalization 29142829Summary and Review 3033What Is Culture? 34Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientationsto Life 35Cultural Diversity in the United States Culture Shock:The Arrival of the Hmong 36Practicing Cultural Relativism37ivA01 HENS1648 12 SE FM.indd 411/09/13 2:54 PM

contents    vCultural Diversity around the World Dancing withthe Dead 38Cultural Diversity around the World You Are WhatYou Eat? An Exploration in Cultural Relativity 39Components of Symbolic CultureGestures 41Language 4241Cultural Diversity in the United States Miami—Continuing Controversy over Language 44Language and Perception: The Sapir-WhorfHypothesis 44Values, Norms, and Sanctions 45Cultural Diversity in the United States Race andLanguage: Searching for Self-Labels 46Folkways, Mores, and TaboosMany Cultural Worlds 47Subcultures 47Countercultures 50Chapter 347SocializationSociety Makes Us HumanFeral Children 62Technology in the Global Village 56The New Technology 56Cultural Lag and Cultural ChangeTechnology and Cultural Leveling575761Mass Media in Social Life Lara Croft, Tomb Raider:Changing Images of Women in the Mass Media 78Down-to-Earth Sociology Heredity or Environment?The Case of Jack and Oskar, Identical Twins 63Isolated Children 64Institutionalized Children 64Deprived Animals 66Socialization into the Self and Mind 67Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self 67Mead and Role Taking 67Piaget and the Development of Reasoning 68Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning 70Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions 70Freud and the Development of Personality 70Kohlberg and the Development of Morality 71Socialization into Emotions 72What We Feel 73Society within Us: The Self and Emotions as SocialControl 73Socialization into Gender 74Learning the Gender Map 74Gender Messages in the Family 74Gender Messages from Peers 75Cultural Diversity around the World When WomenBecome Men: The Sworn Virgins 76A01 HENS1648 12 SE FM.indd 5Thinking Critically Are We Prisoners of Our Genes?Sociobiology and Human Behavior 55Summary and Review 5962Gender Messages in the Mass MediaValues in U.S. Society 51An Overview of U.S. Values 51Value Clusters 52Value Contradictions 52An Emerging Value Cluster 52When Values Clash 53Values as Distorting Lenses 53“Ideal” Versus “Real” Culture 54Cultural Universals 5477Agents of SocializationThe Family 79The NeighborhoodReligion 80Day Care 80The School 81Peer Groups 817980Cultural Diversity in the United States Immigrantsand Their Children: Caught between Two Worlds 82Down-to-Earth Sociology Gossip and Ridicule toEnforce Adolescent Norms 83The Workplace 84Resocialization 84Total Institutions 84Down-to-Earth Sociology Boot Camp as a TotalInstitution 85Socialization through the Life Course 86Childhood (from birth to about age 12) 86Adolescence (ages 13–17) 87Transitional Adulthood (ages 18–29) 88The Middle Years (ages 30–65) 88The Older Years (about age 63 on) 89Applying the Sociological Perspective to the Life CourseAre We Prisoners of Socialization? 9089Summary and Review 9011/09/13 2:54 PM

vi    contentsChapter 4Social Structure and Social InteractionLevels of Sociological Analysis 94Macrosociology and Microsociology 95The Macrosociological Perspective: Social StructureThe Sociological Significance of Social StructureCulture 96Social Class 96Social Status 97Cultural Diversity in the United States TheAmish: Gemeinschaft Community in a GesellschaftSociety 10595Symbolic Interaction95Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self inEveryday Life 111Roles 99Groups 100Social Institutions 100Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives 100Changes in Social Structure 102What Holds Society Together? 103The Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction inEveryday Life 104How Sociologists Do ResearchWhat Is a Valid Sociological Topic? 125Common Sense and the Need for Sociological ResearchA Research Model 1261. Selecting a Topic 1262. Defining the Problem 1263. Reviewing the Literature 1264. Formulating a Hypothesis 1265. Choosing a Research Method 1276. Collecting the Data 1277. Analyzing the Results 1278. Sharing the Results 127Research Methods (Designs) 129Surveys 129Down-to-Earth Sociology Loading the Dice:How Not to Do Research 131Participant Observation (Fieldwork)Case Studies 133Secondary Analysis 133Analysis of Documents 133A01 HENS1648 12 SE FM.indd 6132108Down-to-Earth Sociology Beauty May Be Only SkinDeep, But Its Effects Go on Forever: Stereotypes in EverydayLife 109Down-to-Earth Sociology College Football asSocial Structure 97Chapter 593125Mass Media in Social Life “Nothing Tastes as Good asThin Feels”: Body Images and the Mass Media 114Ethnomethodology: Uncovering BackgroundAssumptions 115The Social Construction of Reality 116The Need for Both Macrosociology andMicrosociology 118Summary and Review 121124Down-to-Earth Sociology Gang Leader for a Day:Adventures of a Rogue Sociologist 134Experiments 135Unobtrusive Measures 137Deciding Which Method to Use 137Controversy in Sociological Research137Thinking Critically Doing Controversial Research—Counting the Homeless 138Gender in Sociological Research 139Ethics in Sociological Research 139Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research 140Misleading the Subjects: The HumphreysResearch 140How Research and Theory Work Together 141The Real World: When the Ideal Meets the Real 141Thinking Critically Are Rapists Sick? A Close-Up Viewof Research 141Summary and Review 14211/09/13 2:54 PM

