GIS Substation Design And Execution HV And EHV GIS .
GIS Substation Design and ExecutionHV and EHV GIS application and design considerationsJean-Louis HabertAlstom GridGIS product Line2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 1
List of contentsSession 1 – April 8th, 2014GIS introductionz Surrounding conditionsz GIS vs. indoor AISz Replacing an outdated AIS by a GISz Reliability – availability - maintainabilityz2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 2
GIS introductionSF6 properties1/71/3A GIS is the implementation, within a complete HV substation, ofthe remarkable sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) properties in terms ofvoltage withstand and current interruptionz SF6 main datazzNeutral gas: insulators and live parts are perfectly protectedfrom contamination and oxidationzDensity 6.15 kg/m3 at atmospheric pressurezzReversibility of electric arc dissociationzzTo be considered in access rules / low pointsCircuit-breakers chambers most often require no maintenanceHigh liquefaction temp, -25/30 C for 6.3/5.5 bar @ 20 CzzLiquefaction shall be avoidedThe lower the pressure, the lower operating temperature and lower ratings2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 3
GIS introductionSF6 properties – Voltage withstandzzDimensionalcomparison, at 362 kV,of a support insulator onits frame, within an airinsulated substation(AIS) and a GIS elementGIS technology enablesto divide by 10 to 25 thearea of a HV switchyard2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 42/72/36,0Height (m)2,50,50,0
GIS introductionSF6 properties – voltage withstandzzDimensionalcomparison, at 362 kV,of an AIS main busbarcrossing, and a GISbusbar crossingGIS technology enablesto divide by minimum 3the height of a HVswitchyard126,0Height (m)2,50,50,02014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 53/73/3
GIS introductionSF6 properties – current interruption capabilityzArc coolingzzFree electrons capturezzFluor ions electronegativityFast recovery of voltage withstandzzHigh dissociation energyVery fast recombination of dissociatedmoleculesOil to SF6 move, throughcompressed air, enabled todrastically simplify circuit-breakerszAt 550 kV, number of breakingchambers has been divided by up to6, while both short-circuit current andbreaking requirements went up2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 6Canada Mica - 550 kV- old 6-breaksCB replacedby 2-breaksmodern CB4/71/1
GIS introductionApplications - Generation5/71/3Brazil – Tucurui – 550 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 7
GIS introductionApplications - TransmissionUK –Norton –420 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 86/72/3
GIS introductionApplications - DistributionUSA - Anaheim – 69 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 97/73/3
Surrounding conditionsOverviewzGIS perfectly match all surrounding conditionszzzzzzzzzzAir pollutionSaline contaminationAltitude above sea levelSand winds / stormsHigh humidity in tropical / equatorial countriesEarthquake areasHazardous areasInstallation under the ground levelInstallation in multi-storey buildingsGIS have minor environmental impactzzLow visual impactLow electromagnetic disturbances2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 101/141/1
Surrounding conditionsRetrofit / extensions2/141/2France - Lille - 245 kVGIS has more bays than previous AIS2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 11
Surrounding conditionsRetrofit / extensionsFrance Strasbourg 72 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 123/142/2
Surrounding conditionsPollution - urban / industrialFrance - Paris –72 and 245 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 134/141/1
Surrounding conditionsSaline contamination – sea side / offshore5/141/1Spain – Biscaya –420 kV on sea sideUK – Barrow windfarm – 132 kVoffshore platform2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 14
Surrounding conditionsHot conditions6/141/1Saudi Arabia - Qassim - 420kVOutdoor temperature up to 55 C2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 15
Surrounding conditionsCold conditions7/141/1Canada – Sainte Marguerite – 330 kV-50 C (-58 F) outdoor temp2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 16
Surrounding conditionsDry and sandy conditionsSaudi Arabia –Jubail – 420kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 178/141/1
Surrounding conditionsWet conditions9/141/1zz100 % humidity rate does not impactGIS operationGasket material shall prevent anyelectrochemical processSingapore – 72 kV GISThailand – South Thonburi – 245 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 18
