Bio 151 DCCC Cardiovascular II #5 Cardiovascular II Blood .
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – Vessels#5 Cardiovascular II – Blood VesselsObjectives: Identify a list of human arteries and veins using a virtual human dissection and a humanmodelDissect and identify a list of arteries and veins in the catEquipment: Remember to bring gloves, goggles, dissecting kit, appropriate shoes, andphotographic atlas.I. IntroductionBlood vesselsBlood vessels are the functional units ofthe cardiovascular system. Every cell inthe body depends on a close associationwith the vascular system to sustainhomeostasis. In general, systemicarteries deliver blood, rich with oxygenand nutrients, to capillary networksinterspersed within the organs andtissues. The systemic veins drain thecapillary networks and return the blood,high in carbon dioxide and wastes, to theright side of the heart. The pulmonaryarteries deliver deoxygenated blood to thelungs. After carbon dioxide is exchangedfor oxygen, the pulmonary veins returnoxygenated blood to the left side of theheart.Figure 1a. Humansystemic arterialcirculationPage1(Saladin).Last updated 08/2019
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – VesselsFigure 1b. Humanvenous circulation(Saladin).II. Virtual Human Blood Vessel ExaminationLast updated 08/2019Page3. Click the dissection icon(next toModule).4. In the Structure List column (top left) choosethorax from the Topic drop down menu.5. Choose Arteries-anterior from the View dropdown menu.6. Use the layer tools and the instructions below to navigate between layers. Locate the variousstructures by activating the labeling pins when appropriate.2Preparation1. Start the Anatomy & PhysiologyRevealed software by double clicking its icon.2. On the home screen select Cardiovascular fromthe Module (top center) drop down menu.
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – VesselsB. Virtual Artery Examination:Cardiovascular system, thorax, arteries-anterior, dissection layer 4ArteriesAPRevealed 1. aorta1a. aortic arch1b. thoracic aorta1. Move to Layer 4 (APR Fig. 1)and locate the structures on theleft.2. brachiocephalicartery2. Move to Layer 6 to locate theright common carotid a. (3a)and the thoracic aorta (1b).3a. right commoncarotid artery3b. left commoncarotid artery4a. right subclavianartery4b. left subclavianartery3b4a21a4b13. The brachiocephalic a. (2)divides into the right commoncarotid a. (not shown here)which supplies the head and theright subclavian a. (4a) whichsupplies the arm.APR Fig. 14. Another useful AP Revealedresource is the computedtomography angiography (CTA)bank of images. WhileCardiovascular is still selectedin the Module box, click on theimaging icon. From theTopic drop down menu choose1bAortic arch-CTA-oblique view(APR Fig. 2). Trace the path ofthe aorta as it descends posteriorAPR Fig. 2to the heart.Cardiovascular system, shoulder and arm, vasculature-anterior dissection layer 8ArteriesAP Revealed 6. brachial artery (leftand right) left shown inthese viewsLast updated 08/20192. Although the left subclaviana. (APR Fig. 1) branches directlyfrom the aorta and the rightsubclavian a. does not, botharteries become the axillary a.(5) at the level of the first rib, asthe artery enters the upper arm.At the point where the deltoid54b6APR Fig. 335. axillary artery (leftand right) left shown inthese views1. Click on the dissection iconand choose Shoulder and armfrom the Topic drop downmenu. Choose Vasculatureanterior from the View menu.Move to Layer 8 (APR Fig. 3).Page4b. left subclavianartery
