Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: The Basic Unit Of Life

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Senior High SchoolNOTGeneral Biology 1Quarter 1 - Module 1Cell: the basic unit of lifeDepartment of Education Republic of the Philippines1

General Biology 1- Grade 12Alternative Delivery ModeQuarter 1 - Module 1: Cell: the basic unit of lifeFirst Edition, 2020Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any workof the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency oroffice wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment ofroyalty.Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials fromtheir respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claimownership over them.Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro SchoolsDivision Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO VDevelopment Team of the ModuleAuthor: Romer T. Aguirre, Mark Richie S. LasqueReviewers: Jean S. Macasero, Shirley Merida, Duque Caguindangan, Eleanor Rollan,Rosemarie Dullente, Marife Ramos, January Gay Valenzona, Mary Sieras, ArnoldLangam, Amelito BucodIllustrators and Layout Artists: Romer T. Aguirre, Mark Richie S. LasqueManagement TeamChairperson:Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, Ph.D., CESO VSchools Division SuperintendentCo-Chairperson:Alicia E. Anghay, Ph.D., CESEAssistant Schools Division SuperintendentMembersLorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID ChiefJean S. Macasero, EPS- ScienceJoel D. Potane, LRMDS ManagerLanie O. Signo, Librarian IIGemma Pajayon, PDO IIEvelyn Q. Sumanda, School HeadCely B. Labadan, School HeadPrinted in the Philippines byDepartment of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro CityOffice Address:Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang, Cagayan de OroTelefax:(08822)855-0048E-mail Address:cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph2

SeniorHighSchoolSeniorHighSchoolGeneral Biology 1Quarter 1 - Module 1:Cell: the basic unit of lifeThis instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewedby educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and othereducation stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, andrecommendations to the Department of Education at action@ deped.gov.ph.We value your feedback and recommendations.Department of Education Republic of the Philippines3

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Table of ContentsWhat This Module is About . iWhat I Need to Know . iiHow to Learn from this Module. iiIcons of this Module . iiiWhat I Know .iiiFirst QuarterLesson 1: Cell TheoryWhat I Need to Know . 14What‘s New: Guess What?. 15What Is It:Learning Concepts . 16What‘s More: Synthesizing Information . 17What‘s New: Reflection . . 18What I Have Learned: . 18What I Can Do: Performance Task and Enrichment Activity . 19Lesson 2: Cell Structure and FunctionsWhat I Need to Know . 20What‘s New: . 21What Is It: Learning Concepts . 23What‘s More: . 24What I Can Do: .25Lesson 3: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic CellsWhat I Need to Know . 26What‘s New: . 26What Is It: Learning Concepts . 27What‘s More: . 28What I Have Learned: . 28What I Can Do: .295

Lesson 4: Cell Types and Cell ModificationsWhat I Need to Know . 30What‘s New: . 30What Is It: Learning Concepts . 31What‘s More: . 34What I Have Learned: . 34What I Can Do: .34Lesson 5: Cell CycleWhat I Need to Know . 35What‘s New: . 35What Is It: Learning Concepts . 36What‘s More: . 40What I Have Learned: . 41What I Can Do: .41Summary .43Assesment .44Key to Answers . .45References . . 52Lesson 6: Transport MechanismsWhat I Need to Know . 546.1Structural Components of the Cell MembraneWhat I Know . 55What‘s In (REVIEW): . 57What‘s New: . 61What Is It: . 61What‘s More: . 62What I Have Learned: . 62What I Can Do: .636

6.2The Relationship of the Structure and Composition of the CellMembrane to its FunctionWhat I Know . 63What‘s In (REVIEW): . 65What‘s New: . 68What Is It: . 68What‘s More: . 69What I Have Learned: . 69What I Can Do: .696.36.4Transport Mechanisms in CellsEndocytosis vs. ExocytosisWhat I Know . 70What‘s In (REVIEW): . 72What‘s New: . 81What Is It: . 81What‘s More: . 81What I Have Learned: . 82What I Can Do: .82Assesment .83Lesson 7: Structures and Functions of Biological MoleculesEnzymesWhat I Need to Know. 867.1Description of the Components of EnzymesWhat I Know . 88What‘s In (REVIEW): . 89What‘s New: . 92What Is It: . 92What‘s More: . 93What I Have Learned: . 93What I Can Do: .947

7.2Oxidation/Reduction ReactionsWhat I Know . 95What‘s In (REVIEW): . 95What‘s New: . 97What Is It: . 97What I Have Learned: . 987.3Determining the Factors Affecting Enzyme ActivityWhat I Know . 99What‘s In (REVIEW): . 100What‘s New: . 105What Is It: . 105What I Have Learned: . 105What I Can Do: .106Assessment: (Post-Test) . .106Key to Answers. . 110References . . 1128

