Valve Types And Features
DataValve Types and FeaturesValve Sizing ProceduresCv Value CalculationConversion Formula for ReferenceGuidance for Vacuum UseVelocity CalculationNoise Prediction Methods and CountermeasuresCalculation of Estimated CavitationFace to Face DimensionsUnit ConversionPhysical PropertiesFlange StandardsData
Valve Types and FeaturesThe three basic functions of valves are: 1. to stop flow, 2. to keep a constant direction of flow, and 3. to regulatethe flow rate and pressure. To select the correct valve to fulfill these functions properly, an outline of thedifferent types of valves and their features is given below.Butterfly valveCheck valveOpenOpenGate valveGlobe valveBall valveOpenOpenOpenClosedClosedValve shaped like abutterfly.Tight shut-off and can beused as a control valve.Little resistance to flow(allows smooth flow).Optimal for automatedoperation with a lowoperating torque and 90degrees operating angle.Lightweight and compact(large diameter models arealso available).For use when flow is only inone direction.Lightweight disc allowsvertical installation.High operating speedprevents water hammer.ClosedClosedClosedLike its name implies, thegate is lowered to cut offthe path of flow.For use as an on/off valve(not suitable as a controlvalve).Little resistance to flowwhen fully open (allowssmooth flow).Long stroke requires time toopen and close; not suitablefor quick operation.The globe-shaped bodycontrols the fluid into a Sshaped flow.Tight shut-off and can beused as a control valve.Large resistance to flow(does not allow smoothflow).Much power is required toopen and close the valve(not suitable for largesizes).Valve stopper is ballshaped.For use as an on/off valve(not suitable as a controlvalve).Little resistance to flowwhen fully open (allowssmooth flow).Optimal for automatedoperation with a 90 degreesoperating angle.Advanced technology isrequired to manufactureball.Comparison of butterfly valves with other valves (using 100mm diameter TOMOE 700G model valve)Butterfly valve and globe valveButterfly valve and ball valveButterfly valve and gate valveItemButterfly valveGlobe valveItemButterfly valveBall valvePressure loss（ξ）0.31.5Pressure loss（ξ）0.30.05Pressure loss（ξ）0.30.2Flow characteristicsEqual ％Equal ％Flow characteristicsEqual ％Quick openFlow characteristicsEqual ％Quick open10：130：110：13：1RangeabilityComparison of Cv value（Butterfly valve 1）RangeabilityComparison of pressure loss（Butterfly valve 1）ItemGate valveButterfly valveInherent flow characteristics Ｐ Constant1005npekoicQu80260reaLinCv lveBallvalveGatevalve0204060Valve opening ％80100
Valve Sizing ProceduresIt is essential to understand the valve sizing formula and selection procedure when determining the size of avalve. The following is the proper selection procedure. The valve sizing calculation is based on ISA.1. Judge if the flow condition is subcritical or critical based on the given flow condition.2. Calculate the Cv value by putting the data into an appropriate formula.3. Select the size of the valve using the Cv value chart. Consider the following points when sizing the valve.q A proper adjustment of the Cv calculation should