Surrounding conditionsAt high altitude above sea level10/141/1China – Sergu – 550 kV4000 m a.s.l.Peru - Pachachaca - 245 kV4100 m a.s.l.zSF6 density is not impacted, thusGIS voltage withstand remainsunchanged2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 19
Surrounding conditionsIn severe earthquake areas11/141/1Santiago 245 kV GISperfectly withstoodthe major Feb 2010earthquake, 8.8magnitudeSantiagozMain international stdszzConcepciónzMain national stdszzzzzz2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 20IEEE 693 (1997)CEI 62271-2 (2003-02), 60068-3-3 (1991-02), 62155(2003-05)Chili ETG 1.015 (1993), ETG 1.020 (1997)Venezuela ETGS/PAS 001 Rev 01(1999)New Zealand TZ 7881, TZ 7967Canada SN 29.1a (1990)India IS 1893 (1984)China GB/T 13540-92
Surrounding conditionsHazardous areas12/141/1France – Flandresrefinery - 100 kV GIS and trafosbuilding canwithstand a majorblast – GIS is splitin two parts toimprove poweravailability2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 21
Surrounding conditionsUnder the ground13/141/1France – Paris center245 kV underground GISCanada - 330 kV 140 m below theground surface2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 22
Surrounding conditionsIn multi-storeys buildings14/141/1Boston - Kingston St. Power tfrs on groundfloor, 362 kV and 1st115 kV GIS on floor #1,2nd 115 kV GIS on floor#22014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 23
GIS vs. indoor AISz1/1Indoor AIS featuresseveral weak pointszNo rain-cleaning ofinsulatorszzzNeed to periodicallyremove dirt, requiring multidays shutdownNeed of heating andventilation, evensometimes of dryersInternal failure mitigationcan raise tough safetyissues69 kV AIS in building – main busbars2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 24
Replacing an outdated AIS by a GIS1/2zzzAISzGIS2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 25Associated with HV cables,GIS enables replacing an AISwith minor disturbancesNew GIS is installed andtested while pre-existing AISremains in operationGIS bays are connected, oneby one, to lines andtransformersAIS is eventually removedand its area can be used forany other purpose
Replacing an outdated AIS by a GISz2/2Main topics to go throughzzzzzzzzzAsset conditionSite issuesHealth and safety issuesOperational complexityOutage requirementsSystem securityCapital costResource requirementsEnvironmental impactTemporary HV cables canensure continuity of operation2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 26
nufacturer’srecommendationsExperience& designConditionmonitoringPreventivemaintenance Drivers Steps ObjectiveAccessibilityMaintainabilityMean time torepair (MTTR)ReliabilityQuality1/281/2Operation continuity AvailabilityRedundancy2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 27Single-linediagramSafety rulesGaspartitioningBaysequenceSpares tools support availabilityIsolatingdevices
/282/2Mitigating a major failure requires to carefully analyze the nonavailability (NA) at 3 timeszJust after the failurezzDuring the repairzzzSingle-line diagram and redundancy are main topics which mitigate NAAccessibility, safety rules, gas partitioning, bay sequence, spares tools support availability, are main topics which mitigate NANB: repairing a major failure, for instance an internal flashover, generallyrequires to replace the entire compartment where the failure occurred, includingall gas barriers of the defective compartmentDuring the HV testszIsolating devices, jointly with SLD, are main topics which mitigate NA2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 28
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon failureManufacturer’srecommendationsExperience& designConditionmonitoringPreventivemaintenance Drivers Steps ObjectiveAccessibilityMaintainabilityMean time torepair (MTTR)ReliabilityQuality3/281/4Operation continuity AvailabilityRedundancy2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 29Single-linediagramSafety rulesGaspartitioningBaysequenceSpares tools support availabilityIsolatingdevices
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon failurezSLD impacts immediate ( just after failure) operationMitigation : bypass, transfer bus, BB disconnectors, etc.zSingle busbar is quite available as soon as redundancy is properlyimplementedzzzzNB: single longitudinal disconnector does not prevent complete busbarshutdown, in case major failure occurs in the said disconnector, as per“Murphy’s law”Double busbar – single CB enables to shutdown no more than one bay,after appropriate switchingRing and 1,5 CB diagrams mitigate CB NAzz4/282/4Drawback: all CBs operate twice more (center CB only in 1,5 CB)Transfer busbar shall have same availability level as main busbar(s)NA of different SLD’s shall be assessed later on in thispresentation2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 30
