Facade Conditions - An Illustrated Glossary Of Visual Symptoms
FAÇADECONDITIONSAn Illustrated Glossaryof Visual SymptomsEdited by Dan Eschenasy, PEChief Structural EngineerNYC Department of BuildingsNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only1
1. Intent, Scope and PurposeThis glossary is intended to be used only as an educational tool by those interested in visual inspections of facadeconditions. The glossary does not include any guide as to the impact of the various listed conditions on the publicsafety or buildings’ structural stability. Such determination needs to be the result of the qualified inspector’sprofessional consideration based on a specific examination of the façade where all visual symptoms are assessedbased on their location, prevalence and in their relationship to the façade system. Such determination shallcomply with all New York City Construction Code requirements and prescriptions.The visual symptoms listed in the Glossary refer to types of facades common in New York City high and mid risebuildings. The glossary is by no means exhaustive, but hopefully it describes most of the typical façade problemsencountered in New York City. As this manual refers to façade conditions only, the roofing conditions are notincluded, but one should note that their impact on the proper performance of the facade can be significant.Following a visual inspection, the evaluation of a façade’s condition should take into account all of the visual distresssymptoms, together with consideration of other building components as well as with the building’s structural,thermal insulation and HVAC systems and fire protection systems.In many cases the source of a façade defect cannot be established without probing.While the glossary associates causes to symptoms, the reader needs to be aware that many other causes, or acombination thereof, can produce the types of distress presented. It remains the responsibility of the professionalperforming the inspection to provide the proper diagnosis.This glossary is the result of discussions with an ad-hoc round table of façade inspection professionals whocontributed with some of the text, pictures and reviews.Dan Eschenasy, PEChief Structural EngineerNYC Department of BuildingsNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only2
Round Table ParticipantsStanford Chan, RAGene FerraraRick Lefever, P.E.David May, RA,Stephen A. Varone, RA,Judith ZuckermanAlan EpsteinRobert Lawless, RASusanne Mackiw, RAGary P. Mancini, P.E.,Michael A. Petermann, RADan Eschenasy, PENYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only3
2. Organization of the IllustrationsNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only4
Table of Illustrations 1 Intent, Scope and Purpose2 Organization of Illustrations3 Materials3.1 Masonry– 3.1.1Brick Crazing– 3.1.2Cracks in Brick Surface– 3.1.3Staining/Soiling– 3.1.4Erosion/Pitting/Abrasion of BrickFace– 3.1.5Organic Growth– 3.1.6Efflorescence– 3.1.7Cryptoflorescence Spall– 3.1.8Brick Spalling/Delaminating– 3.1.9Brick Chipping/Spalling– 3.1.10 Peeling Of Paint or Stucco– 3.1.11 Brick Coving– 3.1.12 Wet Wall– 3.1.13 Mortar– 3.1.14 Slightly Eroded Mortar Joint– 3.1.15 Open/Eroded Mortar Joint–––––––––––3.1.16 Disintegrating Joint Mortar3.1.17 Missing Mortar From Joint3.1.18 Debonding of Masonry Units3.1.19 Mortar in Joint Reduced to Sand3.1.20 Loose/Detached Brick3.1.21 Improper Joint Repair (pointing)3.1.22 Lime Run3.1.23 Eroded/Missing Mortar in Stone Joint3.1.24 Cracks in Masonry Façades3.1.25 Size of Crack 3.1.25.a Thin (Hairline) Crack in Masonry 3.1.25.b Slight Vertical Crack in Masonry 3.1.25.c Large Crack In Masonry 3.1.25.d Crack in Masonry Unit Only3.1.26 Crack Orientation 3.1.26.a Longitudinal Crack – Joint OnlyNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only5
Table of Illustrations––––– 3.1.26.b Vertical Crack in BrickMasonry 3.1.26.c Stepped Crack inMasonry Joint3.1.27 Separation Of Brick Masonry –Outer Wythe3.1.28 Improperly Repaired Crack3.1.29 Loose Masonry3.1.30 Crack In Stucco over Masonry3.1.31 Crack and Debonding of StuccoOver Masonry 3.2Concrete– 3.2.1Cracks in Reinforced Concrete 3.2.1.a Hairline Crack 3.2.1.b Slight Crack 3.2.1.c Large Crack– 3.2.2Crack and Spall of Concretearound Steel Member– 3.2.3Delaminating of Concrete overReinforcement– 3.2.4Pattern Cracking/Crazing of Concrete– 3.2.5Honeycomb– 3.2.6Scaling of Concrete (Topping)– 3.2.7Exfoliation of Concrete– 3.2.8Spalling - Cast Stone– 3.2.9Crazed Cracking Cast Stone– 3.2.10 Peeling of Cast Stone SurfaceNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only6