be made based on the piping adjustment coefficientFp if a valve is located between reducers.w If the result of the Cv calculation is over 80% compared to the full Cv value, select a valve one sizelarger.Example: For fresh water with P1 0.3 MPa, P2 0.25 MPa, flow rate 100 m3/h, the calculated Cvwill be 164. If 80 mm, 507V is selected, the rated Cv is 176. The calculated Cv (164) is over 80% ofrated the Cv (176) in this case. We recommend 100 mm, 507V.e If no P is given, 5 to 10% of the pump outlet pressure should be used as the assumed P for valvesizing.Data-02
Cv Value CalculationCv value calculationData-03
Symbol LegendSymbolCv: Valve flow coefficientFL: Pressure recovery coefficientG: Specific gravity(Air 1)Gf: Specific gravity at valve-inlet temperature(Water 1 at 15 degrees C)P1: Valve-inlet pressure(kPaA)P2: Valve-outlet pressure(kPaA) P: Pressure difference across valve [P1 — P2](kPa)Pc: Critical pressure(kPaA)Pv: Saturated vapour pressure of liquid at valve-inlet temperature (kPaA) PS: Max. DP for sizing Working conditions: Outlet pressure is higher than vapour pressure. PS P1 — Pv(kPa) Working conditions: Outlet pressure is equal to or lower than vapour pressure.DPS P1 — 0.96 0.28PvPCPvq: Volume flow rate of liquidQ: Volume flow rate of gas [At 15 degrees C, 1 atm] Nm3/h (kPa)(m3 / h)(m3 / h)288273T: Fluid temperature [273 degrees C]Tsh: Degree of superheat T — TcTc: Saturated vapour temperature at valve-inlet pressureW: Mass flow rate (T / h) (1,000 kg / h)(K)(degrees C)(K)Calculation for piping geometry factorFp Fp: Piping geometry factorCv: Valve flow coefficientd: Valve size (mm)D1: Inlet pipe size (mm)D2: Outlet pipe size (mm)Calculation for modified Cv valueCvR Fp CvCvR : Revised Cv valueData-04
Conversion Formula for ReferencePressure loss coefficientCv value7 8#)" " ! % 3 " '-!(Cv valueKv value9 . ") .) "# :.% 8 )4 ;) 4 3 ; % '! 54( 3 %"#/"#& ; % % )).% 3 , % # ! % .% 3 &% ) *.Pressure loss coefficientKv value7 8#)" " ! % 3 " '-!(Cv valueAv valueLength of pipe7 8#)" " ! % 3 " '-!( 7 ; % ' 5!"#( 7 % )).% "33 % #'/ (Reference: For performance appraisal of firesafety and disaster preventionequipment, the equivalent pipe lengthis measured based on the flow ratesin the table below.Nominal dia. Flow 0mm250mm300mm . ") 08 .#" 135021003300480085001300019000Pressure difference7 % )).% )) - 33"-" # )).% "33 % #7 -- % " # 3 &% " !5)7 0 -"3"- &% " '; % ( 7 ; -" 7 %'/ (- '/&5! ('!5) -(Formula for leak rate1 "# / % 3 % ) / & 3% ! 42 "# 3 ; - # " " #) 3 %7 7 "# % )).% '/ ( 7 . % )).% '/ ( 7 "33 % #-" % )).% '/ (&% 4 3 % 4 ; , ) / ) # % , ! 37 #)" "# )" ' #)" 3 % ; % "# - ) 3 "1." 3 % "% "# - ) 3 & )( 7 #)" 7 3 ." ! % .% '9(* 7 3 - % 3 % . 3. #8# - ) 3 "1." 1 8# - ) 3 & ) 3 （ ）1 - -. / % 3 % "1." '! 54( ') ! ( * . 3 % !! - -. / % 3 % & ) '! 54(0 / % ) # % ! % .% * ) / ' * * ( # "# % )) ?
Guidance for Vacuum Use !"# " % #&'!!( ) , &% ) * -.! '/ ( &% ) * &% ) * ) /'/ ・R54( 6 ! %/0 -" & # ) %.- .% % 1."% 2 / & "#-% ) ) "3 4 - # #5- ) 3% 1. #- ") 4"&4 Leak amounts are predicted values based on testing at room temperature with new valves. If you will be using in a range that exceeds the above table, please consult us.