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Module 1Cell: the basic unit lifeWhat This Module is AboutThis module demonstrates your understanding of the cell theory, cell structureand functions, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, cell types and modifications, cell cycleand transport mechanisms which are the major topics of cellular biology. Learnerswill be looking into the processes that are important to sustain life.This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics and immersedyou in various activities and hands-on tasks that will help you answer the questionspertaining to the cell theory, structure and functions, cell types and modifications, cellcycle and transport mechanisms.This module has seven (7) lessons: Lesson 1- Cell TheoryLesson 2- Cell Structure and FunctionsLesson 3- Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic CellsLesson 4- Cell Types and Cell ModificationsLesson 5- Cell CycleLesson 6- Transport MechanismsLesson 7- Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules-EnzymesWhat I Need to KnowAfter going through this module, you are expected to:1. Explain the postulates of the Cell Theory (STEM BIO11/12-Ia-c-1).2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles(STEM BIO11/12-Ia-c-2).3. Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishingfeatures (STEM BIO11/12-Ia-c-3).4. Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the functions ofeach (STEM BIO11/12-Ia-c-4).5. Describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specializedfunctions (STEM BIO11/12-Ia-c-5).6. Characterize the phases(STEM BIO11/12-Id-f-6).ofthe cellcycleandtheircontrolpoints7. Describe the structural components of the cell membrane (STEM BIO11/12-Ig-h11)8. Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function(STEM BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)10

9. Explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion osmosis, facilitated transport,active transport) (STEM BIO11/12-Ig-h-13).10. Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis (STEM BIO11/12-Ig-h-14)11. Describe the components of an enzyme (STEM BIO11/12-Ii-j-17)12. Explain oxidation/reduction reactions (STEM BIO11/12-Ii-j-18)13. Determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate affect enzymeactivity (STEM BIO11/12-Ii-j-19)How to Learn from this Module11

To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following: Take your time reading the lessons carefully. Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently. Answer all the given tests and exercises.Icons of this ModuleWhat I Need toKnowThis part contains learning objectives thatare set for you to learn as you go along themodule.What I knowThis is an assessment as to your level ofknowledge to the subject matter at hand,meant specifically to gauge prior relatedknowledgeThis part connects previous lesson with thatof the current one.What‘s InWhat‘s NewAn introduction of the new lesson throughvarious activities, before it will be presentedto youWhat is ItThese are discussions of the activities as away to deepen your discovery and understanding of the concept.What‘s MoreThese are follow-up activities that are intended for you to practice further in order tomaster the competencies.What I HaveLearnedActivities designed to process what youhave learned from the lessonWhat I can doThese are tasks that are designed to showcase your skills and knowledge gained, andapplied into real-life concerns and situations.IIWhat I Know12

MULTIPLE CHOICE:Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.1. Which level of organization is the basic unit of life?A. CellB. TissueC. OrganD. System2. Which of the following is NOT a postulate of a unified cell theory?A. All living things are composed of cellsB. Cells are the basic unit of lifeC. All cells undergo complete developmentD. All new cells arise from existing cells3. Who coined the term cell for the box like structure he observed when viewing corktissue?A. Matthias SchleidenB. Theodor SchwannC. Rudolf VirchowD. Robert Hooke4. In many cells, the structure that controls the cell activities is the .A. Cell MembraneB. OrganelleC. NucleolusD. Nucleus5. Which part of the cell serves as venue for cellular respiration and is known as thepowerhouse of the cell?A. NucleolusB. ChromosomeC. MitochondrionD. Nucleus6. Which type of tissue would be found in the epidermis and form the lining of internalorgans such as the intestines?A. Nervous tissueB. Muscular tissueC. Connective tissueD. Epithelial tissue7. The process by which the nucleus divides to produce two new nuclei that results in twodaughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parental cell from whichthey came.A. MeiosisB. InterphaseC. MitosisD. Cytokinesis8. A type of passive transport which relies on carrier proteins in order for the substancesto move down their concentration gradient.A. Active transportB. Facilitated diffusionC. OsmosisD. Sodium-potassium pump9. Which of the following is an example of passive transport which occurs when particlesmove from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?A. PhagocytosisB. Pinocytosis13

C. DiffusionD. Osmosis10. This process utilizes additional metabolic energy against the concentration gradient tomove molecules across the membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region ofhigher concentration.A. Active TransportB. Passive TransportC. OsmosisD. Exocytosis14

Lesson1The Cell TheoryWhat I Need to KnowCells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body iscomposed of trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrientsfrom food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions.Cells also contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies ofthemselves.Cells have many parts, each with a different function. Some of theseparts, called organelles, are specialized structures that perform certain tasks withinthe cell.In this lesson, you are to explain the postulates of the cell theory. Thethree postulates of the cell theory offer the basis on how an organism is consideredas a living thing.Plant cellAnimal cell15