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon failurez5/283/4SLD’s with a single CB per feederzzIntended to balance investment and availabilityEasier network managementSingle busbarSingle busbar with transfer2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 31Double busbar
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon failurez6/284/4SLD’s with two CB ‘s or more per feederzIntended to mitigate CB failureRing busbarOne circuit-breaker and a half2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 32Double busbar double circuit-breaker
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon repairManufacturer’srecommendationsExperience& designConditionmonitoringPreventivemaintenance Drivers Steps ObjectiveAccessibilityMaintainabilityMean time torepair (MTTR)ReliabilityQuality7/281/7Operation continuity AvailabilityRedundancy2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 33Single-linediagramSafety rulesGaspartitioningBaysequenceSpares tools support availabilityIsolatingdevices
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon repairz8/282/7AccessibilityzDespite commonplace, this matter shall be carefully consider, in order toavoid “domino effect”Access corridor2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 34
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon repairz9/283/7Safety ruleszzSpecific safety rules : no additional mechanical stress shall be applied toany pressurized gas-barrierAny component removal – with its gas barriers - requires to de-energize,then de-pressurize all adjacent electrical circuitsSF6 @ atm. pressure/ airGas barrier/ “shield” insulator2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 35Gas barrier
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon repairz10/284/7Safety ruleszzSafety rules and gas partitioning deeply impact the repair processRepair process impacts compartments close to repair zone and canrequire complete substation shutdownMitigation : partitioning and shield insulators2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 36
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon repairz11/285/7Gas partitioning - Case 1: non-partitioned main busbarzzReplacement of just one faulty busbar disconnector, or one circuit-breaker,can require to shutdown the complete substationReasoning made of “passive” components is wrong, since many items,such as sliding conductors, and grounding switches, are actually as“active” as anywhere else in the GISPartitioning concept to avoidMain busbar failure repair requires to drain all busbar isolators Complete substation shutdown during repair2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 37
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon repairz12/286/7Gas partitioning - Case 2: partitioned main busbarzPartitioned main busbar enables to limit the impact of a major failure to asmall compartment and subsequently decrease the repair timeMedium-class partitioning 5 bays shutdownduring repairMedium-class partitioning 3 bays shutdownduring repairBest partitioning Single bay shutdownduring repair2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 38
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon repairz13/287/7Availability of spares, tools and support staffzThis issue is quite too often disregarded at tender stagezzzzSpareszzzSupply time is ranging from zero, when stored in GIS room, to more than 6months, when equipment is phased outSelection depends on SLDToolszzzDespite a very high MTTR, “Murphy’s law”, again, can applyIt can drastically impact repair time and revenuesGIS life expectancy is significantly longer than AISTools will be consistently made available, versus sparesCapital spares generally require special toolsSupport staffzOnly large organizations can have continuously and sufficiently trained staff,otherwise manufacturer’s support is a must2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 39
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA during HV testsManufacturer’srecommendationsExperience& designConditionmonitoringPreventivemaintenance Drivers Steps ObjectiveAccessibilityMaintainabilityMean time torepair (MTTR)ReliabilityQuality14/281/5Operation continuity AvailabilityRedundancy2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 40Single-linediagramSafety rulesGaspartitioningBaysequenceSpares tools support availabilityIsolatingdevices
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA during HV testszHV tests impactzzzz15/282/5GIS features short clearances and high electric fields High-voltage tests are mandatory to ascertain reliable operation afterheavy maintenanceDisconnectors cannot withstand network voltage on one terminal while theother terminal is connected to HV test voltageWithout specific features, such as additional isolating gaps, HV tests canrequire to de-energize the complete substationMitigationzzDouble isolating gap between tested (shutdown) busbar and the otherbusbarIsolating devices: implemented transversally (e.g. MID) or longitudinally(e.g. busbar longitudinal disconnectors)2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 41