Velocity CalculationVelocity limitationVelocity limitations are shown below:Type of fluidLiquidVelocity limitation (continuous operation)Replaceable rubber seat3 m/sVulcanized rubber seat5 to 6 m/s120 to 200 m/sGas, vapourSteamSaturated steam50 to 80 m/sSuperheated steam80 to 120 m/s* Velocity limitation varies depending on the valve models. Please consult us for further information.Pipe line velocity calculationFor liquidsFor gases and vapoursFor steamWhere:V: Flow velocity (m/sec)Q: Flow rateLiquid (m3/h)Gas [At 15 degrees C, 101325 Pa] (m3/h) Nm3/hSteam (kg/h)U: Specific volume of valve-outlet (m3/kg)D: Nominal size (mm)P2: Valve-outlet pressure (kPaA)T: Temperature (degrees C)Data-07
Noise Prediction Methods and CountermeasuresNoise measuring methodThe following are methods recommended by ISA.Note: Parts surrounded by dotted lines are optional.Fig. 1 Laboratory test unit by ISA-RP59.1Fig. 2 Position of microphone in plant by ISA-RP59.2Noise calculation formula for 507V and 508V TypesData-08
Noise calculation formula for valves other than 507V and 508V TypesFormulas are in accordance with those introduced by ISA.For gasesWhen liquid cavitation is generatedWhere:SP: Noise value [sound pressure level at 91cm](dBA)Cv: Flow coefficient in actual conditionsFL: Pressure recovery coefficientP1: Valve upstream pressure(kPaA)P2: Valve downstream pressure(kPaA)m: Weight of pipe wall(kg/m2)η: Apparent valve orifice coefficient (butterfly valve: n 1.4)TL: Transmission loss Except for valves releasing directly into the air.*P2crit: P1 — FL2 (P1 — Pv)Pv: Vapour pressure of liquidX: Conversion fraction of mechanical output(kPaA)(kPaA)X 1 even if X is bigger than 1.SG: Gas property factorAcoustical efficiency coefficient (Refer to page Data-11.)η:Note: When the difference between Kc and FL2 exceeds 10% of Kc, substitute Kc for FL2.Data-09
Specific Gravity SGSpecific Gravity SG 2 10 6 4 # ! ' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100Refer to the graph on left for fluids other than those above.1020304050 " Weight of Pipe (m) ! " # % ・ &'( )* ,- )*./0 # 'Nominal dia.mm inch40 1 1/225065 2 1/23804100512561508200250 10300 12350 14400 16450 18500 20550 22600 24650 26700 28750 30800 32850 34900 361000 401100 441200 481350 0Souterdiameter thicknessm thickness m thickness m thickness m thickness m thickness m thickness m thickness m(mm)(mm) (kg/m2) (mm) (kg/m2) (mm) (kg/m2) (mm) (kg/m2) (mm) (kg/m2) (mm) (kg/m2) (mm) (kg/m2) (mm) 5.339.345.551.854.262.062.062.062.0 .799.7124.8124.8124.8124.8 8205.7224.5243.4266.9 23.627.527.531.431.439.339.351.051.051.0 @ A5C
η.Acoustical efficiency factorData-11
Valve noise reduction countermeasuresAerodynamic noise is discussed here.Noise can be reduced at the following points:1 Noise source2 Sound insulationWhen selecting a countermeasure, controllability of process, initial cost and maintenance cost should beconsidered along with noise evaluation and noise type.Various factors should be discussed between the customer and manufacturer. Please refer to the sectionCalculation of Estimated Cavitation and its countermeasure to reduce and prevent cavitation noise.Countermeasures for noise sourceThere are two countermeasures for noise source.(1) Adoption of low noise valveq 507V and 508V types:w Globe type low noise valve:Max. possible reduction is 10 dBA.Max. possible reduction is 15 to .30 dBA.