OKLAHOMA SOIL FERTILITY HANDBOOK

2y ago
31 Views
6 Downloads
1.11 MB
160 Pages
Last View : 8d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Cade Thielen
Transcription

OKLAHOMASOIL FERTILITYHANDBOOKSixth Edition2006PublishedbyDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma Agricultural Experiment StationOklahoma Cooperative Extension ServiceDivision of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesOklahoma State UniversityAuthorsHailin ZhangDirector, Soil, Water and Forage Analytical LaboratoryBill RaunNutrient Management ResearchDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK 74078i

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS1 Soil and Soil Productivity1What is Soil . 1How Soils Are Formed . 1Soil Profile . 2Soil Texture . 4Soil Structure . 5Soil Depth . 5Soil Slope . 7Erosion . 7Soil and Available Water . 7Soil Fertility . 8Soil Management . 9Summary . 102 Essential Plant Nutrients – Functions,Soil Reactions, and Availability11Primary Non-Mineral Nutrients . 12Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. 12Primary Mineral Nutrients . 12Nitrogen . 12Soil Nitrogen Reactions and Availability . 12Nitrogen mineralization and immobilization . 12Nitrification . 14Nitrogen fixation . 18Nitrogen losses . 19Phosphorus . 21Soil Phosphorus Reactions and Availability . 21Potassium . 24Soil Potassium Reactions and Availability . 24Secondary Mineral Nutrients . 25Calcium . 25Magnesium . 25Sulfur . 26Micronutrients . 26Manganese, Chlorine, Copper, and Molybdenum . 27Boron . 27Iron and Zinc . 28The Mobility Concept . 29Mobile Nutrients . 29Immobile Nutrients . 31Advanced Considerations . 333 Problem Soils35iii

Acid Soils . 35Why Soils are Acid . 36Rainfall and Leaching . 36Parent Material . 36Organic Matter Decay . 36Crop Production . 36What Happens in Acid Soils . 37Element Toxicities . 37Desirable pH . 38Soil Buffer Capacity and Buffer Index . 38The Soil Test . 40How to Interpret pH and Buffer Index . 40Correcting Soil Acidity. 41Lime Reactions . 41Lime Research . 43Lime Rates . 44Minimum Amounts . 44Calculating Rates . 44Lime Applications . 45Liming Materials . 46Reducing Metal Toxicity. 47Fertilizer Reactions . 47Phosphate Materials and Rates . 47When to Use Phosphate . 48Saline and Alkali Soil . 48Characteristics of Saline Soils . 49Small, Growing Areas Affected . 49Poor Yield . 49White Surface Crust . 49Good Soil Tilth . 50High Soil Fertility. 50Characteristics of Alkali Soils . 50Poor Soil Tilth . 50Dark or Light Colored Surface . 50Droughty But Pond Water . 50Reclamation . 51Verify Problem . 51Identify Cause. 51Improve Internal Soil Drainage . 52Add Organic Matter . 52Add Gypsum to Slick Spots . 52Leach Soil . 54Avoid Deep Tillage and Establish Cover . 54Wait . 54Alternative to Drainage – Reclamation . 54Learn to Live With It. 544 Determining Fertilizer Needsiv57

Use of Soil Testing . 57Value of Soil Testing . 59Soil Sampling . 60Laboratory Soil Tests . 60pH . 60Buffer Index . 60Nitrate . 61Phosphorus . 61Potassium . 61Calcium and Magnesium . 61Sulfur . 61Zinc, Iron, and Boron. 61Soil Test Interpretations . 62Primary Nutrient Interpretations . 62Secondary and Micro-Nutrient Interpretations . 68Calcium . 68Magnesium . 68Sulfur . 68Zinc . 69Iron . 70Boron . 70Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms. 70Nitrogen . 71Phosphorus . 71Potassium . 72Sulfur . 72Magnesium . 73Zinc . 73Iron . 73Boron . 73Other Deficiency Symptoms . 74Plant Analysis . 755 Fertilizer Use in Oklahoma77Historical Background and Developing Trends . 77Fertilizer Use . 77Native Fertility . 79Importance of Fertilizer Use. 81Conventional Materials and Sources . 82Nitrogen Fertilizers . 82Anhydrous Ammonia . 82Urea-ammonium-nitrate . 82Ammonium Nitrate . 84Urea . 84Ammonium Sulfate . 84Phosphorus Fertilizers . 84Diammonium Phosphate . 84v

Monoammonium Phosphate . 84Phosphoric Acid and Superphosphoric Acid . 84Ammonium Polyphosphate Solutions . 85Ordinary Superphosphate . 85Concentrated Superphosphate . 85Potassium Fertilizers . 85Potassium Chloride . 85Potassium Sulfate. 86Secondary elements . 86Calcium . 86Magnesium . 86Sulfur . 86Boron . 87Zinc, Iron, Copper, and Manganese . 87Zinc . 87Iron . 87Copper . 87Manganese . 87Molybdenum . 87Chlorine . 87Mixed Fertilizers . 88Methods of Application . 88Banding . 88Broadcast . 89Volatilization Losses from Surface Applied Ureaand UAN Solutions . 90Management Strategies to Increase N Use Efficiency . 91Sidedress or Split Applications . 91Knife Injection of Anhydrous Ammonia . 926 Nutrient Management and Fertilizer Use Economics 95Soil Testing . 95Economics . 97Phosphorus Build Up . 98Environmental Risk . 99Advanced Considerations . 101Nitrogen Fertilizer Response . 101Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Response . 102vi

