ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS Module 2 .

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ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS,AND DRAWINGSModule 2Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsTABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF FIGURES . iiLIST OF TABLES . iiiREFERENCES . ivOBJECTIVES . vENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS . 1Symbology . 2Valve Symbols . 3Valve Actuators . 4Control Valve Designations . 6Piping Systems . 7Instrumentation . 8Sensing Devices and Detectors . 10Modifiers and Transmitters . 11Indicators and Recorders . 12Controllers . 12Examples of Simple Instrument Loops . 13Components . 13Miscellaneous P&ID Symbols . 15Summary . 15READING ENGINEERING P&IDs . 16Standards and Conventions for Valve Status . 16Summary . 17P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE . 18Example . 18Summary . 22FLUID POWER P&IDs . 23Fluid Power Diagrams and Schematics . 23Pumps . 23Reservoirs . 24Actuator . 24Piping . 26Valves . 27Reading Fluid Power Diagrams . 30Types of Fluid Power Diagrams . 33Summary . 35i

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1 Valve Symbols .Figure 2 Valve Actuator Symbols .Figure 3 Remotely Controlled Valve .Figure 4 Level Control Valve .Figure 5 Control Valves with Valve Positioners .34456Figure 6 Control Valve Designations . 6Figure 7 Piping Symbols . 7Figure 8 More Piping Symbols . 8Figure 9 Detector and Sensing Device Symbols . 10Figure 10 Transmitters and Instruments .Figure 11 Indicators and Recorders .Figure 12 Controllers .Figure 13 Signal Conditioners .Figure 14 Instrumentation System Examples .1112121213Figure 15 Symbols for Major Components .Figure 16 Miscellaneous Symbols .Figure 17 Valve Status Symbols .Figure 18 Exercise P&ID .14151619Figure 19 Fluid Power Pump and Compressor Symbols .Figure 20 Fluid Power Reservoir Symbols .Figure 21 Symbols for Linear Actuators .Figure 22 Symbols for Rotary Actuators .Figure 23 Fluid Power Line Symbols .2324252626Figure 24 Valve Operation . 27Figure 25 Valve Symbol Development . 28Figure 26 Fluid Power Valve Symbols . 29Figure 27 Simple Hydraulic Power System . 30Figure 28 Line Diagram of Figure 27 .Figure 29 Typical Fluid Power Diagram .Figure 30 Pictorial Fluid Power Diagram .Figure 31 Cutaway Fluid Power Diagram .Figure 32 Schematic Fluid Power Diagram .ii3031333434

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsLIST OF TABLESTable 1 Instrument Identifiers . 9iii

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsREFERENCES ASME Y14.5-2009, Dimensioning and Tolerancing. IEEE Std 315-1975 (Reaffirmed 1993), Graphic Symbols for Electrical andElectronic Diagrams. Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos,California, 1976. Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill BookCompany, New York (August 15, 2007). Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston,Virginia, 1972. Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons,Inc, 1968. Naval Auxiliary Machinery United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland,1951. TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical PublishingCompany, Barrington, Illinois, 1974. Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963. George Masche, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized WaterReactor, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971. Smith-Zappe, Valve Selection Handbook, 5th Ed., Gulf Publishing Company,Houston, Texas, December 2003.iv

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsTERMINAL OBJECTIVE1.0Given an engineering print, READ and INTERPRET facility engineering Pipingand Instrument Drawings.ENABLING OBJECTIVES1.1IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types ofvalves:a.b.c.d.e.f.1.2Globe valveGate valveBall valveCheck valveStop check valveButterfly valveg.h.i.j.k.l.Relief valveRupture diskThree-way valveFour-way valveThrottle (needle) valvePressure regulatorIDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types ofvalve operators:a.b.c.d.Diaphragm valve operatorMotor valve operatorSolenoid valve operatorPiston (hydraulic) valve operatore.f.Hand (manual) valve operatorReach-rod valve operator1.3IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for educators and ejectors.1.4IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following lines:a.b.c.d.e.f.g.ProcessPneumaticHydraulicInert gasInstrument signal (electrical)Instrument capillaryElectricalv