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA during HV testszLongitudinal isolating devicesAluminiumsmelter - 245 kVGIS with N-1continuousavailability2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 4216/283/5
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA upon HV testsz17/284/5Transversal isolating deviceszzMID provides an additional gap between main busbar isolator and CBOperation must be achieved from the outside, with no degassing, in orderto shorten the repair process and prevent the need of further HV testsDouble busbar common point assembly withclose-close MID (normal position)Close-close MIDClose-open MIDOpen disconnectorDouble busbar common point assembly withopen-close MID (right-side double gap)2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 43
Reliability-Availability-MaintainabilityNA during HV testszMaintenance isolating device (MID) drastically improves GISavailability during maintenance, repair, HV tests and extensionzzMID mainly provides a second disconnecting gap, in order to continuouslyoperate all bays but one, even during HV testsMID provides 3 positionszzzz18/285/5Both gaps closed : normal operationLeft gap open : right bus remains energisedRight gap open: left bus remains energisedMID cuts undelivered energy costs,and subsequently reduces TCO2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 44
ty assessment19/281/10Non-availability (NA) of a circuit is the sum of the nonavailabilities of each item of such circuitz Ground data are the numbers of failures and sample sizerecorded in the CIGRE brochure titled “Report on the secondinternational survey on high voltage gas insulated substations(GIS) service experience”, dated February 2010.z Presentation is focused on 145 kV dataz2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 45
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 857113311134111CB1/2-2 feederswithout buffer1CB1/2-1 feederwithout 1001120,0000,2321 60261 4642690121415029822241000034311048Item nbr / 2BBbay0Total NA (%)1 463Test NA (ppm)456Test NA (hour/year)1 50701322794427444 00132792640 44 026 2 326 79 4 3044 41201240515100127DBB-overall GISwithout bufferDBB-1 feederwithout bufferSBB-half GISwithout bufferSBB-1 feederwithout buffer1134221Test duration(h)Re-pair nonavailability(hour/year)Repairduration (h)Cable / TA / Tfo connectxTotal1 m of 3ph. busduct3ph. CB3ph. CB mech.3 ph. DS3 ph. ES3ph. CT3ph. VTCable0 / TA / 120Tfo connect0,000x 3971201,158Total397720,6951mof 3ph. busduct1321200,3863ph. 5CB1200,0143ph.20CB mech.1200,0583 ph.20DS720,0353 ph. ES218720,3823ph. CT0720,0003ph. VT1 4683,544Cable / TA / Tfo connectxTotal0397397132520202180Re-pair nonavailability(ppm)Item4282020201 busduct1 m of 3ph.3ph. CB13ph. CB1mech.3 ph. DS113 ph. ES3ph. CT743ph.300-500VTNA(ppm)20/282/10Failure nonavailability peryear (ppm)Immediate NA120120120120120120120120120Failure nonAdditionalNA 3603603603606154510111628 700Failure SDTR(hour)01041043118 2882 0722 072188028Failure 050,00530,00000,03575224510111628500-700Additional NA during HVtests080080040020080080080002 80022811222MTBF (year)02727271111501004282020201111174300-500FR failure Y nb. ofcomp.*years020202011111074NCF nb. offailures220031322493198126100-200%1 m of 3ph. busduct3ph. CB3ph. CB mech.3 ph. DS3 ph. ES3ph. CT3ph. VTCable / TA / Tfo connectxSigma150045111211560-100CIGRE data300-500 kV voltage class Failure MTTR 15 daysVoltage class (kV)2BB bay MTBF (y)3ph. CB3ph. CB mech.3 ph. DS3 ph. ES3ph. CT3ph. VTCable / TA / Tfo connectSigmaVoltage range (kV)imm. / repair / ability assessment20127810304010101200003
ty assessmentzAssessed SLD’szzzzzSingle busbarDouble busbar – single CBDouble busbar – single CB with bypassDouble busbar – single CB with transfer busbarOne and a half circuit-breaker2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 4721/283/10
e diagram availability assessmentz22/284/10Bus coupler (double busbar SLD)zzzCoupler is a circuit-breaker bay which normally features one CT on eitherCB side in order to provide the appropriate BB protection (87N)Coupler CB shall usually be replaceable while at least one BB remainsenergized during the repairThe later requires to have one buffer compartment between CB and onebusbar isolator2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 48