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – Vesselsand biceps meet, the axillary a.becomes the brachial a. (6).3. Go to Topic: Shoulder, View:Vascular arteries, Layer 5 tosee the exact boundaries of eachartery (APR Fig. 4).APR Fig. 4Cardiovascular system, shoulder and arm, arteries-anterior, layer 2ArteriesAP Revealed 4b. left subclavianartery5. left axillary artery6. left brachial artery1. For some views, there areorientation diagrams available.To see the diagram for thearteries that supply the upperlimbs, go to Topic: Shoulderand arm, View: Arteriesanterior, Layer 2 (APR Fig. 5).2. Click on each vessel in the liston the left to see the boundaries.APR Fig. 5Cardiovascular system, head and neck, vasculature-lateral dissection layer 4ArteriesAP Revealed 3a. right commoncarotid artery7. internal carotidarteries (right and left)8. external carotidarteries (right and left)1. Go to Topic: Head and neck,View: Vasculature-lateral,Layer 4 (APR Fig. 6).2. The internal carotid a. (7) hasa slightly larger diameter thanthe external carotid a. (8). Theinternal carotid a. is posterior tothe external carotid a.87Last updated 08/2019PageAPR Fig. 643a
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – VesselsCardiovascular system, abdomen, celiac trunk-anterior, dissection layer 6ArteriesAP Revealed 1b. abdominal aorta9. celiac trunk10. superior mesentericartery11. renal arteries (rightand left)12. common iliacarteries (right and left)13. external iliacarteries (right and left)14. internal iliacarteries (right and left)1. Go to Topic: Abdomen,View: Celiac trunk-anterior,Layer 6 (APR Fig. 7).2. The aorta descends from thethorax to the abdomen throughthe diaphragm (D). The firstartery that branches from theabdominal aorta is the celiactrunk (9).3. Just inferior to the celiac trunkis the superior mesenteric a.(10) which supplies blood tomany of the GI organs.4. The renal arteries (11) supplythe kidneys.5. The aorta branches into theright and left common iliac a.(12) in the pelvic region.D91110111b12APR Fig. 7126. Use CTA to visualize thepoint at which the common iliac1313a.(12) split into the external(13)and internal (14) iliac a. Clickon the imaging icon and chooseAbdominal aorta and iliac14arteries. The correct image willAPR Fig. 8appear (APR Fig. 8).Cardiovascular system, hip and thigh, vasculature-anterior, dissection layer 4ArteriesAP Revealed 15. femoral arteries(right and left)1. Click on the dissection iconand go to Topic: Hip and thigh,View: Vasculature-anterior,Layer 4 (APR Fig. 9).2. As the external iliac a. entersthe thigh, it becomes the femorala. (15).15APR Fig. 9Last updated 08/2019Page53. To bring up an orientationdiagram of the veins that drainthe lower limbs, click on the pinmarking the femoral a.
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – VesselsCardiovascular system, thorax, veins-anterior, dissection layer 4VeinsAP Revealed 18. subclavian veins(right and left)19. internal jugularveins (right and left)20. external jugularveins (right and left)2. The superior vena (16a)empties into the right atrium.The right and leftbrachiocephalic v. (17) emptyinto the superior vena cava.They are formed from the unionof the subclavian v. (18), whichdrain the upper limbs, and theinternal jugular v. (19), whichdrain the head along with theexternal jugular v. (APR Fig.10).3. For a lateral view of the rightinternal and external jugular v.,go to Topic: Head and neck,View: Vasculature-lateral (APRFig. 10). The external jugular v.can be seen in Layer 2 (APRFig. 11) and the internal jugularv. can be seen in Layer 3.18191719181716aAPR Fig. 1020APR Fig. 11Cardiovascular system, shoulder and arm, vasculature-anterior dissection layer 6VeinsAP Revealed 1. Go to Topic: Shoulder and18. subclavian veinsarm, View: Vasculatureanterior, Layer 6 (APR Fig. 12).(right and left)182. The axillary v. (21) drain the21. axillary veins21upper limbs and become the(right and left)subclavian v. as the vessel enters2222. brachial veinsthe thoracic cavity.(right and left)3. The brachial v. (22) drain theAPR Fig. 12 shows theantebrachia and empty directlyleft sideinto the axillary v.APR Fig. 124. For a diagram of this region,go to Topic: Shoulder and arm,View: Veins-anterior, Layer 4.Last updated 08/201922617. brachiocephalicveins (right and left)1. Go to Topic: Thorax, View:Veins-anterior, Layer 4 (APRFig. 10).Page16. vena cavaa. superiorb. inferior (notvisible in this view)