(2) Countermeasure at valve downstream sideq Insert resistance plate:Max. possible reduction is 15 dBA.Example of low noise unitSound insulationExample: Pipe lagging materialsThis countermeasure does not reduce sound generationitself.q Increase of pipe wall thickness (pipe schedule)If it doubles, 5 dBA can be reduced.w Soundproof laggingIn this countermeasure, piping is covered with layers ofheat insulating materials (rock wool), lead plates, or ironplates, etc.e Prepare sound insulating box or wallIn order to reduce noise effectively, combine the variousmethods mentioned above.Data-12
Calculation of Estimated CavitationCavitation generation in butterfly valvesCavitation is caused by low pressure areas in fluids. There are four causes of low pressure areas:Fig. 1 Butterfly valves in nearly closed position(1) Fluid is compressed, contraction flow exists, and flow velocity is increased. Then, pressure reduces.(2) Low pressure area inside vortexes at valve-outlet side.(3) Low pressure area is produced at the boundary between the fluid flowing at high velocity and objects suchas the protruding portion of the valve-moulded surface, heads of taper pins, and hubs, etc.(4) When the valve body or disc is vibrating at high frequency, the flow is disturbed and air bubbles form in thefluid.The main causes of cavitation generation in butterfly valves are (1) and (2).Thus, when the valve is nearly closed, the flow passes over the upper and lower edges of the disc as shown infigure. 1. The low pressure area can be caused when high flow velocity is created.VC (vena cont racta)Fig. 2 Orifice flowFigure 2 shows orifice flow corresponding to valve flow. The contracted part is called vena contracta. Therelation between pressure and flow rate is shown in figure 3.VCP2PvPvcFig. 3 Pressure and flow rate relationData-13Flow (V)Pressure (P)When fluids flow at high velocity and pressure drops belowthe saturated vapour pressure, air bubbles are produced.They are carried away toward the valve downstream side,and then, as surrounding water recovers its originalpressure, air bubbles break instantaneously (approx. 1/1000sec) and produce a strong impact force (200 to 500 atm). Ifair bubbles break near a substance, the impact appliesgreat stress on both the outside and inside of thesubstance, and causes damage to the surface.P1
Cavitation Generation Process in Butterfly Valves and Formula for Estimation . 2 Fig. 4 Normal flow/'.!. . 1 & - . Fig. 5 Cavitation flow.!/'. . ' * & ' 1 * * . Fig. 6 Flashing flow.!/'. . . * - - * 0 * * 3 *!,
Cavitation predictionNo cavitationFlashing P Kc (P1 — Pv)P2 PvFL2 (P1 Pv) PIncipient cavitation P Kc (P1 — Pv)Critical cavitationFL2 (P1 — Pv) DP Kc (P1 — Pv) P: Pressure difference across valve [P1 P2] (kPa)Kc: Cavitation coefficientP1: Valve-inlet pressure (kPaA)P2: Valve-outlet pressure (kPaA)Pv: Vapour pressure of liquid (kPaA)FL: Pressure recovery coefficientFull cavitation P FL2 (P1 — Pv)Cavitation level and availabilityType of valveCavitation levelRubber seated(700G, 702Z)Double Teflonmetaloffset(302A, 304A)507V508V731PNo cavitationSuitableConsult us regardingusage.UnsuitableIncipient cavitationCritical cavitationFull cavitation(Countermeasure is necessary)Flashing(Countermeasure is necessary)Note:Normal operationmaterial is stainless steelexcept when. criticalcavitation is determined.Cavitation reduction treatmentThe following are the main methods for reducing or preventing cavitation damage to control valves.