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsENABLING OBJECTIVES (cont.)1.5IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following basic typesof instrumentation:a.b.c.d.e.f.g.Differential pressure cellTemperature elementVenturiOrificeRotometerConductivity or salinity cellRadiation detector1.6IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs to denote the location, eitherlocal or board mounted, of instruments, indicators, and controllers.1.7IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types ofinstrument signal controllers and gralProportional-integral-differentialSquare root extractorsIDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types ofsystem components:a.b.c.Centrifugal pumpsPositive displacement pumpsHeat inersvi

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsENABLING OBJECTIVES (cont.)1.9STATE how the following valve conditions are depicted on an engineering P&ID:a.b.c.d.Open valveClosed valveThrottled valveCombination valves (3- or 4-way valve)e.f.g.h.Locked-closed valveLocked-open valveFail-open valveFail-closed valvei.Fail-as-is valve1.10Given an engineering P&ID, IDENTIFY components and DETERMINE theflowpath(s) for a given valve lineup.1.11IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering fluid power drawings for thefollowing ActuatorsPiping and piping junctionsValvesGiven a fluid power type drawing, DETERMINE the operation or resultant actionof the stated component when hydraulic pressure is applied/removed.vii

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTSTo read and understand engineering fluid diagrams and prints, usuallyreferred to as P&IDs, an individual must be familiar with the basic symbols.EO 1.1IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following typesof valves:a.b.c.d.e.f.EO 1.2Globe valveGate valveBall valveCheck valveStop check valveButterfly valveg.h.i.j.k.l.Relief valveRupture diskThree-way valveFour-way valveThrottle (needle) valvePressure regulatorIDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following typesof valve operators:a.b.c.d.e.f.Diaphragm valve operatorMotor valve operatorSolenoid valve operatorPiston (hydraulic) valve operatorHand (manual) valve operatorReach rod valve operatorEO 1.3IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for educators andejectors.EO 1.4IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following lines:a.b.c.d.ProcessPneumaticHydraulicInert gase.f.g.Instrument signal (electrical)Instrument capillaryElectricalPage 1

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsEO 1.5IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following basictypes of instrumentation:a. Differential pressure celle.Rotometerb.c.d.Temperature elementVenturiOrificef.Conductivity orsalinity cellRadiation detectorg.EO 1.6IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs to denote the location,either local or board mounted, of instruments, indicators, and controllers.EO 1.7IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following typesof instrument signal roportional-integral-differentiald.Square root extractorsEO 1.8IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following typesof system components:a.b.c.d.Centrifugal pumpsPositive displacement pumpsHeat ersSymbologyTo read and interpret piping and instrument drawings (P&IDs), the reader must learn themeaning of the symbols. This chapter discusses the common symbols that are used todepict fluid system components. When the symbology is mastered, the reader will beable to interpret most P&IDs.The reader should note that this chapter is only representative of fluid systemsymbology, rather than being all-inclusive. The symbols presented herein are thosemost commonly used in engineering P&IDs. The reader may expand his or herknowledge by obtaining and studying the appropriate drafting standards used at his orher facility.Page 2

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsValve SymbolsValves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids. Figure 1shows the symbols that depict the major valve types.It should be noted that globe and gate valves will often be depicted by the same valvesymbol. In such cases, information concerning the valve type may be conveyed by thecomponent identification number or by the notes and legend section of the drawing;however, in many instances even that may not hold true.Figure 1 Valve SymbolsPage 3