e diagram availability assessmentz23/285/10Bus tiezzBus tie is a circuit-breaker bay which normally features one CT on eitherCB side in order to provide the appropriate BB protection (87N)Single busbar diagram:zzNo special gas partitioning is usually required, despite any bus tie CB repair/HVtest would shutdown the entire substationDouble busbar diagram:zNo special gas partitioning is usually required2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 49
ty assessmentzSingle busbarzz2*6 CB bays with doublebusbar isolator (fullredundancy)Sectionalized (double DS)single busbar is acceptable,for industrial application,when full redundancy isimplemented2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 5024/286/10
ty assessmentzDouble busbarzzzzzz6 feeders 1 couplerBuffers significantly decrease NAWith no availability features,double busbar is not that muchbetter than single busbarWith availability features, doubleBB is much better than single BBAppropriate partitioning mitigatesrepair NA but does not mitigatesHV tests NAIsolating devices (when they donot require compartment openingand gas treatment) mitigate HVtests NA2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 5125/287/10
ty assessmentzOne and a half circuitbreaker / ring diagramzzzzzNo actual event can jeopardizethe entire GISHowever, some events canshutdown two feeders at a timeBuffers decrease NAOne ½ CB still featuressignificant NA, since center CBoperates twice more often thana CB in single/double bus SLDThe latter is even moredetrimental for any CB in a ringdiagram2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 5226/288/10
ty assessmentDouble BB with transfer BBz Double BB with bypasszzzEquivalent SLD’s in terms ofNAStill complete substation canbe shutdown2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 5327/289/10
e diagram availability assessment28/2810/10Notice: spares and tools deliverytime can be extensive2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 54
Your questions and comments are welcome !2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 55
List of contentsSession 2 – April 9th, 2014Civil interfacesz Buildingsz High-voltage interfacesz Low-voltage interfacesz GIS elementsz Monitoringz Project execution processz The “digital substation”z2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 56
Civil interfacesImportant features to considerzBuildingzzzConcrete slab planarityDilatation joints / slab sizeWall columns distancezzFloor beams distancezzzzAccommodate GIB wall hatchesAccommodate HV cable floor hatchesLV cables hatches / trenches / traysGrounding: 80-2000 - IEEE Guide forSafety in AC Substation GroundingUnloading area2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 571/31/3
Civil interfacesImportant features to considerzOutdoor civil works (CW)zzzzzGround settlementTrenches, pipes, etc.Access, clearancesWater drainageGrounding2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 582/32/3
Civil interfacesImportant features to considerzFloor designzzAccommodate CB dynamic loadsFloor flexibility shall be avoided toprevent excess movements whichstress live parts2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 593/33/3
BuildingsConventional brick / concrete buildingSwitzerland – Oberuzwill – 145 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 601/61/1
BuildingsSteel frames and panels building2/61/1Switzerland – Wimmis - 72 kVUSA – PortArthur – 69 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 61
BuildingsPrefabricated electrical building - steel3/61/1Canada – Jackpine – 13 CB bays ina steel PEB2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 62
BuildingsPrefabricated electrical building - concrete4/61/1France - Lussagnet - 72 kV - gasliquefaction plantComplete bay, including protection, controland LV auxiliaries was installed within acouple of dayszzzConcrete PEB can hardly accommodate more than a fewbaysAssociated to a prefabricated basementResilient design2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 63
BuildingsMobile substation5/61/1zMobile substations canzzzAlgeria – 245 kV mobile substationSpain – 145 mobilesubstation – 4 CB2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 64Be rated up to 362/420 kVAccommodate up to 4 baysIntegrate both GIS andtransformer, up to 145 kV
BuildingsShelter6/61/1Malaysia –Pergau –245 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 65
HV interfacesSF6-air bushingz1/51/1Features to specifyzzzzAmbient temp rangeEarthquake withstandVoltage withstandInsulator materialzzCreepage distancezzzzzPorcelain, compositeBased on phase-tophase voltageMechanical loadsAltitude a.s.l.Terminal material anddimensionsIEC 60137-2008 std.2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 66India – Bhavini – 245 kV