contents    viiPart II    Social Groups and Social ControlChapter 6Societies to Social NetworksSocieties and Their Transformation 145Hunting and Gathering Societies 146Pastoral and Horticultural Societies 147Agricultural Societies 148Industrial Societies 149Postindustrial (Information) Societies 149Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of Society Emerging?Group Dynamics 158Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy150Sociology and the New Technology “So, You Want toBe Yourself?” Cloning and the Future of Society 152Chapter 7Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior 160Leadership 161The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment 164The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment 165Thinking Critically If Hitler Asked You to Execute aStranger, Would You? The Milgram Experiment 165Global Consequences of Group Dynamics:Groupthink 167152Primary Groups 152Secondary Groups 154In-Groups and Out-GroupsReference Groups 155Social Networks 156158Cultural Diversity in the United StatesDo Your Social Networks Perpetuate SocialInequality? 159Sociology and the New Technology Avatar Fantasy Life:The Blurring Lines of Reality 151Groups within Society144Summary and Review 168154Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations170The Rationalization of Society 172Why Did Society Make a Deep Shift in HumanRelationships? 172Marx: Capitalism Broke Tradition 173Weber: Religion Broke Tradition 173Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies 174Formal Organizations 175The Characteristics of Bureaucracies 175The Inner Circle and the “Iron Law” ofOligarchy 184Working for the Corporation 185Humanizing the Work Setting 185Fads in Corporate Culture 186Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes in the “Hidden” CorporateCulture 186Diversity in the Workplace 187Down-to-Earth Sociology The McDonaldizationof Society 177Thinking Critically Managing Diversity in theWorkplace 187“Ideal” Versus “Real” Bureaucracy 178Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation ofBureaucracies 178Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies 179Sociology and the New Technology Social Networkingas the New Contender: A Cautious Prediction 182Voluntary Associations 182Functions of Voluntary AssociationsMotivations for Joining 183A01 HENS1648 12 SE FM.indd 7183Scrutinizing the Workplace: The TechnologicalSpy 188Global Competition in an Age of Uncertainty 188Sociology and the New Technology Cyberloafersand Cybersleuths: Surfing at Work 189Cultural Diversity around the World Japanese andU.S. Corporations: Awkward Symbiosis 190Summary and Review 19111/09/13 2:54 PM

viii    contentsChapter 8Deviance and Social ControlWhat Is Deviance? 194How Norms Make Social Life Possible193Down-to-Earth Sociology Islands in the Street: UrbanGangs in the United States 208195Cultural Diversity around the World Human Sexualityin Cross-Cultural Perspective 196Sanctions 196Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology,Psychology, and Sociology 197The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 198Differential Association Theory 198Control Theory 199Labeling Theory 200Cultural Diversity around the World “Dogging” inEngland 212Street Crime and Prisons212Thinking Critically “Three Strikes and You’re Out!”Unintended Consequences of Well-Intended Laws 215Down-to-Earth Sociology Shaming: Making aComeback? 201Thinking Critically The Saints and the Roughnecks: Labelingin Everyday Life 203The Functionalist Perspective 204Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society? 204Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values Produce DevianceThe Conflict Perspective 210Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 210The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument ofOppression 211Reactions to Deviance 211The Decline in Violent Crime 215Recidivism 216The Death Penalty and Bias 216Down-to-Earth Sociology The Killer Next Door: SerialMurderers in Our Midst 218204Down-to-Earth Sociology Running Naked with Pumpkinson Their Heads or Naked on a Bike: Deviance or Freedom ofSelf-Expression? 205Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class andCrime 207Thinking Critically Vigilantes: When the State Breaks Down 219The Trouble with Official Statistics 220The Medicalization of Deviance: Mental IllnessThe Need for a More Humane Approach 222220Summary and Review 223Part III   Social InequalityChapter 9Global StratificationSystems of Social StratificationSlavery 227Caste 229Estate 231225226Cultural Diversity around the World Rape: Blaming theVictim and Protecting the Caste System 232Class 233Global Stratification and the Status of Females 233The Global Superclass 233What Determines Social Class? 234Karl Marx: The Means of Production 234Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige 235Why Is Social Stratification Universal? 236The Functionalist View: MotivatingQualified People 236A01 HENS1648 12 SE FM.indd 8The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict and ScarceResources 237Lenski’s Synthesis 238How Do Elites Maintain Stratification? 238Soft Control Versus Force 239Comparative Social Stratification 240Social Stratification in Great Britain 240Social Stratification in the Former Soviet Union 241Global Stratification: Three Worlds 242The Most Industrialized Nations 242The Industrializing Nations 245Thinking Critically Open Season: Children as Prey 245The Least Industrialized NationsModifying the Model 24624611/09/13 2:54 PM

