Module 1: Introduction To Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Operator Certification TrainingModule 1:Introduction to Wastewater TreatmentRevised 2016This course includes content developed by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection(Pa. DEP) in cooperation with the following contractors, subcontractors, or grantees:The Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors (PSATS)Gannett Fleming, Inc.Dering Consulting GroupPenn State Harrisburg Environmental Training Center
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER TREATMENTTopical OutlineUnit 1 – Roles of the Treatment Plant OperatorI.Duties and Responsibilities of the Treatment Plant OperatorA.Planning, Design, and Construction of New FacilitiesB.AdministrationC.Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations and MaintenanceD.Public RelationsE.SafetyF.Continuing EducationUnit 2 – Characteristics of WastewaterI.II.Wastewater CharacteristicsA.Pure WaterB.Contaminants Typically Found in Untreated WastewaterSolids in WaterA.III.IV.Types of SolidsEffects of Wastewater DischargesA.Oxygen Depletion and Odor ProductionB.Human HealthC.Sludge and Scum AccumulationD.Other EffectsNatural Cycles in the Receiving WatersA.Impact of Discharge on Natural CyclesB.Nutrient CyclesBureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Trainingi
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER TREATMENTUnit 3 – Basic Wastewater Treatment ProcessesI.II.III.Collection and Conveyance of WastewaterA.General InformationB.Types of Collection SystemsC.Wastewater Conveyance SystemsWastewater Treatment Processes and their FunctionsA.Preliminary TreatmentB.Primary Treatment (Sedimentation)C.Secondary Treatment (Biological)D.Waste Treatment PondsE.Advanced Treatment ProcessesF.DisinfectionG.Solids Handling and DisposalEffluent DisposalA.Stream DischargeB.Land DisposalUnit 4 – State and Federal RegulationsI.II.III.Pennsylvania Operator CertificationA.Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems Operators’ Certification ProgramB.Training and Continuing EducationC.Certified Operator’s Duties and Responsibilities Under the RegulationsNPDES RegulationsA.EPA RegulationsB.Pennsylvania State RegulationsIndustrial Pretreatment RegulationsA.EPA RegulationsBureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Trainingii
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER TREATMENTIV.V.VI.Biosolids and Residuals Management RegulationsA.EPA RegulationsB.Pennsylvania State RegulationsWastewater Planning and ManagementA.Overview of Act 537B.25 PA Code Chapter 94Water Quality RegulationsA.25 PA Code Chapter 93 – Pennsylvania Water Quality StandardsB.25 PA Code Chapter 16 – Water Quality Toxics Management StrategyBureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Trainingiii
Unit 1 – Role of the Treatment Plant OperatorLearning Objectives List the roles of the Treatment Plant Operator and describe the responsibilities of each.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training1- 1
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORPlanning, Design, and Construction of New FacilitiesThe Treatment Plant Operator can be an important member of the design team for the construction of newfacilities. Planning and Design Phase Offer input about the design and how the plant should be operated efficiently. In a plant expansion project, offer important information regarding the limitations of thecurrent facility. Offer input on issues such as maintainability, security, operability, and safety. Construction Phase During construction, the Treatment Plant Operator should become familiar with the plant,including equipment and machinery and their operation.Administration Supervision Even small facilities must have a chief operator responsible for overall operation of a plant. Treatment Plant Operator will be responsible for scheduling and supervision activities ofother operators, mechanics, and laborers. Record Keeping Treatment Plant Operator is ultimately responsible for maintaining accurate records. Accurate records establish history of compliance with NPDES discharge permit and verifyplant performance. Financial Administration Treatment Plant Operator must identify and manage plant needs, including equipment andpersonnel. Treatment Plant Operator must be able to create and manage an operating budget.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training1- 2
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORWastewater Treatment Plant Operations and Maintenance Process Controlo A certified operator must make all the process control decisions for the system. Available: Must be on-site or be available to be contacted if there is a need to make aprocess control decision. An available operator must hold the correct certification class and subclass to operatetheir system (see Unit 4). “Process control” decisions: A process control decision is any action to maintain orchange the quality or quantity of water being treated. Laboratory Procedures Sample collection Data obtained from sample analysis establishes proof of treatment process performance. Process control depends on reliable laboratory data. Mechanical Principles Treatment Plant Operator should have a general knowledge of pumps, hydraulics, electricmotors, and circuitry.Public RelationsRole is to explain the plant purpose and provide operational information to various groups. Plant Tours Appearance is important. A clean, well-maintained plant adds credibility to your operation. Annual “open house” provides opportunity for public to learn about the plant and how itoperates. Coordinate any plant visits or tours with your security personnel. Downstream User Interests Treatment plants protect water for downstream users, so establish role as protector, notpolluter.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training1- 3