HV interfacesHV cable connectionz2/51/2Features to specifyzIEC std no. 62271-209zTo avoid tough site difficultiesCable termination typeszzzDry-type, plug-in / Fluid-type, not plug-inImportant issueszzzBending radiusCable laying/supportGIS test requirementszCable disconnection during testsPlug-in cabletermination – 72 kV2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 6772 kV plug-in cable terminations
HV interfacesHV cable connectionzCable test requirementszzzz3/51/2AC tests only need to open the cable disconnectorDC tests (obsolete) require to disconnect the cable from the GISCable test bushing shall be supplied by cable manufacturerEnclosure continuityzzVaristors shall be installed at GIS enclosure - cable sheath interface toprovide smooth circuit to transients6 varistors per phase are typical2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 68
HV interfacesDirect transformer connection4/51/1IEC 61639 – 1996z GIS test requirementzDirect transformer connection with gasinsulated surge arrester at foregroundDirect transformer connection withadjustment bellow2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 69
HV interfacesMain busbarszRecently issued standardzz5/51/1IEEE C37.122.6: IEEE Recommended Practice for the Interface of NewGas-Insulated Equipment in Existing Gas-Insulated Substations Ratedabove 52 kVMain issues to decidezzzzDimensionsMaterialsSF6 densityMechanical loadszzzzThermal expansionEarthquake withstandHV testsWho is responsible?2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 70
LV interfaceszLocal control cubicle types / locationzStand-alonezzzz1/1Australia – Barrow Island – 145 kVAlong the opposite wallClose-by GIS bayIntegrated in GIS bayProtection relayszCan be integrated in LCCsCanada – Jackpine – Protectionrelays in integrated LCCs2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 71
GIS elementsTypical bay overview1/181/1CB drive FK3VoltagetransformerControlcubicleVT manuallinkMake proofgroundingswitchCombinedisolator /groundingswitchCombinedisolator /groundingswitchCircuit-breaker2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 72CurrenttransformerCabletermination
GIS elementsEnclosureszAluminium alloyzzzzzNo corrosionLow resistanceto returncurrentNo eddycurrent lossesLower weightIndustrialcastings,except straightextruded /welded tubes2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 732/181/1
GIS elementsConductorszAluminium alloy material, most oftenzzzFor light weightFor mechanical propertiesSilver-plating for sliding contacts2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 743/181/1
GIS elementsSF6 sealingzSealing design requirementszzzzGasket material is essentialzzzzzTightness ( 0.5 % per year)Lifetime (50 years)Avoid under-gasket corrosionNo electrolytic corrosionLifetimeTight across the temperature rangeTight dynamic sealingSealing manufacture requires utmost carezPrevent leakageszAvoid scratches, hair, etc.2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 754/181/1
GIS elementsInsulatorszInsulatorszzGas barriersSupport insulatorsGas barrier2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 765/181/13-phasegas barrierSupport insulator
GIS elementsSF6 accessorieszEach GIS compartment shall beassociated with one set of accessorieszDensity sensorzzzPressure switch, temperature-compensatedwith/without gaugeAnalogue / digital sensor, for continuousmonitoringMost important is to ensure sensors are atsame temperature as enclosureszzAvoid pipes (circulating currents threats, too)SF6 valvezzValves can be no return / tapSection shall be high enough to enableappropriate vacuum ( 1 mbar) within areasonable time2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 776/181/2
GIS elementsSF6 accessorieszEach GIS compartment shallbe associated with one set ofaccessories (cont’d)zMoisture adsorber MolecularsievezzzAdsorption surface: 20 to 800sq.m/gAdsorption ratio; 10 20 %, bymassPressure reliefzzSection shall be such thatpressure does not go beyond theenclosure limit pressureHeat-resistant deflectors shallprotect personal in case ofinternal flashover2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 787/182/2
GIS elementsCircuit-breakerMain substation itemz Grading capacitors in case of several breaks per polez Tested at 10,000 Close/Open cyclesz2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 798/181/1
GIS elementsCircuit-breaker drivezDifferent typeszSpring drives, with no driving fluidzzHydraulic driveszzzRecognized by CIGRE report asmore reliableGas storageSpring storagePneumatic driveszzOut-datedNeed of water draining2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 809/181/2
GIS elementsCircuit-breaker drive10/182/2zz2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 81No move whenCB is notoperated, whilehydraulic andpneumaticmechanisms dailyrequire severalpump starts forpressure toppingupStable timing,insensitiveness totemperature andpressure, ideal forPOW switching.