Table of Illustrations 3.3Terra-cotta– 3.3.1Loss of Glaze– 3.3.2Surface Crazing - Terra-cotta– 3.3.3Directional Fine Cracking of Terracotta Surface– 3.3.4Glaze/Surface Chip Terra-cotta– 3.3.5Spalling Terra-cotta– 3.3.6Crack in Load Bearing Terracotta Unit– 3.3.7Missing Terra-cotta Unit– 3.3.8Cracked and Fragmented Terracotta Units– 3.3.9Broken Terra-cotta Unit 3.4Stone– 3.4.1Crack in Stone 3.4.1.a Crack in Various Typesof Stones 3.4.1.b Crack By Directionality– 3.4.2Crack in Corner Stone– 3.4.3Cracked and Fragmented Stone Unit– 3.4.4Displacement/Bulging ofStone Panels– 3.4.5Peeling/Delamination of Stone– 3.4.6Gypsum Crust– 3.4.7Erosion of Stone– 3.4.8Spall in Stone– 3.4.9Corrosion of Steel Anchorage/Insert– 3.4.10 Sugaring– 3.4.11 Bowing of Marble PanelsNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only7
Table of Illustrations 3.5Brownstone– 3.5.1Disaggregating Brownstone– 3.5.2Exfoliating/ DelaminatingBrownstone– 3.5.3Brownstone Scaling– 3.5.4Sagging Brownstone Lintel– 3.5.5Failure of Brownstone RepairCoating 3.6––––––Metals and Corrosion3.6.1Corroding Window Frame3.6.2Corroding Veneer Anchor3.6.3Galvanic Corrosion3.6.4Pitting/Crevice Corrosion3.6.5Loose, Flaking Paint3.6.6Corrosion Effects – “Rust Jacking” 4 Façade Elements4.1Fenestration Framing– 4.1.1Missing/Curling Sealant around Window Frame– 4.1.2Gap In Sealant (Window Frame and Masonry)– 4.1.3Missing Sealant at Sleeve– 4.1.4Dried/Cracked Caulking Around Glass– 4.1.5Open Caulk Joints– 4.1.6Hanging or Loose Gasket At Window Frame– 4.1.7Loose Trim at Window Frame– 4.1.8Loose Louver Blade– 4.1.9Deteriorated Window Frame (Wood)– 4.1.10 Wood Frame Separated fromBrick and Displaced– 4.1.11 Cracked Parging At WindowJamb– 4.1.12 Cracked/Broken GlassNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only8
Table of Illustrations 1Exfoliation of Slate Window Sills4.2.2Cracked Cast Stone Window Sills4.2.3Masonry Cracks Around Sill4.2.4Corroding Lintel In Masonry(Isolated Lintels)4.2.5Masonry Crack Due To LintelCorrosion4.2.6Bowed Steel Lintel4.2.7Crack at Underside of StoneLintel4.2.8Loose, Flaking Paint at SteelLintel/Frame4.2.9Loss of Cast Stone Unit4.2.10 Crack of Masonry Jamb at Insert 4.3Parapets/Cornices– 4.3.1Crazing Terra-cotta Camelback Coping– -4.3.2 Open Cross Joints Coping– 4.3.3Failure of Sealant – Coping StoneCross Joint– 4.3.4Deformation of Metal Coping– 4.3.5Misalignment of Coping Stone– 4.3.6Loss of Mortar at Parapet (Roof Side)– 4.3.7Diagonal Crack at Corner of Parapet– 4.3.8Crack in Corner Masonry at High Parapet– 4.3.9Leaning Parapet– 4.3.10 Stone Cornice Crack– 4.3.11 Loss of Cornice Metal Cover– 4.3.12 Corrosion of Sheet Metal Cornice– 4.3.13 Rot of Wood at Cornice– 4.3.14 Deterioration of Underside of CorniceNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only9
Table of Illustrations 4.4Balconies And Railings– 4.4.1Underside Balcony Spall/Crack– 4.4.2Loose/Defective IntermediatePanel– 4.4.3Balcony Sagging– 4.4.4Failed Guard Panel– 4.4.5Spalling Concrete at Undersideof Post– 4.4.6Concrete Spalling Around Inserts– 4.4.7Concrete Spall at Anchor Bolts– 4.4.8Delaminating of Concreteor Topping– 4.4.9Handrail Connection Failures 4.5Other– 4.5.1OTHER – Fire Escapes– 4.5.2OTHER – Chimney Leaning– 4.5.3OTHER – Slate Roof 5 Traditional Envelope Systems5.1Bearing Masonry– 5.1.1Façade Bowing Inwards(or Outwards)– 5.1.2Out of Plumb BearingMasonry Wall– 5.1.3Diagonal Cracks at Baseof Bearing Masonry Building– 5.1.4Diagonal Cracks at Spandrel– 5.1.5Intersecting Diagonal Cracks –Connecting Opening– 5.1.6Inverted V Crack at Lintels– 5.1.7Crack at Bearing Masonry Arch Crown– 5.1.8Vertical Crack in Bearing Masonry– 5.1.9Vertical Crack at Building Corner– 5.1.10 Bulging of Bearing Masonry– 5.1.11 Bulge/Displacement of BearingMasonry at Floor LevelNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only10
Table of Illustrations 5.2Transitional Masonry Facades– 5.2.1Thin (Hairline) Crack inTransitional Façade– 5.2.2Bulge at Parapet ofTransitional Façade– 5.2.3Crack at Parapet AlongSpandrel Beam– 5.2.4Crack Around Opening inTransitional Façade– 5.2.5Vertical Corner Crack inTransitional Façade– 5.2.6Multiple Vertical Cracks AlongCorner of Transitional Façade– 5.2.7Bulge and Crack at Faceof Masonry– 5.2.8Improper Repair of Corner Crack 5.3––––––––––––Brick Veneer Cavity Wall5.3.1Clogged Weephole5.3.2Rolling Block in Brick Veneer5.3.3Buckled Veneer at Improper Joint5.3.4Displacement and Crackof Veneer5.3.5Mortar Joint Crack at ShelfSupport of Brick Veneer5.3.6Incipient Brick Spall at ShelfSupport of Veneer5.3.7Undulating Brick Veneer –Horizontal Bowing5.3.8Vertical Cracks in Veneerat Corner5.3.9Bowing Brick Veneer5.3.10 Rusted Lintel/Shelf Support ofBrick Veneer5.3.11 Deterioration of Filler Material atJoint in Veneer5.3.12 Stepped Crack in Brick VeneerNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only11