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – VesselsCardiovascular system, abdomen, Veins-anterior, dissection layer 6VeinsAP Revealed 16b. inferior vena cava23. renal veins(right and left)24. common iliac veins(right and left)1. Go to Topic: Abdomen,View: Veins-anterior, Layer 6(APR Fig. 13).232. The renal v. (23) drain thekidneys (K) and empty directlyinto the inferior vena cava (16b)which carries blood from thelower body into the right atrium.In the pelvic region the right andleft common iliac v. (24) join toform the inferior vena cava.KK16b24APR Fig. 13Cardiovascular system, abdomen, Veins-anterior, dissection layer 6VeinsAP Revealed 25. internal iliac veins(right and left)26. external iliac veins(right and left)27. femoral veins (rightand left)1. Go to Topic: Pelvis-male:Vasculature-anterior, Layer 5(APR Fig. 14).2. The internal (25) and external(26) iliac v. join to form thecommon (24) iliac v. Theinternal iliac v. drain blood fromthe pelvic region and theexternal iliac v. drain bloodfrom the femoral v. (27, APRFig. 14).3. Also shown in APR Fig. 13are the common (12), internal(13), and external (14) iliac a.4. Go to Topic: Hip and leg,View: Veins-anterior, Layer 4for an orientation diagram of theveins that drain the lower body(APR Fig. 15).2425261213 14APR Fig. 1416b24 262527PageAPR Fig. 15724. common iliac veins(right and left)Last updated 08/2019
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – VesselsIII. Blood Vessel Examination using a Human ModelIn this portion of the lab, you will use the human model to identify select blood vessels. Youhave viewed these vessels in the previous lab section using the Anatomy & PhysiologyRevealed software. You should have the Anatomy & Physiology Revealed software and/orthe photographic atlas resources available when performing this lab activity. In order to view allof the blood vessels that you are required to know, it is important that you carefully follow theinstructions.1. The following should be observed on the model without removing any organs.Left Common Carotid Artery External Carotid Artery Axillary Artery Femoral Artery Internal Carotid Artery Subclavian Artery Brachial Artery Femoral VeinRight External Jugular Vein Subclavian Artery Subclavian Vein Femoral Artery Femoral Vein2. Remove the lungs and thymus. Observe the following blood vessels:Left Brachiocephalic Vein Common Carotid ArteryRight Brachiocephalic VeinNeither Left nor Right Aortic Arch Superior Vena Cava Brachiocephalic Artery3. Remove the heart and observe the following vessels: Left Subclavian Artery Thoracic Aorta4. First, remove the diaphragm, liver and stomach. Then, remove the small and large intestines.Finally, remove the duodenum and pancreas. Observe the following blood vessels:Left Renal Artery Renal Vein Common Iliac Artery Common Iliac Vein Internal Iliac Artery Internal Iliac Vein External Iliac Artery External Iliac VeinRight Renal Vein Common Iliac Artery Common Iliac Vein Internal Iliac Artery External Iliac Artery External Iliac VeinNeither Left nor Right Inferior Vena Cava Abdominal Aorta Celiac Trunk Superior Mesenteric ArteryLast updated 08/2019Page1. Replace duodenum and pancreas.2. Replace the small and large intestines.85. Once you have identified all of the above blood vessels, perform the following tasks in thisspecific order.