What’s NewGuess What?Direction: Complete the three basic components of the cell theory by arranging thesewords in proper order. All your answers must be written on a separate sheet ofpaper.1. LIVING OF CELLS OR ONE ALL MORE THINGSCOMPOSED ARE2. IS UNIT THE BASIC CELL LIFE OF THE3. FROM ARISE CELLS PRE-EXISTING CELLS ALL16

What Is ItPrior to the invention of the very first microscope, everything that could notbe seen by the naked eye was unexplainable. In 1665, English physicist RobertHooke used of the first light microscopes to look at thin slices of plant tissues. One ofthese, a slice of cork, especially caught his eye. Under the microscope, cork seemedto be made of thousands of tiny chambers. Hooke called this chambers ―cells‖because they reminded him of a monastery‘s tiny rooms, which were also known ascells. Until 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek published his observations on tiny livingorganisms which he named animalcules. It was believed that Leeuwenhoek was thefirst to observe under his microscope the structure of a red blood cell of differentanimals as well as a sperm cell.One of the leading botanists in his time, Robert Brown in 1831 was able tocompare diverse kinds of plant specimens under the microscope. He markedlyindicated that there is a common thing about them-they are all composed of cells,and inside the cell is a dark dense spot which he termed as the nucleus. A few yearslater, German botanist Matthias Schleiden (1838) concluded that all plant parts aremade of cells. Theodor Schwann (1839), also a botanist and a close friend ofSchleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells, too. In 1858, RudolfVirchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells.Figure 1.1. Structure of cork using a microscope as seen by Robert Hooke (1665)17

The discoveries made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann,Virchow, and others led to the formulation of the cell theory. The cell theorydescribes the properties of all cells. This theory can be summed up into three basiccomponents: (1) all living things are composed of one or more cells; (2) the cell is thebasic unit of life; and (3) all cells arise from pre-existing cells.Now, that you have an understanding of the history of the cell theory, answerthe activity that follows.What’s MoreA. The Discovery of CellMatthias SchleidenAnton van LeeuwenhoekRobert HookeRudolf VirchowTheodor SchwannDirection. Research on the ―Cell Theory‖ which tells about the discovery of cell.Take note of the scientists and their respective works. Choose from the box whichscientist gave the following statements.1. All cells come from pre-existing cells (1858).2. All animals are made up of cells (1839).3. All plants are made up of cells (1838).4. Tiny living organisms are observed (1676).5. Thousands of tiny empty chambers in cork are called cells (1665).18

What’s NewReflection: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.1. What is the cell theory and what does it state?2. What do we call the basic generalizations that are accepted by modern scienceabout cell?3. Among the scientists, who advanced the cell theory with his conclusion that cellscould only come from other cells?4. What discovery is Van Leeuwenhoek noted for?5. What caused scientists to discover the existence of cells?What I Have LearnedDirection: The figure below indicates events that lead up to the cell theory. Completethe table by filling in the blank spaces.DateScientistDiscovery1665a.Observed the remains ofdead plant cellsb.Anton van Leeuwenhoekc.1838Matthias Schleidend.e.f.Stated that all animals aremade of cells1858g.h.19

What I Can DoPerformance Task:Research on the theory of spontaneous generation or theory of abiogenesis byStanley Miller and Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur‘s experiment. Compare the twotheories on the origin of life.Enrichment Activity:Watch a video through YouTube link below entitled “Theories on the Origin of Life”,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 2QLW7I XBqohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v NNijmxsKGbc20

Lesson2Cell Structure and FunctionsWhat’s InIn lesson 1, you have learned about the cell theory and the discoveries madeby scientists.In this next topic, you will learn on the cell structure and functions that carryout basic life processes.What I Need to KnowAll living organisms are made up of one or many cells. The cells are thebuilding block of life just as atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. Eachcell contains materials that carry out basic life processes. Cell structures can only beobserved under high magnification electron microscope and are separated internallyinto numerous membranous compartments called organelles (little organs). Theseorganelles perform a variety of functions like production of proteins, storage ofimportant materials, harvesting energy, repairing cell parts, digestion of substances,and maintaining the shape and structure of the cell.In this lesson, you will describe the structure and function of major subcellularorganelles.21

What’s NewDirection: Write all the descriptions of cell organelles which are shown through theillustration.1.Control center, stores DNA2.Center of the nucleus, produces ribosomes3.Controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water,oxygen and wastes into and out of the cell.4.Provides structure to cell; gel-like fluid in whichorganelles are found5.―Powerhouse of the cell‖, releases energy fromfood6.Small structures for protein synthesis22