Table of Illustrations �–Brick Veneer Displaced offSupporting ShelfVertical Cracks (distributed) inBrick VeneerLarge Vertical Crackin Brick VeneerImproper Repair of Veneerat CornerConcrete Facades5.4.1Delaminating of Concrete Facade5.4.2Slippage Precast Concrete Panel5.4.3Crack in Concrete Panel5.4.4Surface Spalling of PrecastConcrete Panel5.4.5Crack at Joints of Precast Panels 6 Modern Curtain Walls6.1Metal and Glass Curtain Wall– 6.1.1Broken/Cracked Glass ofCurtain Wall– 6.1.2Glass Defects– 6.1.3Snap-on Trim Back Out– 6.1.4Missing Decorative Trim ofCurtain Wall– 6.1.5Loose Snap-on Trim– 6.1.6Mullion Deformed– 6.1.7CondensationNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only12
Table of Illustrations 6.2EIFS - Exterior Insulated Finishing Systems– 6.2.1Sealant Joint Failure -EIFS– 6.2.2Mitered Outside Corners ofEPS Board -EIFS– 6.2.3Cracking at PenetrationCorners at EIFS– 6.2.4Cracking Adjacent to EIFSPenetration 6.3–––––Thin Brick Panels6.3.1Sealant Joint Failure Thin Brick Panel6.3.2Efflorescence Thin Brick Panel6.3.3De-bonding of Individual Thin Brick.6.3.4Bulging Brick Thin Brick Panel6.3.5Stained Brick within Thin PanelNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only13
3. Materials 3.1 Masonry3.1.1 Brick3.1.13 Mortar3.2 Concrete3.3 Terra-cotta3.4 Stone3.5 Brownstone3.6 Metal corrosionNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only14
3.1 MasonrySince the 1850’s, to protect against spread of fire, building regulations in New York City have required the use ofmasonry as a building separation material. As a result brick and stone have become the basic building materials usedin New York City facades. They have remained the most common materials used in facades, despite the evolution offaçade systems from bearing masonry to infill masonry and to Cavity wall as well as curtain wall systems.Masonry Units and BinderMasonry is described by type of units, coursing, and number of wythes, bonding of wythes or attachment of exteriorwythes to backup system. While the binder in joints is almost always made of mortar, units in masonry facades canbe brick, stone, terra-cotta, concrete, etc. or combinations of these. The following section illustrates variousconditions of clay brick and mortar components of masonry. For other type of façade materials see specific sections.Clay Brick UnitsBurnt clay brick as a masonry element has been used for centuries. For façade evaluation brick ischaracterized mainly by its quality and the condition of its exposed face.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only15
3.1.1 Brick CrazingWhat To Look For:Fine surface cracks without cleardirectional pattern.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Improper brick manufacture and quality.Freeze/thaw. Usually in glazed brick.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only16
3.1.2 Cracks in Brick SurfaceWhat To Look For:Cracks in brick surface that do not continuein mortar. Some spalling.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Freeze/thaw. Ice lensing. Usually in glazedbrick. Constrained ceramic expansion. Brickwith high saturation rate.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only17
3.1.3 Staining/SoilingWhat To Look For:Alteration, change in color due to deposits ofmaterials. Film, very thin layer of deposit.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Deposits not belonging to the substrate,such as rust, paints, smoke, etc. Usuallynot deleterious.Further Consideration:Staining/Soiling can describe deposits onother materials such as stone, concrete, etc.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only18
3.1.4 Erosion/Pitting/Abrasion ofBrick FaceWhat To Look For:Extremely small cavities in the surface.Miniscule disintegration.Probable Causes /Deficiencies:Poor quality of brick. Previous cleaning bysandblasting or improper cleaning.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only19
3.1.5 Organic GrowthWhat To Look For:Algae, lichens, mold, plants, vine.Probable Causes /Deficiencies:Moisture. Wet brick.Further Consideration:Organic growth can occur on many othermaterials such as stone, concrete, etc.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only20