(1) Install valves in series and control them. This method is for reducing the pressure load on each valve.In this case, space valves out at least 4D (4 times the pipe diameter). The total Kc or FL will be improved. Inorder to avoid full cavitation FL should satisfy the following condition:FL In this case, however, valve control balance may be difficult.Example:When 507V and 508V types are nearly fully opened, FL is 0.72. When 507V and 508V types are installed in series,the combined FL is 0.72 0.84 and the permissible pressure difference across the valve is increased by 36%.However, both valves should be operated under exactly the same conditions.(2) Use a resistance plate (perforated orifice for pressure reduction) at the same time. If the flow rate fluctuatesheavily, a good result cannot be expected.(3) Use a valve with higher Kc or FL .(4) Lower the installation position of the valve; that is, lower the secondary pressure.However, this method is hard to adopt in existing piping installations.(5) Rectify the turbulent flow by using a rectifier grid.Data-15
Cavitation coefficient Kc and pressure recovery coefficient FLConcentric type butterfly valve700 and 800 .40.30.30.20.20.10.101020304050607080Valve opening (%)(Fully closed)9001001020304050607080Valve opening (%)(Fully closed)(Fully open)90100(Fully open)High performance butterfly valve300 .40.30.30.20.20.10.101020304050607080Valve opening (%)(Fully closed)9001001020304050607080Valve opening (%)(Fully closed)(Fully open)90100(Fully open)Rotary control valve507V and 508V 40.30.30.20.20.10.1010(Fully closed)20304050607080Valve opening (%)90100(Fully open)010(Fully closed)20304050607080Valve opening (%)90100(Fully open)Data-16
Face to Face DimensionsFace to face DimensionsSeriesUnit: mmJIS B 2002Wafer shape fortandard 003343464652565660687878102114127154 Diameter '( )("* ' ) *,*)- *). . ' . '/ . /. 54Wafer shapefor ships123100100100110110120130150160170. 0 '( .''. 0 )(. " - . ) . API594Class1505460676783951271401813 -API609Category BClass150 33149159181606773738698127146181 )( )( &5 "1 2 1Remark: For detalied dimensions, please refer to the individual dimensional drawings.6 7 .（Reference: Maker’s face-to-face 201841902003 3 )3 . 4040405262898989108 .,454550505560659090100110120140160*) *)'454550505560658090100110120140160. !3535354040455060. 090100110110120130150160200 . 43466464707689114114 . "1 2 1 "1 2 1 * * "1 2 1 "1 2 1. 4
Unit ConversionCavitation predictionPressure unit conversionConversion from pressure unit foreach type to MPaAConversion from flow rate unit for each type to m3/h3Gas m /h（at 15 101kPa）m3/hGas m3/h Gas m3/h ı（at 15 101kPa）kg/h（at 0 101kPa） SG 0.001kR/h t/h（at 0 101kPa） SGR/h 0.001R/min. 0.06t/min.（at 0 101kPa） SG 60Lb/h（at 0 101kPa） 0.4536 SG 0.001CFH (ft3/h) 0.028323SCFH (Nft /h) 0.02832 ıBBL/h (barrel) 0.159BBL/min. 0.159 60GPM (gallon/min.)3CFM (ft /min.)SCFMNm3/h(at 0 101kPa) 0.2271 1.699 1.699 ıMPa Akgf/cm2GBar GBar AmmH2O or mmAqcmH2O or cmAqmH2O or mAqmmHN or TorrcmHNatmatN Å 23.63 MW Å 1000 23.63 MW 0.001 Å 0.06 Å 60 1000 23.63 MWPakPakPaMPaMPa 9.807 10 2 0.1013 1 1 10 0.1013 1 1 10 9.807 10 6 0.1013 9.807 10 5 0.1013 3 9.807 10 0.1013 1.333 10 4 3 1.333 10 1 1.013 10 9.807 10 2 0.1013 6 1 10 0.1013 3 