Market Prices And The Cost Of Nutritious Diets
Market prices andthe cost of nutritious diets:New price indexes to measurefood system changeWill Masters & Robel AlemuFriedman School of Nutrition and Department of Economics, Tufts Universityhttp://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters https://sites.tufts.edu/candasaAdvancing Research on Nutrition and Agriculture (ARENA)pre-conference workshop at ICAE, 28 July 2018With rapid change in food environments,is the overall cost of nutritious dietseasier to buy, or further out of reach?William A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters1
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionExisting food price indexes are weighted bymarket value and say little about nutritionWorld food commodity prices, 2015-2018For global commodity prices, the FAO Food Price Indexconsists of five commodity group price indices, weighted withaverage export shares of each of the groups for 2002‐2004.Total of 23 commodities (73 prices), in 5 groups: Cereals‐‐ wheat (11), maize (1), rice (16) Oils/Fats‐‐ soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, groundnut, cottonseed,copra, palm kernel, palm, linseed, castor (1 each) Dairy‐‐ whole milk powder, skim milk powder, cheese (2 each),cheese (1) Meat‐‐ poultry (13), beef (7), pork (6), sheep (1)Source: www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation, 21 July 2018 Sugar‐‐ sugar (1)New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionMeasuring diet cost has a long history For foods actually consumed, a very long history– Fleetwood (1707) food price index 5 ‘quarters’ of wheat, 4 ‘hogsheads’ of beer– Lowe (1823) different baskets for different socioeconomic groups– Jevons (1865), Laspeyres (1871) and many others lead to modern CPI For affordability of dietary energy, a long history and wide use– Playfair (1821) chart of wheat prices and wages from 1565 to 1821– Sukhatme (1961) and FAO’s Prevalence of Undernourishment in calories– Drewnowski (2004) measure of energy cost ( /kcal) and density (kcal/kg) For nutrient adequacy, more recent history and many specific uses– Stigler (1945) linear programming to compute least-cost diets– USDA Thrifty Food Plan for US nutrition assistance (1975, 1983, 1999, 2006)– SCUK Cost of Diet tool (2009) and FANTA et al. Optifood (2012) for aid programs For next steps, we introduce three new concepts:– A nutritionally-weight price index (using nutrient profile scores, from 1 to 100)– A cost of diet diversity index (at least one from each of at least 5 food groups)– A cost of recommended diets index (with quantities from local dietary guidelines)William A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters2
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionWe introduce four kinds of indicatorsto add up the cost of foodsin terms of their nutritional values Unit-free indexes that track change over time– Nutritious-food Price Index (NPI) Weight prices by profile scores, instead of expenditure shares as in CPI– Cost of Diet Diversity (CoDD) Uses least-cost food from the lowest-cost food groups to reach MDD-W Cost-per-day values that specify quantities needed– Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD): weights each price by quantities in the recommended diet– Cost of Nutrient Adequacy (CoNA): the least-cost combination of foods to meet nutrient requirements Applications reveal their advantages and disadvantagesfor policy analysis, program management, and researchNew price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionThe price of each fooddepends on where and when it is boughtLocal food prices in the United States, 1970-2018 (index values, 1982 100)Retail pricesFood away from home(restaurants etc.)Food at home(groceries)Processed food & feedWholesale pricesUnprocessed food and feedSource: US. Bureau of Labor Statistics, downloaded 21 July 2018.Definitions and chart data are available at http://myf.red/g/kAoDWilliam A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters3
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionSeveral types of food price data are available All countries use food prices for their CPI Many also collect food prices for an MIS Sources differ in food lists and data qualityMarket information &price monitoringGhana MoFA enumeratorcollecting food price dataAgricultural & foodActor agenciesInform farmers, traders,Purpose distributorsTraded commodities,often a few key stapleProducts foods and cash crops atwholesale marketsPhoto: Anna Herforth, 2017Individual prices may beavailable upon request;Access Private sources charge forsubscriptionsNational accounts &poverty monitoringFinancial & statisticalagenciesMeasure real income,inflation, povertyRetail products, often along list of over 50standardized items fromurban supermarketsAggregate indexes reportedannually, quarterly ormonthly; Item-level pricesare sometimes confidentialNew price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionFor nutritious diets, need diverse foods’ pricesIANDA (2015-17) helped Ghana MoFA expand price monitoring to more foodsCerealsMaizeMilletSorghumRiceWhite R&TPlantain PulsesYamPlantain CowpeaSoya beanCocoyamCassavaBambaraGariSweet potatoCassava doughDried cassavaMeat, Poultry and FishBeefPorkSalted dried fishLive chicken birdSmoked herringAnchovyFresh fishChicken meatSnailGoat meatMuttonWilliam A. Masters (Tufts TomatoGarden EggOkroOnionGingerPepperCabbageLettuceCarrotNuts and Seeds DGLVNkontommireGroundnutGroundnut (red) Jute mallowAlefu (Amaranthus)Melon SeedsFruitsMangoPineapplePalm EggSeed OilCoconut oilPalm oilGroundnut oilDairyFresh Cow Milk4