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – Vessels3. Replace the diaphragm, liver and stomach.4. Replace the heart, lungs and thymus.*When you have completed these steps, as your instructor to check your model and initial theappropriate section in the lab report.IV. Cat Vessel Dissection1. Wear goggles, gloves, and an apron for the entire time that you are working withpreserved specimens.2. Use scissors to cut open the bag and remove the cat, but do not let the preservativespill out of the bag.3. Carefully dump the preservative into a special bin provided at certain lab sinks.DO NOT DUMP THE PRESERVATIVE DOWN THE SINK.4. The plastic bag should then be thrown away in the regular trash containers.5. Do not use a scalpel for dissecting out the vessels.6. For most of your work, use only your blunt probe. It is the safest and most efficientdissecting tool for vessel identification.7. Carefully use your scissors and rib cutters to open the thoracic and abdominal cavities.The arteries of the cat have been injected with red latex but they appear pink due to the thickarterial walls. The veins have been injected with blue latex and are typically more prominentthan the accompanying arteries. The thoracic veins are superficial to the arteries. Take care not todestroy the veins when following the arteries through the tissues. Use Figure 2 to help you locatestructures as you perform the dissection.Instructions to remove the cat chest wall:1. Carefully use scissors to cut through the abdominal wall near the genital opening. It is verythin so take care not to cut into the abdominal viscera. Cut towards the head in a curve up eachside until you reach the diaphragm and the rib cage.2. Cut the diaphragm horizontally so that it separates from the chest wall.3. Cut through the ribs one at a time using the rib cutters, if necessary, from the diaphragmtowards the head, one side at a time. Be very careful not to cut yourself with the cutters or on theedges of the ribs.4. Be careful not to damage the axillary vein and artery as you cut the muscle in the axilla.5. You may cut the superficial vessels going to/from the anterior part of the chest wall.6. Carefully remove the chest wall after making sure the tissue near the head/neck is separated.Last updated 08/20194a. Right subclavian artery4b. Left subclavian artery5. Axillary arteries (right & left)6. Brachial arteries (right & left)7. Internal carotid arteries (right & left)8. External carotid arteries (right & left)Page Pericardium Heart1. Aorta1a. Aortic arch2. Brachiocephalic artery3a. Right common carotid artery3b. Left common carotid artery9A. Structures and Arteries of the Upper Body
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – VesselsVESSELS OF THE CATTRACHEAinternaljugularTRACHEAright commoncarotidleft commoncarotidexternaljugularrightsubclavianright a cavaleft subclavianbrachiocephalicHEARTHEARTthoracic icabdominalaortainferiorvena cavaKIDNEYKIDNEYrenalrenalcommon iliacexternal iliacinternal iliacinternal iliacexternal iliaccaudalfemoralARTERIESVEINSFigure 2. Diagram of Cat vessels.Last updated 08/2019Page10femoral
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – VesselsHeart – The heart is in the center of the thoracic cavity, between the two lungs.Pericardium – This thin sac encloses the heart. Snip the pericardium with scissors and peel itback to reveal the surface of the heart.Aorta – On the superior aspect, at about the midline, the aorta emerges from the left ventricle, thencurves sharply inferior becoming the aortic arch. The superior vena cava might be partiallyobscuring the aorta.Brachiocephalic artery – In the cat, there are only two major branches from the aortic arch; thebrachiocephalic artery arises first. This artery moves vertically toward the neck.Right and left common carotid arteries – The common carotid arteries branch from thebrachiocephalic artery at the same point and then travel vertically on either side of the trachea.Right subclavian artery – The right subclavian artery branches from the brachiocephalic andmoves toward the right shoulder.Left subclavian artery – The second artery to branch from the aortic arch in cats is the leftsubclavian artery. Insert your blunt probe between the superior vena cava and thebrachiocephalic artery. Gently lift the arteries to view the left subclavian artery. With the bluntprobe and tweezers, clear away the tissue covering both arteries as they move toward the neck.The left subclavian artery will extend vertically and then move toward the left shoulder.Right and left axillary arteries – The subclavian arteries become the axillary arteries as theymove out of the thoracic cavity into the armpit area (axilla).Right and left brachial arteries – The axillary arteries become the brachial arteries as theyenter the upper limb.Internal and external carotid arteries – At the top of the trachea, each common carotid arterysplits into the external and internal carotid arteries.B. Arteries of the Lower Body1b. Descending aorta10. External iliac arteries (right and left)11. Internal iliac arteries (right and left)12. Femoral arteries (right and left)13. Celiac artery14. Superior mesenteric artery15. Renal arteries (right and left)Descending aorta – The aortic arch curves inferiorly as it passes behind the heart. Roll the leftlung aside and lift the heart to follow the descending aorta (thoracic aorta) as it passes throughthe diaphragm along with the esophagus and the inferior vena cava. Once past the diaphragm, theaorta is referred to as the abdominal aorta.Last updated 08/2019PageRight and left internal iliac arteries – The abdominal aorta continues for a short way past theexternal iliac arteries and then it divides into the right and left internal iliac arteries and thecaudal artery.11Right and left external iliac arteries – In the pelvic region, the aorta splits into the right andleft external arteries. There are no common iliac arteries in cats. The large external iliac arteriescontinue into the lower limb.