7.Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids8.Modifies, sorts, tags, packages andDistributes lipids and proteins9.Garbage disposal, digestion of macromolecules; recycling or worn outorganelles10.Storage and transport; digestive functionin plant cells.11.Site of photosynthesis, trap sunlightto make food12.Protection, structural support andmaintenance of cell shape23

What Is ItCell Structure and FunctionsCells’ StructuresFunctions1. Cell Membrane1. Separates cell from externalenvironment; controls passage oforganic molecules, ions, water, oxygenand wastes into and out of the cell2. Cytoplasm2. Provides structure to cell; site ofmany metabolic reactions; medium inwhich organelles are found3. Nucleolus3. Location of DNA4. Nucleus4. Cell organelle that houses DNA anddirects synthesis of ribosomes andproteins5. Ribosomes5. Protein synthesis6. Mitochondria6. ATP production or cellular respiration7. Peroxisomes7. Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acidsand amino acids and detoxifies poisons8. Vesicles and Vacuoles8. Storage and transport; digestivefunction in plant cells9. Centrosome9. Unspecified role in cell division inanimal cells; organizing center ofmicrotubules in animal cells10. Lysosomes10. Digestion of macromolecules;recycling or worn out organelles11. Cell wall11. Protection, structural support andmaintenance of cell shape12. Chloroplast12. Photosynthesis13. Endoplasmic reticulum13. Modifies proteins and synthesizeslipids14. Golgi apparatus14. Modifies, sorts, tags, packages anddistributes lipids and proteins15. Cytoskeleton15. Maintains cell‘s shape, secureorganelles on specific positions, allowscytoplasm and vesicles to move withinthe cell, and enables unicellularorganisms to move independently16. Flagella16. Cellular locomotion17. Cilia17. Cellular locomotion, movement ofparticles along extracellular surface ofplasma membrane, and filtration24

What’s MoreDirection: Below are drawing of plant and animal cells. Label the parts of the cell.Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper according to letters and numbers.PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLWhat I Have Learned25

Direction: Using a Venn Diagram or Tabular form show the difference between aplant cell and animal cell.FeaturesCell ShapeCell WallCell ic ReticulumRibosomesMitichondriaPlant CellRectangular (fixed shape)Present and is formed ofcellulosePresent and is covered bythe cell wallPresentA large central vacuoletaking up 90% of the cellvolumePresentPresent and make theirown foodPresentPresentPresentAnimal CellRound (irregular shape)AbsentPresentPresentOne or more t I Can DoDirection: Construct a 3D model of a plant/animal cell using indigenous or recyclablematerials and label the parts.26

Lesson3Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic CellsWhat’s InIn lesson 2, you have learned about the cell structure and function of majorand subcellular organelles.In this next topic, you will learn on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells accordingto their distinguishing features.What I Need to KnowProkaryotes vs EukaryotesMost living things you know such as animals and plants are multicellularorganisms. Some living things are made up of only single cell. Single-celled orunicellular organisms include the bacteria, some protists, and some fungi. Eventhough composed of single cells, these organisms carry out all the functionsnecessary for life. In different organisms, cells also vary in sizes, shapes, parts, andfunctions. But they all have one thing in common: they make up all living things andthey are living.What’s NewProkaryoteEukaryoteDirection: In the following matrix, put a check in the box to show the organelle ispresent in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, or both, and state in once sentence whatfunction of the organelle is.27

OrganelleCell membraneProkaryoteEukaryoteFunctionCell ulum (smooth)Golgi apparatusLysosomesRibosomesEndoplasmicreticulum (rough)VacuoleWhat Is ItThere are two kinds of organisms according to their cell structure, theprokaryotes and eukaryotes. The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryoticorganisms is said to be the most important distinction among the groups of livingthings. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-boundnucleus, mitochondria, and all other organelles. Its name comes from the Greekwords pro, which means ―before‖, and karyon, which means ―nut or kernel‖.Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that contain membrane-bound nucleus andother membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains thegenetic material (DNA), enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Other membrane-boundorganelles are mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplast found inphotosynthetic organisms such as algae and plants. There are also unicellulareukaryotes known as protozoa. All other eukaryotes are multicellular organisms suchas plants, animals, and fungi.28

What’s MoreFor

Jan 21, 2020 · pertaining to the cell theory, structure and functions, cell types and modifications, cell cycle and transport mechanisms. This module has seven (7) lessons: Lesson 1- Cell Theory Lesson 2- Cell Structure and Functions Lesson 3- Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Lesson 4- Cell Types and Cell

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In addition, the answer key indicates the reading comprehension or vocabulary skill tested by each question . You may find this information useful when evaluating which questions students answered incorrectly and planning for the kinds of instructional help they may need . Scoring Responses The comprehension practice activities in this book include multiple-choice items and two kinds of .