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionTo add up diverse foods, we can usenutrient profile scores (NuVal, NRF, SENS etc.)We can use nutritional value instead of expenditure weights in a CPI Standard food CPI:– fCPI ipiwi , where pi and wi are prices and weights in consumer spending weights each price by quantities actually chosen Nutritious-food PI (NPI):– NPI ipini , where ni is a nutrient score, eg NuVaL from 1 (worst) to 100 (best) weighting each expense by its nutritional value Nutrition scores aim toguide food choices We use them to measurewhether more nutritiousfoods are becomingmore or less affordableNew price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionA nutritious-food price index reflects aspecific nutrition scoring systemGhana Statistical Service CPI weights (food expenditure shares)versus NuVal scores (Nutritional Value index)CPINuValweights weightsFoodCereals and cereal productsMeat and meat productsFish and sea foodMilk, cheese and eggsFruitsVegetablesOils and fatsSugar, jam, honey, chocolate & confectioneryMineral water, soft drinks, fruit &vegetable juicesFood products n.e.c.Non-alcoholic beveragesCoffee, tea and cocoaWilliam A. Masters (Tufts 438.5514.125.5014.6432.670.860.240.452.452.502.055
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionIn Ghana, have more nutritious foodsbecome more expensive than other 11010090Food Price Indexes in Greater Accra, 2012-2017NPICPIPrices of more nutritious foodsrose less than prices of other foodsFood Price Indexes in Tamale, 2012-2017NPICPI.but in Tamale from 2012 to 2014,the opposite occurredSource: Author’s calculation, from Ghana Statistical Service file data.New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionAnother metric of diet quality is diversityWe follow the MDD-WMDD-W is defined as 5 of these 10 food groups in past 24 hrs(1) Starchy staples (Grains, white roots/tubers, plantains)(2) Pulses (beans, peas and lentils – includes soybeans)(3) Nuts and seeds (higher fat than pulses, includes groundnuts)(4) Flesh foods (meat, poultry and fish)(5) Dark green leafy vegetables(6) Other vitA-rich fruits & vegetables(7) Other vegetables; (8) Other fruits; (9) Eggs; (10) DairyWilliam A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters6
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionWe can measure the cost of reaching MDD-Wwith the least-cost food in each groupMDD-W has a direct economic interpretation Within groups, all foods are equal substitutesEach group meets different needs, and also contributes to energy balanceGroups can be ranked by cost towards total daily energy balancePeople with at least five groups are likely to reach adequacy thresholdsThe cost of reaching MDD-W can be defined as: Cost of Diet Diversity (CoDD):– CoDD Min5{min{pi1}, min{pi2}, , min{pim}} the least-cost way to include at least one food from at least 5 food groups– CoDD2 Ave{min{pi1}, min{pi2}, , min{pim}} the least-cost way to include at least one food from any 5 of the 10 food groupsNew price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionThe least-cost food in each group may varyFoods counted for the Cost of Diet Diversity (CoDD) in Ghana, 2009-14In Ghana, foods inthe five lowestcost groups are:5.Fish or banana4.Mangoes3.Groundnuts2.Soya1.Maize or cassavaSource: Masters et al., (2018), “Measuring the Affordability of Nutritious Diets in Africa: Price Indexes for Diet Diversity and the Cost of Nutrient Adequacy“. AJAE, forthcoming.William A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters7
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionEach food group may havedifferent trends and fluctuationsFoods counted for the Cost of Diet Diversity (CoDD) in Tanzania, 2011-15In Tanzania, eachfood group variesdifferently over : Masters et al., (2018), “Measuring the Affordability of Nutritious Diets in Africa: Price Indexes for Diet Diversity and the Cost of Nutrient Adequacy“. AJAE, forthcoming.New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionTo measure cost levels (e.g. /day), we canuse the Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD)The previous indexes are unit-free, to measure change over time Traditional food CPI Nutritious-food CPI (NPI) Cost of Diet Diversity (CoDD)We measure total cost by specifying quantities consumed Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD):– CoRD jpijqj , where pij min{pij} and qj requirement for j {1, , m} categories weights each price by quantities in the recommended diet, lowest-cost only– CoRD2 jpijqj , where pij median{pij} and qj requirement for j {1, , m} categories weights each price by quantities in the recommended diet, all foods equallyWilliam A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters8