3.1.6 EfflorescenceWhat To Look For:Formation of white substances on thesurface. It may be powdery, filamentous,crystalline.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Water flowing through masonry induces themigration of water soluble salts present inbrick, mortar, backing or soil.Efflorescence showing immediately afterend of construction (new building bloom)is rarely deleterious.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only21
3.1.7 Cryptoefflorescence SpallWhat To Look For:White substances present in thespalling brick.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Migration of water thru porous brick. Solublesalts that are deposited in the mass of thebrick. Cryptoefflorescence (subflorescence)increases volume from crystallization addingpressure on the brick internal structure oron the brick skin.See Also: 3.1.6 , 3.1.9NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only22
3.1.8 Brick Spalling/DelaminatingWhat To Look For:Outer surface of the masonry splitting apart.Uneven break of outer face. Burst. Popup.Outer face (skin) of bricks fallen or about tofall. The term delaminating is used mostlyfor splitting in thin layers parallel to thebrick surface.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:More common in glazed brick and coatedbrick where migration of water out of thebrick unit is severely blocked by lack ofpermeability of outer layer. Freeze/thaw ofentrapped water.See Also: 3.1.9NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only23
3.1.9 Brick Chipping/SpallingWhat To Look For:Outer surface of the masonry splitting apartinto small fragments. (Use spall for largerfragments). Uneven break of outer face.Burst. Popup. Outer face (skin) of bricksfallen or about to fall.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Occurs when the brick face is under unevenlocal compression. (e.g. strength of pointingmortar highly exceeds strength of brick,expansion/shortening of adjoining metal,etc.). Constrained expansion of brick.See Also: 3.1.8NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only24
3.1.10 Peeling of Paint or StuccoWhat To Look For:Peeling (shedding off ) of coating andouter layer of brick. Presence of nonbreathable coating.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Moisture accumulation due to presence ofcoating with limited vapor permeabilityleads to the separation of paint or stuccolayer. Also disintegration of brick (followingseveral freeze thaw cycles).NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only25
3.1.11 Brick CovingWhat To Look For:Cavity or hollowing of brick. Brick conditionin areas with standing water, especially inareas close to grade.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Loss of material due to presence ofstanding water.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only26
3.1.12 Wet WallWhat To Look For:Water stains on masonry walls, organicgrowth, difference in coloring.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Dampness rising from foundations.Problems with the mechanical orplumbing systems.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only27
3.1.13 MortarMortar binds the various masonry units. The essential mortar characteristic is its composition. Thiscomposition, especially the relative proportion of lime and cement, has evolved since the late 1800sto present times. The lime content of the mortar has diminished over time being replaced first bynatural cements (usually Rosedale variety) and since the early 1900s by Portland cements. Limemortars were weaker than bricks and allowed some movement without cracking (or with cracks autohealed.). Present day cement mortars have strengths similar to brick. Quality of mortar is also heavilydetermined by the conditions at the time of its placement. Visual inspections of mortar describe itsdegree of deterioration.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only28
3.1.14 Slightly Eroded Mortar JointWhat To Look For:Slight or local erosion of mortar in joint.Small erosion depth relative to exterior faceof brick. Aggregate (fine sand) exposed.Compare with original tooling of mortar.Location of eroded mortar joints. Conditionof brick surface and edges. Compare withoriginal joint tooling.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Erosion due to wind or frost cycles.Disaggregating of lime component ofthe binder.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only29