contents    ixHow Did the World’s Nations Become Stratified?Colonialism 247World System Theory 247246Thinking Critically When Globalization Comes Home:Maquiladoras South of the Border 250Culture of Poverty 251Evaluating the TheoriesMaintaining Global Stratification 252Neocolonialism 252Multinational Corporations 252Technology and Global DominationStrains in the Global System 254253Summary and Review 254251Chapter 10 Social Class in the United States 256What Is Social Class?Property 258Power 260Women in Studies of Social MobilityThe Pain of Social Mobility 275Poverty 275257Down-to-Earth Sociology How the Super-Rich Live 261Prestige 262Status Inconsistency 263Sociological Models of Social ClassUpdating Marx 264Cultural Diversity in the United States Social Classand the Upward Social Mobility of African Americans 276Drawing the Poverty Line264Down-to-Earth Sociology The Big Win: Life after theLottery 265Updating Weber 266Consequences of Social Class 269Physical Health 269Mental Health 270Family Life 270Education 271Religion 272Politics 272Crime and Criminal Justice 272Social Mobility 272Three Types of Social Mobility 272Down-to-Earth Sociology Researching “The AmericanDream”: Social Mobility Today 274275276Down-to-Earth Sociology Some Facts about Poverty:What Do You Know? 278Who Are the Poor?Children of Poverty279280Thinking Critically The Nation’s Shame: Children inPoverty 281The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture ofPoverty 281Why Are People Poor? 282Thinking Critically The Welfare Debate: The Deservingand the Undeserving Poor 282Deferred Gratification283Down-to-Earth Sociology Poverty: A PersonalJourney 284Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of aMyth 284Summary and Review 285Chapter 11 Sex and Gender 287Issues of Sex and Gender 288Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology orCulture? 289The Dominant Position in Sociology 289Opening the Door to Biology 289Thinking Critically Making The Social Explicit: EmergingMasculinities and Femininities 292A01 HENS1648 12 SE FM.indd 9Gender Inequality in Global Perspective 294How Did Females Become a Minority Group?294Mass Media in Social Life Women in Iran: The Times AreChanging, Ever So Slowly 295Sex Typing of Work 297Gender and the Prestige of Work 297Other Areas of Global Discrimination29711/09/13 2:54 PM

x    contentsGender Inequality in the United StatesThe Pay Gap300Cultural Diversity around the World FemaleCircumcision 301Down-to-Earth Sociology Applying Sociology: How toGet a Higher Salary 313Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism 302Gender Inequality in Everyday Life 304Gender Inequality in Health Care 304Gender Inequality in Education 305Is the Glass Ceiling Cracking? 313Sexual Harassment—and Worse 314Gender and Violence 315Violence against Women 315The Changing Face of Politics 317Glimpsing the Future—with Hope 318Down-to-Earth Sociology Cold-Hearted Surgeons andTheir Women Victims 306Down-to-Earth Sociology Affirmative Action for Men? 308Gender Inequality in the Workplace309Summary and Review 318309Chapter 12 Race and Ethnicity 320Laying the Sociological FoundationRace: Myth and Reality 321321Cultural Diversity in the United States Tiger Woods:Mapping the Changing Ethnic Terrain 323Down-to-Earth Sociology Can a Plane Ride Change YourRace? 324Ethnic Groups 324Minority Groups and Dominant Groups 325Ethnic Work: Constructing Our Racial–Ethnic IdentityPrejudice and Discrimination 328Learning Prejudice 328Down-to-Earth Sociology Living in the Dorm: ContactTheory 329Down-to-Earth Sociology The Racist Mind 330Individual and Institutional DiscriminationTheories of Prejudice 332Psychological Perspectives 332Sociological Perspectives 333Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations 335Genocide 335331339Down-to-Earth Sociology Unpacking the InvisibleKnapsack: Exploring Cultural Privilege 341Cultural Diversity in the United States The IllegalTravel Guide 343African Americans 345Asian Americans 348Native Americans 350Looking Toward the FutureThe Immigration DebateAffirmative Action 353352353C

COnTEnTS v Society Makes Us Human 62 Feral Children 62 Down-to-Earth Sociology Heredity or Environment? The Case of Jack and Oskar, Identical Twins 63 Isolated Children 64 Institutionalized Children 64 Deprived Animals 66 Socialization into the Self and Mind 67 Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self 67 Mead and Role Taking 67 Piaget and the Development of Reasoning 68 .

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