Solid State Power Substation Vision, Benefits, Challenges .
Solid State Power Substation Vision,Benefits, Challenges, and GapsKlaehn BurkesSenior Engineer, Savannah River National LaboratoryTom KeisterPrinciple Engineer, Resilient Power Systems;June 27, 2017
Substation ClassificationsTypes ofSubstationInputOutputGenerationGeneration FacilityTransmission SystemTransmissionTransmission SystemTransmission SystemDistributionTransmission SystemDistribution SystemCustomerDistribution SystemCustomer FacilityConverterInverter Based Renewableand tionalityConnecting large generation to the transmissionsystemInterconnect different transmission and subtransmission voltage systemsLocated near the end-user changes voltage levelfrom transmission to distributionNon-utility owned connection to distribution orsub-transmission systemsUsed to integrate renewable generation andimprove efficiency of deliveryGenerationSubstationTransmission TransmissionSubstationConverterSubstation2
Substation ClassificationsGeneration SubstationTransmission SubstationDistributionSubstation3
Substation on4
Existing Electrical Network AginginfrastructureWehavethe need– replacement and upgrades Concern of interruption ofandthetechnologyandpower due to economic andknow-howto buildahealth dependencyon electricpowerefficient, flexible,more NewresilientEnergy challengesandelectricalgrid.
Evolution of Substations
A wide variety of different features supported by a specificcomponent that collectively form a system TransformersBus infrastructureCircuit breakersFusesDisconnect SwitchesReclosersArrestorsReactorsGrounding schemesControl Houses Protective relaysBattery Power SuppliesCommunication NetworksMonitoring systemsVoltage regulatorFrequency regulatorsCurrent and voltage sensorsFiltersReactive power compensation (FACTS)AC/DC and DC/AC converters (HVDC)7
The list keeps growing . Wireless Sensors and monitoringFrequency stabilizersDistance Fault detectorsFault current limitersPhasor analyzersProtective wallsMobile versions of all above including transformers
Is there opportunity?
Power Electronics
Power Electronic Milestones Modern power electronics erabegan in 1957, the firstcommercial Silicon ControlledRectifier (SCR), was introducedby General Electric Company. In the early years, DC converterssuperseded AC Not until 1980’s with theinvention of PWMmicroprocessor control – did ACconverters become much morepopular than DC.
Power Electronics development has also beencustomer application driven Product development in low, medium, and high voltages Examples– AC Drives Wide range of application specific products and ratings– High Voltage DC Systems (HVDC) Developed specifically for controlling power between large power networks Designed to be cost effective at very high power and voltage Large size with expensive complicated external systems A marvelous technology developed for a task wherein money and size werenot a high priority
In power electronics Low Voltage/High Volume Reigns ataCentersSolarTelecomWindCommercialLightingLittle focus on high volume medium and high voltage applications
Why Power Electronics Now? Semiconductors Silicon and Silicon Carbide– More efficient operation at higher power conversion frequencies– Better packages and thermal designs– Higher voltage Power Converters– Embedded controllers advancements– Power components such as capacitors, gate drivers, interface, andsensors– High power density packaging with new thermal and dielectric systems Power Conversion– Continued advancement of topologies such as modular multilevel andmatrix inverters
Unique Opportunity to Re-Imagine the UtilityWorkhorse “ the Substation”Instead of the existing “component” basedcustomized system solution Use medium and high voltagepower electronics with multipleconfigurable features
How about .Imagining a substation built with power electronics thatincludes features from existing substations plus others such as: Proactive instead of reactive control Distributed rather than centralized control AC/DC Power Router Receives poor power quality and sends good Fault tolerant Multi-purpose scalable converters
How can we make this happen?
Cost Versus Value/BenefitsThis roadmap does not hopefully rely on“perceived higher valuefrom new SSPS features”to“convince the customer”to pay more
The Roadmap seeks to reduce cost and increasevalue/benefits Both are interdependent To realize the most benefits – it requires the widest use ofSSPS To use the most SSPS – requires the lowest cost
It’s goal is to develop lower SSPS Converter cost .The higher thecost differentialbetween SSPS andexistingtechnology, thelower theacceptance ofextra value.
Reduce cost in many ways: SSPS Converter Cost– Semiconductor– Increasing efficiency– Reducing converter/system size– Same hardware for multiple applications SSPS Power Conversion and System Cost– Scalable power conversion products– Eliminate or minimize auxiliary or supporting components– Multiple flexible features to sell more products SSPS Brownfield and greenfield applications
Increase value or benefitsThe greater theextra value, thehigher theacceptable price forthe product.
Develop extra value through research and analysisas well as Beta site development to improve : Asset utilizationNetwork efficiencyNetwork resiliencyBlack-start capabilityCapacityPower qualityFlexibility
SSPS Value Propositions Total impact of SSPS on network efficiency throughbetter asset utilization (rather than just its inherentefficiency) is vital to achieve reasonable SSPS cost. Operation over a wide voltage span? Value of AC/DC choices? Fault tolerance? Improved power quality?