3.1.15 Open/Eroded Mortar JointWhat To Look For:Erosion of mortar in joint. Loss of outerlayers of mortar. Depth of erosion relative toexterior face of brick. Location of erodedmortar joints. Condition of brick surface andedges. Compare with original joint tooling.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Erosion due to wind or frost cycles.Disaggregating of lime component ofthe binder.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only30
3.1.16 Disintegrating Joint MortarWhat To Look For:Crumbling, deep deterioration of mortar injoints. Disintegration of binder component(usually lime) and washout of sand particles.Size of joint.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Frost cycles. Dissolving of constituents(especially lime) in water, especially in areaswhere water is trapped. Sulfate attack.Further Consideration:When mortar loses its binding functionmasonry is held in place only by gravityforces and friction. Friction is highlydependent on the level of humidity and theweight of elements above.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only31
3.1.17 Missing Mortar From JointWhat To Look For:Apparent lack of mortar in joint. Depth ofmortar erosion in joint might not be visuallyobserved at tight jointed masonry.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Disaggregation of mortar reaches deep intothe joints. Deep disaggregating is associatedwith lime mortar and extremely fine sand.(High ratio of lime vs. sand).Further Consideration:See also 3.1.16 Joint Mortar Disintegration.In some cases (extremely rare in buildingfaçade) stone might be placed dry, that is,without a mortar bed.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only32
3.1.18 Debonding of Masonry UnitsWhat To Look For:Lack of bonding/adhesion alongmultiple joints. Neat separation betweenmortar and unit. Depth of separation.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Improper initial construction (e.g. lack ofwetting the brick, lack of compatibilitybrick/mortar). Separation occurs underminimal stresses.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only33
3.1.19 Mortar in Joint Reduced to SandWhat To Look For:Only sand present in joint.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Loss of binder (lime) component.Disintegration of mortar as a result ofmultiple freeze thaw cycles.See Also: 3.1.16NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only34
3.1.20 Loose/Detached BrickWhat To Look For:Washout of mortar that leaves a brickwithout any bond to the rest of masonry.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Decomposition of lime binder in mortar overlarge periods of neglect. Cracking/debondingof mortar followed by successive cycles oficing/thawing.See Also: 3.1.16 , 3.1.17NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only35
3.1.21 Improper Joint Repair (Pointing)What To Look For:Lack of continuity of pointing mortar. Cracksseparation of repair mortarProbable Causes/Deficiencies:Lack of compatibility of existing andrepair mortar, lack of sufficient depthof repointing.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only36
3.1.22 Lime RunWhat To Look For:Crusty build-up on masonry surface (usuallywhite) originating at mortar joints. Manytimes originates at small cracks or holes inmasonry at balcony parapets, also aroundwalls retaining planters.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Soluble calcium carbonate deposits.Formation of lime run requires largequantities of water passing thru the crackor opening.See Also: 3.1.6NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only37
3.1.23 Eroded/Missing Mortar inStone JointWhat To Look For:Mortar completely missing, eroded deep inthe joint between stone panels or blocks.Surfaces with rain water buildup.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Lack of compatibility mortar/stone. Mortarpoorly adhered to stone separates and iscarried away by rain water. In somehorizontal joints the mortar might be kept inplace by weight of stone above. Differentialmovement between veneer stone panels.Weathering.Further Considerations:Acceleration of deterioration due towater ingress.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only38