7 Utilization of Animal Manure as Fertilizer103Introduction . 103Manure Management Functions . 103Production. 103Collection . 104Storage . 104Treatment . 105Transfer . 105Utilization . 105Value of Animal Manure . 105Methods of Land Application . 105Procedures for Sampling and Analyzing Manure . 107What Does Each Analysis Mean? . 107How to Collect a Representative Sample . 108Nutrient Availability of Manure to Crops . 108Developing a Fertilizer/Manure Application Plan . 109Suggestions for Proper Land Applications . 110Determining How Much Manure Can Be Applied . 111Manure Application Rate Calculation Worksheet . 112Advanced Considerations . 113Phosphorus Management for Land Applicationof Organic Amendments . 1138 Environmental Concerns Associated withFertilizer Use119Nitrogen . 119Phosphorus . 121Other Contaminants . 1229 Laws and Acts Governing the Marketing of Fertilizer,Lime, and Soil Amendments in Oklahoma123The Oklahoma Fertilizer Act . 123Section 8-77.3 the first section, lists terms and theirdefinitions, when used in the Act . 123Section 8-77.5 registrations . 124Section 8-77.6 labels. 125Section 8-77.7 inspection fee and tonnage report . 125Section 8-77.9 sampling and analysis . 126Section 8-77.10 plant food deficiency . 126Section 8-77.11 commercial value . 126Section 8-77.12 misbranding . 126Section 8-77.13 adulteration . 126Section 8-77.14 publications . 127Section 8-77.15 storage, use, and application . 127Section 8-77.16 seizure and condemnation . 127vii

Section 8-77.17 violations . 127Section 8-77.18 exchanges between manufacturers . 127Section 2. new law . 127Oklahoma Soil Amendment Act of 1975 . 128Oklahoma Agricultural Liming Materials Act . 12910 Soil Fertility Research 2000131Historical . 131Magruder Plots, 1892-present . 131Nitrate-Nitrogen Contamination . 133Highlights from Current Soil Fertility Research. 134Research in Progress . 136Precision Agriculture . 13711 History and Promise of Precision Agriculture139Introduction . 139Radiant Energy . 139History of Using Spectral Data. 141Sensor Based or Map Based Technology? . 142Topdress Fertilizer Response . 142Impact . 142The Future: Predicting Your Potential Wheat GrainYield in January and Adjusting Accordingly forAdded Fertilizer .

The first edition of the Oklahoma Soil Fertility Handbook was published in 1977. Many of the basic concepts and information regarding general soil fertility remain unchanged, or only slightly changed over time. The second edition was published in 1993, the fourth edition in 1997, and the fifth edition in 2000. We are

Related Documents:

Oklahoma Tax Commission, Motor Vehicle Division, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Oklahoma Department of Public Safety. 8 Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Planning Division, Current Planning Branch, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 9 U.S. Census Bureau 20 Population Estimates by Place. CRASH SUMMARY 6 2019 2020 % Change Crashes per

The Oklahoma Bar Journal (ISSN 0030-1655) is published monthly, except June and July, by the Oklahoma Bar Association, 1901 N. Lincoln Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105. Periodicals postage paid at Oklahoma City, Okla. and at additional mailing offices. Subscriptions 60 per year that includes the Oklahoma Bar Journal

Horticulture Collaborative Research Support Program Page 24 ATTACHMENT 4: PROCEDURE FOR SOIL FERTILITY EXPERIMENT ON MICRO-DOSING DETERMINING OPTIMAL MIXTURE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS FOR SOIL FERTILITY AND PLANT RESPONSE BACKGROUND Context: In south-central Uganda, as in much of the developing world, smallholder farmers are facing

Soil organic matter content is key for a healthy and high-quality soil. This brochure highlights methods to improve soil organic matter content which can help ensure adequate soil functionality and soil fertility. It also offers a number of solutions for common soil challenges, which are especially critical in Mediterranean regions.

3 Objectives of Soil Mechanics To perform the Engineering soil surveys. To develop rational soil sampling devices and soil sampling methods. To develop suitable soil testing devices and soil testing methods. To collect and classify soils and their physical properties on the basis of fundamental knowledge of soil mechanics. To investigate the physical properties of soil and

high fertility rates (like Nigeria at 5.2 or Pakistan at 5.3); Italy and Germany have fertility rates of 1.2 and 1.3 respectively. Table 1. FERTILITY RATE ON SELECTED COUNTRIES, 1990-1995 AND 1995-2000 Country 1990-1995 1995-2000 Country 1990-1995 1995-2000 Argentina 2.8 2.6 Japan 1.5 1.4 Australia 1.9 1.8 Mexico 3.1 2.8

Contents Contributors viii Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv SECTION ONE Perspectives 01 The Effects of Cancer and its Treatment on Female Fertility, Richard A. Anderson 1 02 Fertility Preservation in Women, Julia Kopeika 7 03 Fertility Preservation in Men, Maj Shabbir 12 04 Management of Cancer in Pregnancy, Kate Harding 19 05 Drug

The Alex Rider series is a fast-paced and action-packed set of books, ideal for lovers of spies and action. Teen readers will adore this unforgettable and enthralling series. Tomasz Hawryszczuk, age 9 This series of books is a must read for anyone over the age of 9 who likes spy stories, gadgets and danger. Best books ever! The Alex Rider series is an amazing set of books based on a 14 year .