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionThe Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD)reflects specific dietary guidelinesIn Africa, the only countries withdietary guidelines are Benin,Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Namibia,and South Africa ( Kenya soon)Cost per serving for lowest-costitem in each food group (Ghana, 2015)FruitsVegetablesProteinsStarchy staples0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10Cost/serving (PPP US /item)Source: Author’s calculation, from Ghana Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) file data.New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionThe Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD)depends on which foods are usedWith the median item in each food group(except dairy), total cost would be US 1.37/dayGhana price data include several high-cost vegetablesand protein foods, so those groups can be very expensiveCost per day for a recommended diet,median of all items (Ghana, 2015)FruitsVegetablesProteinsStarchy staples 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30Cost per day (2011 US in PPP terms)Source: Author’s calculation, from Ghana Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) file data.William A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters9
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionThe Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD)depends on price and quantity per dayWith the lowest-cost items in each food group(except dairy), total cost would be US 0.75/dayThe required portions from each food group costbetween 0.15 and 0.25 per dayCost per day for a recommended diet,lowest-cost items only (Ghana, 2015)FruitsVegetablesProteinsStarchy staples 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30Cost per day (2011 US in PPP terms)Source: Author’s calculation, from Ghana Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) file data.New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionThe most widely-used gold standard fordiet quality remains nutrient adequacyThe Cost of Nutrient Adequacy (CoNA) is a “least-cost diet” using foodsthat reach EARs at lowest cost:Minimize C ΣipiqiSubject to aij qi EARj , for j 1, , 17 essential nutrientsand aie qi E , for energywhere pi is price and qi is quantity of food i, and aij is its content in nutrient j,for which EARj is the Estimated Average Requirements for adult women aged19-30, not pregnant or lactating, at 55 kg with energy use (E) of 2000 kcal/dayWe focus on total cost Disaggregated by food groups, to show diet composition Disaggregated by nutrients, valued at their shadow pricesWilliam A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters10
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionIn the Ghana data, vitamin A is very expensiveUS dollars per day (at 2011 PPP prices)Cost of Nutrient Adequacy (CoNA) in Ghana, by food group2.502009201020112012201320142.001.50Vit. A‐rich fruits &veg.Other oils & fats1.00Meat, poultry & fishPulses0.50Starchy staples0.00Source: Masters et al., (2018), “Measuring the Affordability of Nutritious Diets in Africa: Price Indexes for Diet Diversity and the Cost of Nutrient Adequacy“. AJAE, forthcoming.New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionIn Ghana, limiting nutrients after vitamin A areenergy, calcium, vitamin E & vitamin B12Cost of Nutrient Adequacy (CoNA) in Ghana, by limiting nutrientUS dollars per day (at 2011 PPP prices)2.502009201020112012201320142.001.50Vitamin ACalcium1.00Vitamin EVitamin B12Energy0.500.00Source: Masters et al., (2018), “Measuring the Affordability of Nutritious Diets in Africa: Price Indexes for Diet Diversity and the Cost of Nutrient Adequacy“. AJAE, forthcoming.William A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters11
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionIn the Tanzania data, more different foodssometimes enter the least-cost dietCost of Nutrient Adequacy (CoNA) in Tanzania, by food groupSource: Masters et al., (2018), “Measuring the Affordability of Nutritious Diets in Africa: Price Indexes for Diet Diversity and the Cost of Nutrient Adequacy“. AJAE, forthcoming.New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionIn Tanzania, limiting nutrients aresame as Ghana, plus vitamin C & folateCost of Nutrient Adequacy (CoNA) in Tanzania, by limiting nutrientSource: Masters et al., (2018), “Measuring the Affordability of Nutritious Diets in Africa: Price Indexes for Diet Diversity and the Cost of Nutrient Adequacy“. AJAE, forthcoming.William A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters12