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORSafety Safety Program Planning Treatment plants should be a safe place to work and visit. Ensure safety by planning programs and training the operators.What are some typical safety issues in a plant?Continuing EducationTreatment Plant Operators are required to complete continuing education.Training Courses and SeminarsCourses and conferences are available through: Pa.DEP Private Training ProvidersComplete catalog is available here: www.earthwise.dep.state.pa.us/eduReference Materials Pa. DEP Reference Website: www.depweb.state.pa.us/operatorcenter Contains on-line guidance documents that can be downloaded, and other operational aidsthat the Treatment Plant Operator will find useful.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training1- 4
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATOR EPA Reference Website: og.cfm At the preceding website, guidance documents on a variety of subjects related to theoperation of wastewater treatment plants and collection systems can be found. Some of theguidance must be ordered and some are available on-line. Water Environment Federation MOP-11, Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants Other References California State University, Sacramento, and EPA, Operation of Wastewater TreatmentPlants, Volumes I and II California State University, Sacramento, and EPA, Advanced Wastewater TreatmentKey PointsTreatment plant operators have many responsibilities ranging from: Administration Planning and Design Operations and Maintenance Public relations Supervision Laboratory procedures Continuing EducationBureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training1- 5
UNIT 1 EXERCISEUnit 1 Exercise1.True or False: Treatment plant operators are required to complete continuing education.2.A process control decision is any action to maintain or change the orof water being treated.3.Which one of the following is a treatment plant operator NOT responsible for:a.b.c.d.Plant toursProcess control decisionsUpgrading the electrical service panelCollecting samplesBureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training1- 6
Unit 2 – Characteristics of WastewaterLearning Objectives Describe the typical composition of raw wastewater. Explain the effects of wastewater discharges on the receiving stream. Identify how treatment plant discharge impacts natural cycles.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 1
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICSWastewater contains many substances that are considered impurities. Impurities are any substances thatare not found in “pure” water.Pure WaterPure water is 2 parts hydrogen, 1 part oxygen. In nature, water contains many dissolvedimpurities. In fact, water is referred to as “the universal solvent” due to its ability to dissolve manysubstances. Even distilled water and rainfall are not “completely” pure because they usually contain very low levelsof dissolved substances such as ammonia, which are considered impurities. There are dissolved substances found in surface and ground water. As rain falls, nitrogen and other gasses are absorbed. Water, as it travels through the ground, can dissolve substances from the earth such assodium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfate.Contaminants Typically Found in Untreated WastewaterFresh domestic untreated or raw wastewater has a musty odor, a pH range of 6.5 to 8.0 and is grayishbrown in color.A summary of the types of contaminants typically found in untreated wastewater and the importance ofeach is presented in Table 2.1. These contaminants can be broadly lumped into four basic classes: Organic contaminants; Inorganic contaminants; Pathogens; and Other contaminants.Typical concentrations of many of these contaminants are listed in Table 2.2.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 2
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICSTable 2.1 Typical contaminants found in untreated wastewater.1ContaminantsReason for importanceSuspended solidsSuspended solids can lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobicconditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the aquatic environment.BiodegradableorganicsComposed principally of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, biodegradable organicsare measured most common in terms of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) andCOD (chemical oxygen demand). If discharged untreated to the environment, theirbiological stabilization can lead to the depletion of natural oxygen resources and tothe development of septic conditions.PathogensCommunicable diseases can be transmitted by the pathogenic organisms inwastewater.NutrientsBoth nitrogen and phosphorus, along with carbon, are essential nutrients forgrowth. When discharged to the aquatic environment, these nutrients can lead tothe growth of undesirable aquatic life. When discharged in excessive amounts onland, they can also lead to the pollution of groundwater.Priority