Bio 151 – Laboratory ManualDCCCHuman Anatomy & Physiology IICardiovascular II – VesselsRight and left femoral arteries – The external iliac arteries become the femoral arteries as theyenter the lower limb.Celiac artery – In order to view the abdominal arteries, the abdominal organs must be movedgently to one side. Take care not to damage the organs. The aorta and the inferior vena cava areon the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The first artery to branch from the aorta within theabdomen is the celiac artery (trunk). This very short vessel branches anteriorly and immediatelydivides into three branches.Superior mesenteric artery – The second branch of the abdominal aorta is the superiormesenteric artery. It is also anterior and just inferior to the celiac trunk. It branches extensively tosupply the intestinal mesentery.Right and left renal arteries – Deeper into the abdomen, the renal arteries branch laterally fromthe aorta and supply the kidneys.C. Veins of the Upper Body16a. Superior vena cava16b. Inferior vena cava17. Brachiocephalic veins (right and left)18. Subclavian veins (right and left)19. Internal jugular veins (right and left)20. External jugular veins (right and left)21. Axillary veins (right and left)22. Brachial veins (right and left)Superior vena cava – This large vessel enters the right atrium on the superior aspect of theheart.Right and left brachiocephalic veins – These two prominent vessels join to form the superiorvena cava.Right and left subclavian veins – The subclavian veins drain blood from the upper limb andshoulder. They join the external jugular vein to form the right and left brachiocephalic veins.Right and left external jugular veins – These large veins travel down the lateral aspect of theneck until they join the subclavian veins to form the brachiocephalic veins. The external jugularveins are larger than the internal jugular in cats. The opposite is true in humans.Right and left internal jugular veins – The internal jugular veins drain the brain and empty intothe external jugular veins at the junction with the brachiocephalic veins.Right and left axillary veins – These vessels drain blood from the upper limb. They become thesubclavia
Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Cardiovascular II – Vessels Last updated 08/2019 e 8 III. Blood Vessel Examination using a Human Model In this portion of the lab, you will use the human model to identify select blood vessels. You
Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Digestion Last updated 08/2019 e 2 B. Digestive Reactions Like all enzymatic reactions, chemical digestive reactions must have a substrate and an enzyme as reactants.The substrate is the substance that the enzyme is File Size: 1MB
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Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Respiratory System & Spirometry Last updated 08/2019 e 4 PART I. Calibration STEP B 1. Place the wide end of a clean filter on to the end of the calibration syringe, fit until snug. 2. Attach the other end of the filter to the Inlet side of the airflow transducer (Figure 3). Hold .
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Bio 150 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology I DCCC Nervous System II: Eye, Ear, Senses Last modified 08/05/14 e 4 C. Macular Degeneration 1. Introduction – The macula is an area in the center of the retina at the back of the eye. This area contains the largest
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