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionApplication #1: Seasonality in the cost ofnutritious diets vs. cost of daily energy2011 US dollars per dayMonthly variation in cost of nutrient adequacy vs daily energy in Tanzania, 2011-15Note: Data shown are coefficient and 95% confidence interval on calendar monthindicators, relative to May. Orange bars for cost of calorie adequacy (CoCA) notsignificantly different from zero.25Source: Bai, Naumova and Masters (2018), Seasonality in Food Prices and the Cost of a Nutritious Diet in Tanzania. Working paper, forthcoming.New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionApplication #1: Seasonality in diet costscan be summarized by a single variable2011 US cents per dayHarmonic regression results for cost of nutrient adequacy in Tanzania, 2011-1526Source: Bai, Naumova and Masters (2018), Seasonality in Food Prices and the Cost of a Nutritious Diet in Tanzania. Working paper, forthcoming.William A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters13
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionApplication #2: Ghana’s PFJ program couldhave more impact if it included F&VImpact on cost of nutrients of 10% price reductions by food group in Ghana, 2011-15Source: Sarpong, Bai, Mishili and Masters (2018), Impacts of Agricultural and Trade Policy on the Cost of Nutritious Diets in Ghana and Tanzania.Framework paper for AERC AFPON project, forthcoming.New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionApplication #2: Tanzania’s marketingpolicies could reduce disparities in cost ofnutrients by targeting pulses, nuts & seedsImpact on cost of nutrients of 50% s.d. reductions by food group in Tanzania, 2009-14Source: Sarpong, Bai, Mishili and Masters (2018), Impacts of Agricultural and Trade Policy on the Cost of Nutritious Diets in Ghana and Tanzania.Framework paper for AERC AFPON project, forthcoming.William A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters14
New price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionConclusions and next steps We provide economic price indexes corresponding tonutritionists’ definitions of a healthy diet:––––Nutrient profile scores for individual foods, modifying CPI to calculate NPIMinimum recommended diets, using dietary guidelines to calculate CoRDMinimum dietary diversity levels, using MDD-W to calculate CoDDMinimum (and max.) nutrient levels, using DRIs to calculate CoNA For research, the gold standard remains nutrient adequacy– Initial applications include: Seasonality in the added cost of nutrient adequacy over daily energy Policy-induced changes in average levels and also disparities in diet cost International differences associated with national income and urbanization For policy and programs, simpler measures are useful too– Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) and Min of Food & Ag (MoFA)officials intend to add NPI and CoRD to their monthly reportsNew price indexes to measure food system changemotivation data methods & results use cases & applications conclusionThank you!The CANDASA project is funded by UKAidand the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation(OPP1182628). It is implemented at Tuftsand IFPRI in Washington, Delhi and Addis,with academic partners in Ghana, Tanzania,and Malawi, and includes collaborations withARENA, AFPON, and the ANH Academy.Special thanks to all price enumeratorsSoftware tools will be published on theGates Open Research platform, and alsoavailable on the project website athttp://sites.tufts.edu/candasaWilliam A. Masters (Tufts Univ.)http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters15
copra, palm kernel, palm, linseed, castor (1 each) . Cereals White R&T Plantain Pulses Nuts and Seeds DGLV Seed Oil Maize Yam Plantain Cowpea Groundnut Nkontommire Coconut oil Millet Cocoyam Soya bean Groundnut . (PPP US /item) Source: Author’s calculation, from Gha
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
MARCH 1973/FIFTY CENTS o 1 u ar CC,, tonics INCLUDING Electronics World UNDERSTANDING NEW FM TUNER SPECS CRYSTALS FOR CB BUILD: 1;: .Á Low Cóst Digital Clock ','Thé Light.Probé *Stage Lighting for thé Amateur s. Po ROCK\ MUSIC AND NOISE POLLUTION HOW WE HEAR THE WAY WE DO TEST REPORTS: - Dynacó FM -51 . ti Whárfedale W60E Speaker System' .
Food outlets which focused on food quality, Service quality, environment and price factors, are thè valuable factors for food outlets to increase thè satisfaction level of customers and it will create a positive impact through word ofmouth. Keyword : Customer satisfaction, food quality, Service quality, physical environment off ood outlets .