1 10 0.1013 1 10 3GGA 0.1013G A2 3Lb/in G（psi G） 6.895 10 0.10132 3Lb/in A（psi A） 6.895 10in HN 3.386 10 3 0.4536 23.63 MW 0.02832 Å 0.02832 0.159 Å 0.159 60 Å 0.2271 Å 1.699 Å 1.699 T1 0.1013 （P1 273） 288 273Å P1 288 （T1 0.1013） P1 Valve inlet pressure（MPaA）ı T1 0.1013 （P1 288） T1 Temperature（ K）MW Molecular weightSG Specific gravitykPa1 10 311 1031 1029.81 101.01 1029.811.33 1026.89MPa1 10-61 10-311 10-19.81 10-21.01 10-19.81 10-31.33 10-16.89 10-3bar1 10-51 10-21 1019.81 10-11.019.81 10-21.336.89 10-2 28.9 26.1 23.3 F 20 15 10 20.6 17.8 15.0 12.2 9.4 6.7 505 3.9 1.11.74.47.210.012.815.623.926.729.432.2Of/cm21.02 10-51.02 10-21.02 10atm9.87 10-69.87 10-39.871.0211.039.87 10-19.68 1019.68 10-21.326.8 10-2-11 10-11.37.03 10-2Temperature conversion5 （ F 32）99 F 32518.321.1Pressure conversion tablePa11 1031 1061 1059.81 1041.01 1059.81 1031.33 1056.89 103Temp. conversion tablemH2O1.02 10-41.02 10-11.02 1021.02 101 101.03 1011.36 107.03 10-1mHg7.5 10-67.5 10-37.57.52 10-17.7 10-17.6 10-17.36 10-215.17 10-2Lb/in21.45 10-41.45 10-11.45 1021.45 101.42 101.47 101.421.93 398.9Torque conversion 1Specific gravity conversion104.4110.0Condition Specific gravity G0degrees CO/Nm3 1.2931013mmbar15 degrees CO/m3 600700 F 4.5 2.01112.01292.0Data-18
Physical PropertiesPhysical properties of liquidsFluidAcetaldehydeAcetic acidAcetoneAero motor oil (typical)Alcohol, allyl-nAlcohol, butyl-nAlcohol, ethyl-n (grain)Alcohol, methy-n (wood)Alcohol, propyl-nAmmonia (liquid)AnilineAutomobile crankcase oils,SAE 10SAE 20SAE 30SAE 40SAE 50SAE 60SAE 70Automobile transmission lub,SAE 80SAE 90SAE 140SAE 250BeerBenzol (Benzene)Brine, calcium chloride, 25%Brine, sodium chloride, 25%BromineButyric acid-nCarbolic acid (phenol)Carbon disulphideCarbon tetrachlorideCastor oilChloroformCompounded steam cyl oil (5% tal, ow)Decane-nDiethyl etherEthyl acetateEthyl biomideEthylene btomideEthylene chlorideFormic acidData-19Boiling pointwhen airpressure is 1Temp.Water 1 at 4 CMolecularweight 97.2 207117.2 243117.2 24377.8 17266.1 15197.2 207 33.3 28183.9 363 C20202015.6 F68686860 2020702020 17.82020 6868158686806868 .855.81.78.789.79.804.6621.022 46.07102.1760.0917.3193.12 15.615.615.615.615.615.615.660606060606060.88 — .94.88 — .94.88 — .94.88 — .94.88 — .94.88 — .94.88 — .94 80 176 142316360115170 61.1 14260606060606860606868656868686860.88 — .94.88 — .94.88 — .94.88 — 0 78.11 .6202018.32020202015.6 20202015202020 68686859686868 .73.714.901.452.181.2461.221 C20.6118.356.1 172.834.777.238.3131.783.9100.6 F69245133Gravity .08 58.0574.12 159.8388.1094.1176.14153.84 119.39 142.2874.1288.10108.98187.8898.9746.03
Physical properties of liquidsFluidFreon 11Freon 12Freon 21Fuel oil, No.1No.2No.3No.5No.6Gasoline, typical (a)(b)(c)Glycerine, 100%Glycerine and water. 50%Glycol, EthyleneHeptane-nHexane-nHydrochloric acid, 31.5%KeroseneLard oilLinseed oil (raw)Marine engine oil (20% blown rape)Methy acetateMethy iodideMilkNaphtheleneNeatsfoot oilNitric acid, 60%NitrobenzeneNonane-nOctane-nOlive oilPentane-nPetroleum ether (benzine)Propionic acidQuenching oil (typical)Rapeseed oilSoya bean oilSperm oilSugar, 20%40%60%Sulfuric acid, 100%95%60%Turbine oil (typical medium)TurpentineWater (fresh)Water (sea)Xyolene-oBoiling pointwhen airpressure is 1 C F 290 554GravityTemp. C21.126.121.115.615.615.615.615.6— 14.4— 14.4— 14.42020 20 2092098.31562068.920 15.6 15.6 