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsValve ActuatorsSome valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increasemechanical advantage, or both. Figure 2 shows the symbols for the common valveactuators. Note that although each is shown attached to a gate valve, an actuator canbe attached to any type of valve body. If no actuator is shown on a valve symbol, it maybe assumed the valve is equipped only with a handwheel for manual operation.Figure 2 Valve Actuator SymbolsThe combination of a valve and an actuator is commonly called a control valve. Controlvalves are symbolized by combining the appropriate valve symbol and actuator symbol,as illustrated in Figure 2. Control valves can be configured in many different ways. Themost commonly found configurations are to manually control the actuator from a remoteoperating station, to automatically control the actuator from an instrument, or both.In many cases, remote control of a valve isaccomplished by using an intermediate, smallcontrol valve to operate the actuator of the processcontrol valve. The intermediate control valve isplaced in the line supplying motive force to theprocess control valve, as shown in Figure 3. In thisexample, air to the process air-operated controlvalve is controlled by the solenoid-operated, 3-wayvalve in the air supply line. The 3-way valve maysupply air to the control valve's diaphragm or ventthe diaphragm to the atmosphere.Page 4Figure 3 Remotely Controlled Valve

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsNote that the symbols alone in Figure 3 do not provide the reader with enoughinformation to determine whether applying air pressure to the diaphragm opens orcloses the process control valve, or whether energizing the solenoid pressurizes orvents the diaphragm. Further, Figure 3 is incomplete in that it does not show theelectrical portion of the valve control system nor does it identify the source of the motiveforce (compressed air). Although Figure 3 informs the reader of the types of mechanicalcomponents in the control system and how they interconnect, it does not provideenough information to determine how those components react to a control signal.Control valves operated by an instrument signal are symbolized in the same manner asthose shown previously, except the output of the controlling instrument goes to thevalve actuator. Figure 4 shows a level instrument (designated "LC") that controls thelevel in the tank by positioning an air-operated diaphragm control valve. Again, note thatFigure 4 does not contain enough information to enable the reader to determine how thecontrol valve responds to a change in level.Figure 4 Level Control ValveAn additional aspect of some control valves is a valve positioner, which allows moreprecise control of the valve. This is especially useful when instrument signals are usedto control the valve. An example of a valve positioner is a set of limit switches operatedby the motion of the valve. A positioner is symbolized by a square box on the stem ofthe control valve actuator. The positioner may have lines attached for motive force,instrument signals, or both. Figure 5 shows two examples of valves equipped withpositioners. Note that, although these examples are more detailed than those of Figure3 and Figure 4, the reader still does not have sufficient information to fully determineresponse of the control valve to a change in control signal.Page 5

Module 2: Engineering Fluid Diagrams and PrintsFigure 5 Control Valves with Valve PositionersIn Example A of Figure 5, the reader can reasonably assume that opening of the controlvalve is in some way proportional to the level it controls and that the solenoid valveprovides an override of the automatic control signals. However, the reader cannotascertain whether it opens or closes the control valve. Also, the reader cannotdetermine in which direction the valve moves in response to a change in the controlparameter. In Example B of Figure 5, the reader can make the same generalassumptions as in Example A, except the control signal is unknown. Without additionalinformation, the reader can only assume the air supply provides both the control signaland motive force for positioning the control valve. Even when valves are equipped withpositioners, the positioner symbol may appear only on detailed system diagrams.Larger, overall system diagrams usually do not show this much detail and may onlyshow the examples of Figure 5 as air-operated valves with no special features.Control Valve DesignationsA control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiatebetween valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of acontrol valve, as shown in Figure 6. The common convention is that the first letter usedin the valve designator indicates theparameter to be controlled by the valve. Forexample:F flowT temperatureL levelP pressureH hand (manually operated valve)The second letter is usually a "C" andidentifies the valve as a controller, or activecomponent, as opposed to a hand-operatedvalve. The third letter is a "V" to indicate thatthe piece of equipment is a valve.Figure 6 Control Valve DesignationsPage 6

Module

1.0 Given an engineering print, READ and INTERPRET facility engineering Piping and Instrument Drawings. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valves: a. Globe valve g. Relief valve b. Gate valve h. Rupture disk c. Ball valve i. Three-way valve d. Check valve j. Four-way valve e. Stop check valve k. Throttle (needle) valve f. Butterfly .

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