GIS elementsDisconnector (isolator)zDoes not break any other current thanzzzCapacitive current of short lengths of GIS: 0.1 0.5 ATransfer current of double BB substations: 1600 A @ 10 40 VCan be associated with a grounding switchGroundingswitchIsolator2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 8211/181/1
GIS elementsEarthing (grounding) switchzSpeedzzz12/181/2Low speed, sometimes combined with an isolatorHigh-speed, with short-circuit making capabilityInterrupting capabilityzzInductive coupling current, when both ends of a parallel OHL are groundedCapacitive coupling current, when one end of a parallel OHL is grounded2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 83
GIS elementsEarthing (grounding) switchzInsulationzzGrounding switch is normallyconnected to the groundCan be insulated for testszzzzContact resistanceCB timingCT primary injection13/182/2Not insulatedInsulatedSafety issuezNever disconnect a GS fromground when 0 voltage is notascertained2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 84Not insulated
GIS elementsIsolators and grounding switches – viewports14/181/1Isolator: check full-open position ascertain voltage withstandz Grounding switch: check full-close position ascertain capability to carry fullshort-circuit currentz Large viewports (approx. 2-3 inches diameter)zzzSmall viewports (less than 1 inch diameter)zzCan be used to both lighten and viewTwo viewports are required, one for lighting, second for viewingViewport accesszWhen access is too difficult, one shall use either a mirror device (arm’slength), or a video camera2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 85
GIS elementsCurrent transformerzRatingszPowerzzzAccuracySafety factorzzTo be carefully engineeredLow ratioszzNo more an issue with modern measuring unitsSaturationzzQuite often over-specifiedDifficult to achieve with a single primary turnOvervoltage protectionzSpecific design to implement inside GIS2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 8615/181/1
GIS elementsVoltage transformerzRatingszPowerzzzQuite often over-specifiedAccuracyFerro-resonancezzzMainly
GIS Substation Design and Execution HV and EHV GIS application and design considerations Jean-Louis Habert Alstom Grid GIS product Line. 2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 2 List of contents Session 1 – April 8th, 2014 zGIS
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GIS? 1.1.1 Components of a GIS 1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS 1.1.3 GIS Software Products Box 1.1 A List of GIS Software Producers and Their Main Products 1.2 GIS Applications Box 1.2 Google Maps, Microsoft Virtual Earth, and
Electrical Substation Configuration Effect on Substation Reliability . Courtney Otania and Kurt Vedros a. a Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA . . Substation Level, Generic 4.931E-05 Busbar, Substation [7] 132 kV Busbars 1.507E-05 Control Panel Switchgear [2] C4-300 2.845E-06 .
Background –Chris Owen . 2004 - MACECOM 911 hires GIS to provide them road and addressing data 2005 / 2006 - new GIS Technicians and Analysts hired 2007 - GIS was moved from Public Works Road Fund and made an "Enterprise Fund" 2008 / 2009 - GIS Manager quits. GIS Manager position is not rehired.
MIT 11.188/11.520 Web Service Notes 1 Internet GIS and Geospatial Web Services Introduction Section 1 -- What is Internet GIS? Section 2 -- Internet GIS: state of practice Section 3 -- Future development of Internet GIS Section 4 -- Function comparisons of current Internet GIS programs Section 5 -- Internet GIS applications Section 6 – I
tarikh tarikh . penghargaan . 2.4 kriteria penentuan lokasi rumah kos rendah bab 3.0 aplikasi gis dalam perancangan 3.1 pengenalan 3.2 gis dalam perancangan 3.3 gis untuk perumahan 3.4 peranan sistem maklumat gis 3.5 sejarah pembangunan gis 3.6 definisi gis 3.7 pangkalan data ii ill vi vi vi 1-1 1-1 1.2 1-3 1-4
- NJT01113, ROC Unit Substation: This project includes construction of a replacement Substation to be built above Design Flood Elevation and integration of emergency power equipment to service the Rail Operations Center (ROC). 8. Contract/Program Location Henderson Street Substation, Bay Head Yard Substation, Depot Substation, Rail Operations .
The new substation will sit on the footprint of the oldest structure and extend a little beyond. The second substation will be demolished. At completion of the project there will be only one substation. In answer to the survey posted on the internet concerning the project we have prepared a sheet answering those questions they are as follows:
Devices in ST’s ARM Cortex‑M0‑based STM32F0 series deliver 32‑bit performance while featuring the essentials of the STM32 family and are particularly suited for cost‑sensitive applications. STM32F0 MCUs combine real‑time performance, low‑power operation, and the advanced architecture and peripherals of the STM32 platform.