53815.628.115.6 1352057.21082042.220 42420217.815.6 20 41220211.13022015025820125.620(298.9) (570)972036.115.6 28620141.115.6 20 15.6 25(98.3) (209)20 20 20 64020337.820 20 15.6 32015.616021215.610015.6 28720141.7 r 1 at 4 C1.491.331.37.82 — .95.82 — .95.82 — .95.82 — .95.82 — .95.74.72.681.261.131.125.684.661.05.78 — .82.91 — .92.92 — .94.94.932.281.02 — 1.041.145.91 — .921.371.203.718.70.91.63.64.99.86 — .89.91.924.881.081.181.291.831.831.50.91.86 — .871.01.03.87Molecularweight 92.03 62.07100.2086.17 58.08141.94 128.6 123.11128.25114.22 72.09 74.08 98.08 136.23 Data-20
Density of fluidsDensityDensityTemp.Fluidg /cm3 CAcetone0.79249.420Alcohol, ethyl0.79149.420Alcohol, methyl0.81050.50Benzene0.89956.100.950 — 0.96559.2 — 60.215Carbon disulfide1.29380.70Carbon 0.73645.90Gasoline0.66 — 0.6941.0 — 43.0Glycerin1.26078.60Kerosene0.8251.2 849.0 Carbolic acidMercuryMilk13.6 1.028 — 1.03564.2 — 64.6 0.66541.5150.848 — 0.81052.9 — 50.50Castor0.96960.515Coconut0.92557.715Cotton seed0.92657.8161.040 — 1.10064.9 — 68.615Linseed, boiled0.94258.815Olive0.91857.315Sea water1.02563.9915Turpentine (spirits)0.8754.3 Water1.0062.43Naphtha, petroleum etherWoodOils:CreosoteData-214
Critical pressures and temperaturesCritical pressure PcCritical temperature TcFluidkPaABars (abs.) F CAcetic 8062.99736Air377137.8 222 14111297113.0270132Argon486048.6 188 122Benzene483348.4552289Butane364736.5307153Carbon dioxide739074.08831Carbon monoxide354335.5 218 139Carbon thane494449.59032Ethyl alcohol639164.0469243Ethylene511551.25010Ethyl ether359936.0383195Fluorine253025.3 247 155 450 ogen129613.0 400 240Hydrogen pyl alcohol537053.7455235Methane464046.4 117 83Methyl alcohol797079.6464240Nitrogen339234.0 233 147Nitrous 4 182 5.619892Refrigerant 12401240.1234112Refrigerant 22491549.220797Sulfur dioxide787378.831515722104221.0705374WaterData-22
Physical properties of gasesDensityFluidAir 1GravityOxygen 8371.37961.248239.944Arsenic fluoride7.71*5.96*5.40*169.91Arsenic hydride3.484*2.695*2.438*76.93Boron fluoride2.99*2.31*2.09*61.82Butane (n)2.5190*2.0854*1.8868*58.12Butane, iso2.6732.0671.87058.12Carbon dioxide1.97691.52901.383444.01Carbon monoxide1.2504.9671.875028.01Carbon 70.91Chlorine dioxide3.09112.39112.161167.46Chlorine 5Fluorine1.6961.3121.18738.00Germanium hydride (digermane)6.74205.21204.7220151.25Germanium ydrogen bromide3.64452.81892.550380.92Hydrogen chloride1.63921.26781.147136.47Hydrogen iodide5.78914.47764.0510127.93Hydrogen selenide3.6702.8392.56880.98Hydrogen sulfide1.5391.1901.07734.08Hydrogen 80.976931.06Methyl chloride2.30761.78481.614850.49Methyl ether2.10981.63181.476446.07Methyl fluoride1.54521.19511.081334.03NeonNitric oxideData-23kg・m—3(0 C, 101325 30.01
Physical properties of gasesDensityFluidkg・m—3(0 C, 101325 Pa)GravityAir 1GravityOxygen trogen (atm.)1.2568.9721.8795 Nitrosyl chloride2.9922.3142.09465.47Nitrosyl fluoride2.176*1.683*1.523*49.01Nitrous oxide1.97781.52971.384044.02Nitroxyl chloride2.57*1.99*1.798*81.47Nitroxyl 291.070234.00Phosphorus fluoride3.907*3.022*2.734*87.98Phosphorus oxyfluoride4.83.73.4103.98Phosphorus 41.40744.09Radon9.737.5266.809222.00Silicane, chloro-3.032.342.1266.54Silicane, chloromethyl3.642.822.5580.60Silicane, dichloromethyl5.34.13.7115.02Silicane, dimethyl2.732.111.9160.14Silicane, methyl2.081.611.4646.12Silicane, trifluoro-3.862.992.7086.07Silicon fluoride4.6843.6233.278104.06Silicon hexahydride2.852.2041.99462.17Silicon tetrahydride1.441.1141.00832.09Stibine (15 C, 754A)5.304.103.71125.00Sulfur dioxide2.92692.26382.0482Sulfur fluoride6.50*5.03*4.55*146.07Sulfuric 01.9961.08559.11Trimethyl 30Tungsten fluorideXenon12.95.85164.07* Density at 20 C.Data-24