3.1.24 Cracks in Masonry FaçadesCracks in masonry are described by size, location and direction as well as by number in a region. Cracksare always the result of stresses that exceed the material’s capacity to resist. They may be caused bylocal conditions or system wide conditions. They can be the result of environmental loads, design orconstruction inadequacy, or failings of the structural system. See each type of material and façadeenvelope system for specifics as cracks can denote changes in structure. Cracks may be the result ofoverstress or of changes in the local or general structure and may indicate structural problems.Separately from structural effects, their presence and size can have a significant effect on theprotective adequacy of the envelope. They must be analyzed and characterized with regard for sucheffects.The size of a crack can be evolving and may be dependent on conditions at the time of the observationas general thermal movement of a building may change the size of the opening. Depth of crack insidethe masonry is an important element in the description of the condition but cannot be determined byvisual observation only.Once a crack has started to develop, it creates an opportunity for moisture penetration and additionalincrease in size due to repeated freeze thaw cycles. Also when a crack is in vicinity of a steel element,the rate of corrosion will increase.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only39
3.1.25.a Thin (Hairline) Crack in MasonryWhat To Look For:Hairline cracks are those usually withopening less than .04” (1mm). Direction andlocation of crack can provide additionalindications. Size of crack might vary in time.Crack is present in mortar and unit.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Hairline cracks might represent an incipientcondition at the surface of the masonry orthe front end of a larger interior crack. Longhairline cracks might be the result of anobservation made at a time whentemporary movement of the façade closed alarger crack.Further Consideration:Number of thin cracks in local area.See Also: 3.1.26 for cracks in mortar jointonly.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only40
3.1.25.b Slight Vertical Crack in MasonryWhat To Look For:Cracks larger than .04” (1mm) and smallerthan 3/16” are described as slight. Size ofcrack may vary in time. Crack is present inmortar and unit.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Cracks are always the result of stresses inmasonry that exceed resistance of brick ormortar or both. See various type of wallconstruction for specifics.See Also: 3.1.26 for cracks in mortar jointonly.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only41
3.1.25.c Large Vertical Crack in MasonryWhat To Look For:Cracks larger than 3/16” are described aslarge. Size of crack may vary in time. Largecracks present only in mortar and unit.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Cracks are always the result of stresses inmasonry that exceed resistance of brick ormortar or both.Further Considerations:See various type of façade systems forspecifics.See Also: 3.1.26 for cracks in mortar jointonly.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only42
3.1.25.d Crack in Masonry Unit OnlyWhat To Look For:Crack is present in masonry unit only.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Might represent an incipient condition at thesurface of the masonry unit due tocomposition of brick. Significant differencebetween properties of brick and mortar.See Also: 3.1.2NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only43
3.1.26.a Longitudinal Crack – Joint OnlyWhat To Look For:Longitudinal crack in the mortar orseparation along interface of mortar andunit. Length of separation, condition (saggingor slippage) of structural supportingelements. Presence of bulge.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:The bond between the unit and the mortar isusually the weakest component of brickmasonry. Horizontal cracking or debondingis usually the result of failure under tensilestresses.See Also: 3.1.18NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only44
3.1.26.b Vertical Crack in Brick MasonryWhat To Look For:Crack perpendicular to coursing. Forcharacterization of crack size see 3.1.25.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Several types of high loading can producevertical cracks: out of plane pressure frominside the masonry (e.g. steel corrosion),high vertical compression load (e.g.expansion of brick blocked by concretespandrel beams) or vertical compressionassociated with horizontal loads (e.g. load ofmasonry above combined with horizontalpressure from rusting corner column).Further Consideration:Number of cracks in one area.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only45