pollutantsOrganic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their unknown orsuspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or high acute toxicity. The presence ofthese compounds in wastewater must be minimized for public health reasons andto protect the biological treatment processes.RefractoryorganicsThese organics tend to resist conventional methods of wastewater treatment.Typical examples include surfactants, phenols, and agricultural pesticides. Someof these may be toxic to the biological treatment processes.Heavy metalsHeavy metals are usually added to wastewater from commercial and industrialactivities and may have to be removed if the wastewater is discharged to a streamused as a potable water source. The presence of heavy metals may also impactthe recycling of biosolids (stabilized waste sludge) on farmland.DissolvedinorganicsInorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium, and sulfate are added to theoriginal domestic water supply as a result of water use and may have to beremoved if the wastewater is discharged to a stream used as a potable watersource.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 3
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICSTable 2.2 Typical composition of untreated domestic mStrongSolids, total (TS)Dissolved, total (TDS)FixedVolatileSuspended solids 75275ml/L51020Biochemical oxygen demand, mg/L:5-day, 20ºC (BOD5, 20ºC)mg/L110220400Total organic carbon (TOC)mg/L80160290Chemical oxygen demand (COD)mg/L2505001000Nitrogen (total as N)OrganicFree 4015250085355000Phosphorus (total as mg/L3050100Sulfatemg/L203050Alkalinity (as CaCO3)mg/L50100200Greasemg/L50100150no/100 mL106-107107-108107-109µg/L 100100-400 400Settleable solidsTotal coliformVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) Contaminant concentrations are often used to describe the “strength” of the wastewater. The strength,or concentration, will vary depending on the volume of diluting water and the types of users dischargingto the plant. For example, a sewer system containing significant amounts of infiltration/inflow (cleanwater entering the sewer system from rain storms, groundwater etc ) will tend to have contaminantsof relatively low concentrations, whereas a system with high-strength industrial dischargers will containsome contaminants with higher concentrations. While the concentrations shown in Table 2.2 aretypical of domestic strength wastewater, your system may be different depending on the types of userspresent. It is your job as the Plant Operator to characterize the wastewater entering your plant.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 4
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICSOrganic ContaminantsOrganic contaminants are derived from animals and plants, or may be manufactured chemicalcompounds. However, all organics contain carbon. Organic contaminants can be biodegradable,which means that the contaminants can be consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms. Inthe process of being consumed, these organics will exert an oxygen demand which can bemeasured as the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the wastewater. Some organiccontaminants (refractory organics) are resistant to biodegradation. In a typical domestic wastewater treatment plant, the BOD of the influent raw wastewater rangesaround 200 to 250 mg/L (Table 2.2 has the full range). Sudden or drastic increases in BODloadings at a wastewater plant are examples of organic shock loadings and may lead to treatmentplant upsets. When shock loads are suspected, plant representatives should begin looking forpotential sources of elevated organic loads.Higher soluble BOD levels are result of organic sources in the influent, such as: Domestic contributors Household waste Industrial contributors Food processing facilities including packing/processing of fruit, vegetable, meat, poultry,dairy. Paper manufacturersSome organic solvents were historically found in wastewater, such as trichloroethylene (TCE) from drycleaning facilities. TCE has not been used in dry cleaning since the 1950s.What are some examples of organic impurities from industrial contributors?Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 5
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICSInorganic ContaminantsInorganic contaminants are not biodegradable, but may be nutrients necessary formicroorganisms to live. These are typically chemical compounds (priority pollutants) or metals thatare either present in the wastewater as suspended solids or as dissolved inorganics. Examples of inorganic contaminants include: The sodium chloride byproduct from the water softening process adds to the total dissolvedsolid content in water. Nutrients such as phosphorus and ammonia-nitrogen. Both of these nutrients are typicallyfound in domestic sewage, internal recycle flows (belt press filtrate or anaerobic digestersupernate), and trucked in wastes. The filter backwash from drinking water facilities is often high in suspended solids and low inorganic loading. Street cleaning or sidewalk washing introduces soil, sand, or grit. Copper (a heavy metal) dissolved from household plumbing. Other toxic metals from industrial processes.PathogensPathogens are disease-causing organisms including bacteria and viruses that can be deposited inthe wastewater through human or animal wastes, or from improperly handled hospitals wastes.Proper hygiene is extremely important when working around wastewater.Because the potential disease is so great, it is important that wastewater be treated and disinfectedto inactivate the pathogens prior to discharge to the receiving stream. It is particularly important ifthe receiving stream is used for recreational purposes (e.g., boating, swimming and fishing) or as adrinking water source.Examples of diseases caused by pathogens that may be found in wastewater include: Typhoid Cholera Dysentery Polio HepatitisBureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 6