Physical properties of waterWater temperatureVapour pressureGravitational weightkPaAkgf/m3GravityData-25 C 96014019.9183983.24.986615025.6346980.23.98711
the flow rate and pressure. To select the correct valve to fulfill these functions properly, an outline of the different types of valves and their features is given below. Butterfly valve Butterfly valve and globe valve Butterfly valve and ball valve Butterfly valve and gate valve Check valve Gate valve Globe valve Ball valve Valve shaped like a
G- Autoflow Valve 2.0 GPM H- Autoflow Valve 2.5 GPM I- Autoflow Valve 2.8 GPM J- Autoflow Valve 3.0 GPM K- Autoflow Valve 3.3 GPM L- Autoflow Valve 3.5 GPM M- Autoflow Valve 4.0 GPM N- Autoflow Valve 4.5 GPM O- Autoflow Valve 5.0 GPM P- Autoflow Valve 5.5 GPM Q- Autoflow Valve 6.0 GPM R- Autoflow Valve
4, 5 port pilot operated valve 4TB 5 port pilot operated valve (pneumatic valve) 4L2-4/LMFO 3, 4, 5 port pilot operated valve (pneumatic valve) 4KA/4KB 5 port pilot operated valve (pneumatic valve) 4F 5 port pilot operated valve (ISO conformed valve) PV5G/PV5/CMF 3 port direct acting valve (small pneumatic valve) 3MA0/3MB0
Generic two-way valve Straight globe valve Gate valve Generic two-way angle valve Angle globe valve Safety angle valve Generic three-way valve Three-way globe valve Arrow indicates failure or unactuated flow path a. b. Generic four-way valve Four-way four-ported plug or ball valve Arro
A- Balancing Valve B- Circuit Setter C- Autoflow Valve 0.5 GPM D- Autoflow Valve 1.0 GPM E- Autoflow Valve 1.3 GPM F- Autoflow Valve 1.5 GPM G- Autoflow Valve 2.0 GPM H- Autoflow Valve 2.5 GPM I- Autoflow Valve 2.8 GPM J- Autoflow Valve 3.0 GPM K- Autoflow Valve 3.3 GPM L-
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1.0 Given an engineering print, READ and INTERPRET facility engineering Piping and Instrument Drawings. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valves: a. Globe valve g. Relief valve b. Gate valve h. Rupture disk c. Ball valve i. Three-way valve d. Check valve j. Four-way valve e. Stop check valve k. Throttle (needle) valve f. Butterfly .
The valve(s) shall be CRISPIN Model _ Dual Air Valve(s), Type N, (PVC seat and BUNA-N rubber valve) or Type P (stainless steel seat and BUNA-N rubber valve) pressure valve(s) as manufactured by Crispin-Multi-plex Manufacturing Co., Berwick, Pa. The valve(s) shall include a File Size: 242KBPage Count: 7Explore furtherThe AL Series Air and Vacuum Valvescrispinvalve.comAlfa Laval SRC Divert Valve Parts Listwww.csidesigns.comAlfa Laval ARC Divert Valve Parts List - csidesigns.comwww.csidesigns.comAlfa Laval - Double Seat Valves or Mixproof Valveswww.alfalaval.com4-WAY VALVES 1/4”, 3/8” & 1/2” - Allenairwww.allenair.comRecommended to you b
polypeptide, or protein. Chapter 8 – From DNA to Proteins Translation converts mRNA messages into polypeptides. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid. codon for methionine (Met) codon for leucine (Leu) Chapter 8 – From DNA to Proteins The genetic code matches each codon to its amino acid or function. –three stop codons –one start codon .