3.1.26.c Stepped Crack in Masonry JointsWhat To Look For:Diagonal crack in the mortar joints orseparation along interface of mortar andunit. Rarely in unit. Direction of crackalternates horizontally and vertically. Lengthof separation, condition (sagging or slippage)of structural supporting elements. Photodisplays a repaired crack.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Cracks are always the result of stresses inmasonry that exceed resistance of brick ormortar or both. See various type of wallconstruction for specifics.Repaired Stepped CrackUnrepaired Stepped CrackNYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only46
3.1.27 Separation of Brick Masonry –Outer WytheWhat To Look For:Vertical crack/separation along thewythes noticeable at edge of openings.Bulging of masonry.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Insufficient or deteriorating bondingbetween wythes.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only47
3.1.28 Improperly Repaired CrackWhat To Look For:Crack opening along previouslyrepaired crack.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Improper workmanship and detailing ofrepair. Original cause of cracking was noteliminated. Proper repair usually requiresreplacement of cracked bricks.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only48
3.1.29 Loose MasonryWhat To Look For:Unattached chunks of masonry. Masonryareas separated by cracks all around.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:See appropriate Façade SystemSee Also: 3.1.16 , 3.1.20, 3.6NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only49
3.1.30 Crack in Stucco over MasonryWhat To Look For:Size and direction of crack. Thickness ofstucco layer. Presence of bulges. Conditionof back-up masonry.Probable Causes/Deficiencies:Check masonry condition/problems.Differential thermal movement and elasticityof stucco versus underlying masonry. Stuccocracks might reflect cracks in supportingmasonry.Further Consideration:Relationship to crack in base material.Without removing the stucco it is difficultto determine if it had developed only inthe rendering or it mirrors a crack in thebase masonry.NYC Buildings // Glossary Facade Conditions // For Educational Purposes Only50
3.1.31 Crack and Debonding of Stuccofrom MasonryWhat To Look For:Size and direction of cracks. Thick
Support of Veneer – 5.3.7 Undulating Brick Veneer – Horizontal Bowing – 5.3.8 Vertical Cracks in Veneer at Corner – 5.3.9 Bowing Brick Veneer – 5.3.10 Rusted Lintel/Shelf Support of Brick Veneer – 5.3.11 Deterioration of Filler Material at Joint in Veneer
The walls are just 2 layers of brick separated by a layer of grout. The existing façade design entails constructing a brick veneer wall in front of the old façade. The designed façade consists of standard 3-5/8” brick, a 2” airspace, 2” of rigid insulation, and damproofing sp
Mathematics — Glossary Page 1 – 2014–15 NYSAA Frameworks Glossary – Mathematics Mathematics Glossary A Mathematics Toolkit, i
ITIL Glossary of Terms, Definitions and Acronyms in Hungarian, V3.1.24.h2.5, 24 February 2008, prepared by itSMF Hungary 1 ITIL V3 Hungarian Glossary Notes: 1. This ITIL V3 Hungarian Glossary (internal version: 2.5) is the itSMF Hungary's official translation of ITIL V3 Glossary of Terms, Definitions and Acronyms (version 3.1.24). 2. The Hungarian ITIL Terms have a relatively long .
6.3 Global Survey of High Rise Fire Safety Provisions 16 6.4 Summary of Literature Review 16 7 Variables Associated with Combustible Façade Systems and High Rise Building Fire Safety 17 7.1 Façade System 17 7.2 Facade Ignition Sources 18 7.3 Other Variables 18 8 AHP 20 8.1 Weighting of Categories 20 9 Methodology 22 9.1 General 22
[1] Analysis and Design of Curtain Wall Systems for High Rise Buildings A dissertation submitted by Wong Wan Sie, Winxie In fulfilment. [2] Façade Engineering Filtering the external environment. [3] Lighter, more elegant, more resistant and more cost-effective – façade engineering profits from the use of laminated safety glass made with
INPS GREEN FACADE A PILOT PROJECT FOR THE MONITORING OF THE PERFORMANCES OF VERTICAL GREENING IN DENSE URBAN AREA Katia PERINI, Adriano MAGLIOCCO Department of Sciences for Architecture, University of Genoa (Italy) INPS green facade – Kperini@arch.unige.it - www.ecosystemics.eu 2 Bolzano
Dunkin' Donuts &Baskin Robbins Facade SP 11-40A cityofnovi.org Dunkin' Donuts &Baskin Robbins Facade SPll-40A Consideration of the request of Dunkin' Donuts and Falguni Raval for Preliminary Site Plan approval and a Section 9 Fa ;ade Waiver. The subject property is located at 39415 W
FAÇADE Dryvit’s Outsulation Plus MD System was installed directly over the existing slate façade, eliminating the time and expense of removing the slate and disposing of it in a landfill. (Slate from the mechanical room’s façade, however, was