Ultimate SSPS VisionScalable, adaptable, flexibleAC/DC Power routers that spanall voltages
A Solid State Power Substation is defined as a substationwith strategic integration of high voltage powerelectronics for enhanced capabilities that can providesystem benefits and support evolution of the electricpower system.
Envisioned SSPS Adoption/Deployment Pathway SSPS 1.0 – “Low/Medium Voltage Local Applications” SSPS 2.0 – “Low/Medium/High Voltage Local Applications” SSPS 3.0 – “System Applications and Multiple Substations”VoltageLevelEHVSSPS 3.0HVSSPS 2.0MVSSPS onTransmission/GenerationSubstationImpact27
Solid State Power Substation 1.0SSPS 1.0 – “Low/Medium Voltage Local Applications” is a substation that can performthe following functions at voltage levels between 1kV 35kV with primary applicationsat Customer and Converter Substations:‐Provide reactive power compensation‐Provide voltage and frequency regulation‐Maintain appropriate power quality at its location‐Perform bidirectional power routing on low voltage ports‐Allow for the connection of multi-frequency systems‐Enable nanogrids of single buildingsVoltageLevelMVSSPS 1.0LVConverter/CustomerSubstationImpact28
Solid State Power Substation 1.0 Use CasesSSPS 1.0 – “Low/Medium Voltage Local Applications”Customer Substations Data Centers DC power distribution Improve power qualityIndustrial Facilities Remote oil, gas, and mining operations Improved power quality High frequency bus for manufacturing facilities Reduces converter losses for high frequency and efficiency motors High frequency welding Power flow control on low voltage ports for increased capacity, stability, and resiliency Buildings DC power distributionNanogrid for single or multiple buildings utilizing combined sources and storageConverter Substation Reducing cost for remote installation line capacity upgrades Provide better power quality management, minimize islanding concerns, and provide powerflow control with DER and BES29
Solid State Power Substation 2.0SSPS 2.0 – “Low/Medium/High Voltage Local Applications” builds on all of thecapabilities and applications of SSPS 1.0 but can also provide the following functions andfeatures at voltage levels up to 230kV, expanding applications to Distribution and SubTransmission Substations: Low voltage ride through System coordination of fault current Provides bidirectional power flow control between transmission and distribution Enables distribution feeder islanding and microgridsVoltageLevelHVSSPS sionSubstationImpact30
Solid State Power Substation 2.0 Use CasesSSPS 2.0 – “Low/Medium/High Voltage Local Applications”Distribution Substations Power Quality Allows for VAR support and frequency regulationUpgrade power line capacityAgnostic to frequency (AC or DC) Microgrids Enables integration of utility scale BES and DERImproves resiliency with distribution feeder islanding/microgridsDynamic bidirectional power flow between loads and sources Reduced substation footprintSub-Transmission Substations Power Quality and Flow Controller Mobile Substations Response to national disasters from man-made or natural soures Modular, smaller, lighter and improved black-start capabilities Deployment to critical loads31
Solid State Power Substation 3.0SSPS 3.0 – “System Applications and Multiple Substations” possesses all of thecapabilities of SSPS 2.0 but can also provide the following functions and features at anyvoltage level, enabling coordination of multiple SSPS across the entire electric powersystem and expanding applications to Transmission and Generation Substations: Distributed control of multiple SSPS systems Enhanced power routing for optimizing operational efficiency and increased resilience System decoupling for improved stability Provides black start support on a regional networkVoltageLevelEHVSSPS issionTransmission/GenerationSubstationImpact32
Solid State Power Substation 3.0 Use CasesSSPS 3.0 – “System Applications and Multiple Substations”Transmission Substations Energy Markets Enhanced control for buying and selling power in regions through distributedpower flow control Emergency and Black-start support Routing power through available transmission network to critical loads Utilizing BES and other resources on the grid and slowly connecting load assources become available Mobile substations for deploying rapidly in critical locations Asset Utilization Increasing capacity factor because of better power flow control Modularity allows for easy increase in power capacity reducing over ratingdesigns for population growth.Generation Substations Decoupling of Generator Synchronization33
Envisioned SSPS Adoption/Deployment Pathway SSPS 1.0 – “Low/Medium Voltage Local Applications” SSPS 2.0 – “Low/Medium/High Voltage Local Applications” SSPS 3.0 – “System Applications and Multiple Substations”VoltageLevelEHVSSPS 3.0HVSSPS 2.0MVSSPS onTransmission/GenerationSubstationImpact34
Technical Challenges of Implementing SSPSAttempting to increase value proposition as we decreasecost. Therefore the Critical Technology Categories forSSPS are: Semiconductor Devices and ModulesPower Electronic Converters and SystemsGrid Integration and ApplicationIndustry Standards35
Semiconductor Device and Module Challenges SSPS requires cost effective and efficient semiconductor devices and modules for highfrequency, high voltage, and high power operation attainable through:TechnologyCategoriesR&D ChallengesSemiconductorDevices andModulesNear-Term Mid-Term Long-Term(5 years) (10 years) (20 years)Lower Conduction and SwitchingLossesHigher Blocking VoltageLower Device and Module CostsModule Packaging Temperature,Architecture, layout and ComponentIntegrationGoals 20% 40% 80%1.7kV 20%3.3kV 40%10kV 80% 20% 40% 80%36
Power Converter and System Challenges Providing scalable voltage and power solutions based on standard power electronicbuilding blocks may reduce cost in many ways:Near-Term(5 years)Power ElectronicConverters and SystemsTechnologyCategoriesR&D ChallengesModular and ScalableArchitectures that areResistant to FailureFlexible System DesignIntelligent System of SSPSControllersMid-Term(10 years)Long-Term(20 years)GoalsN 1FailuresMultipleFailuresSelfHealing 35kVHotSwappable 230kVFullSubstationEHVEnhanced ThermalManagement SystemsDielectricForcedDielectricLower System Costs 120/kVA 100/kVANetworkFlowBoilingDielectric 60/kVA37
Grid Integration and Application Challenges SSPS enhanced functionalities must provide benefits that outweigh their integration costswhile maintaining or increasing grid reliability and safety through:Near-Term(5 years)Grid Integration andApplicationTechnologyCategoriesR&D ChallengesControl and Optimization AlgorithmsSystem Modeling and SimulationAnalysis to understand optimallocations to quantify benefitsTools and techniques to ensurecoordination with existing protectionschemesMid-Term(10 years)Long-Term(20 years)GoalsLow VoltagePowerRoutingSingleSubstationCustomer &ConverterMultipleSources/LoadsDistribution nsIslanding andMicrogridsDistributedPower FlowControlNetworkGeneration &TransmissionNetwork38
Industry Standard Development Challenges Standards are developed to ensure safety, compatibility, and interoperability betweendifferent technologies, and SSPS requires a fresh look at existing industry standards:Near-Term(5 years)TechnologyCategoriesR&D ChallengesIndustry StandardsInterconnectionControlsMid-Term(10 years)Long-Term(20 years)GoalsIEEE 15472003IEEE 20302011IEEE P1032IEEE 1378-1997IEEE 1676-2010IEEE C37.1IEC TR 6185090-2IEEE C37.2402014CommunicationsIEC 61850-6IEC TR 61850-90-1 & IEEE1815.1-2015Cyber & sturbancesIEEE 16862013IEEE 1402-2000IEEE 1127-2013, 979-2012, 1268-2016IEEE 15852002IEEE WGI5-Voltage Sourced Converters39
SSPS 1.0 Functions and Technology Gaps SSPS1.0Defining Functions andFeaturesProvide reactive powercompensation Provide voltage and frequencyregulation Maintain appropriate powerquality at its location Perform bidirectional powerrouting on low voltage ports Allow for multi-frequencysystems Enable nanogrids of singlebuildingsTechnology Gaps‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Converters able to directlyconnect to distribution levelvoltagesControls for secondary powerroutingModular architecturesLower system costsNanogrid controllersInterconnection standardsControl standardsCyber & Physical Securitystandards40
SSPS 2.0 Functions and Technology GapsDefining Functions andFeatures Low voltage ride throughTechnology Gaps‐ System coordination of faultcurrentSSPS2.0 Provides bidirectional powerflow control betweentransmission and distribution‐ Enables distribution feederislanding and microgrids‐‐‐Converters able to directlyconnect to transmission levelvoltagesControls for microgrid/islandingof distribution feedersControls to optimize systempower flowCommunication standardsElectrical disturbances standards41
SSPS 3.0 Functions and Technology GapsDefining Functions andFeatures Distributed control of multipleSSPS systemsSSPS3.0Technology Gaps‐ Enhanced power routing foroptimizing operational efficiency‐and increased resilience‐ System decoupling for improved ‐stability‐ Provides black start support on aregional networkConverters able to directlyconnect to extra higher voltagesystemsDistributed power flow controlPower system stability controlBlack start coordinationDistributed control operationstandards42
Ultimate SSPS VisionScalable, adaptable, costeffective, flexible AC/DC Powerrouters that span all voltages
IEEE 1547-2003 IEEE P1032 IEEE 1378-1997 Controls IEEE 2030-2011 IEEE 1676-2010 IEEE C37.1 Communications IEC 61850-6 IEC TR 61850-90-1 & IEEE 1815.1-2015 IEC TR 61850-90-2 Cyber & Physical Security IEEE 1686-2013 IEEE 1402-2000
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- NJT01113, ROC Unit Substation: This project includes construction of a replacement Substation to be built above Design Flood Elevation and integration of emergency power equipment to service the Rail Operations Center (ROC). 8. Contract/Program Location Henderson Street Substation, Bay Head Yard Substation, Depot Substation, Rail Operations .
of power flow and voltage can increase the grids reliability, resiliency, efficiency, flexibility, and security. A solid state power substation (SSPS), defined as a substation or “grid node” with the strategic integration of high-voltage power electronic converter
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