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICSOther Impurities Thermal Wastes Industrial waste discharges can cause a sudden increase in influent temperature and flow. Atypical source of thermal waste is non-contact cooling water (heated water where thetemperature exceeds stream temperature). Depending on the use of the stream, limits onthe temperature of the wastewater may be established to prevent elevating the temperatureof the stream and impacting use.A stream used for trout stocking is one example of a thermal sensitive stream where the streamtemperature needs to be regulated. Can anyone think of any other reasons to regulate thetemperature of discharges to the receiving stream? Radioactive Wastes Could come from nuclear power plants, hospitals, or laboratories. Generally, it is goodpractice not to allow the discharge of radioactive wastes into a sewer system. EPA lists this asa suggested prohibited waste in their general pretreatment program guidelines. Moreinformation regarding the USEPA National Pretreatment Program may be found / .Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 7
SOLIDS IN WATERTypes of SolidsDISSOLVEDSOLIDS500 mg/LTOTALSOLIDS720 mg/LCOLLOIDALSOLIDS70 mg/LSUSPENDEDSOLIDS220 mg/LSETTLEABLESOLIDS150 mg/LFigure 2.1 Typical solids concentrations in raw wastewater.Total Solids Total dissolved and suspended organic and inorganic residue left after evaporation, expressed in mg/L. Total solids include both dissolved and suspended materials. Suspended solids include both nonsettleable (shown in Figure 2.1 above as colloidal solids) andsettleable materials. Total solids concentration in Figure 2.1 is 720mg/L.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 8
SOLIDS IN WATERDissolved Solids Solids which will pass through a standard glass fiber filter. Dissolved solids weight is the difference in weight between total solids and suspended solids. When a sample is filtered through fine mesh filter (example - 0.45 micron membrane filter), thesuspended solids are captured on the filter pad and the dissolved solids will remain in the waterpassing through the filter. To determine the weight of dissolved solids, sample the water that passed through the filter. Evaporatethe sample and weigh residue to determine weight of dissolved solids. Dissolved solids concentration in Figure 2.1 is 500mg/L.Suspended Solids Suspended solids are the solids that are captured on the filter pad, or the difference between the totaland dissolved solids content of the sample. Includes solids which will settle or float in a clarifier and the lighter nonsettleable (colloidal) solids. The type of suspended solids is determined by size, shape, and weight. Suspended solids concentration in Figure 2.1 is 220 mg/L.Settleable Solids A portion of the Suspended Solids Large size particles settle more rapidly. Settleable solids are estimated before designing settling basins, sludge pumps and sludge handlingfacilities. Measuring settleable solids enables calculation of basin efficiency of removal of solids. Imhoff cone measures solids in ml/L.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 9
SOLIDS IN WATERNonsettleable (Colloidal) Solids A portion of Suspended Solids The colloidal solids will not settle but will remain in suspension after the settleable solids haveprecipitated out. The removal of colloidal solids usually requires the addition of a chemical flocculatingagent or filtration. Calculated by subtracting the weight of settleable solids from the weight of suspended solids. Nonsettleable solids concentration in Figure 2.1 is 70 mg/LFloatable Solids Floatable solids are typically nonsettleable solids that make their way to the surface of a tank orstream. There is no standard for measuring and evaluating floatable solids. Typically made up of fat or grease particle and make up the scum. Scum is most easily removed bysurface skimming equipment on the primary or secondary clarifiers. This equipment will be discussedfurther in the section on treatment processes. They are undesirable and unsightly, and can cause odors.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 10
EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGESEFFECTS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGESA discharge is the release of treated or untreated wastewater into a receiving stream. Adischarge may occur from a treatment plant or from an overflow in the collection system.Untreated wastewater discharge can create several undesirable conditions. These include: Oxygen depletion and odor production in the stream. Negative effects on human health. Sludge and scum accumulations.Oxygen Depletion and Odor ProductionOxygen Levels for Aquatic Life The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of a stream will depend on the temperature and the flowcharacteristics. Cold water can retain higher dissolved oxygen content than warm water. As watertemperatures increase, dissolved oxygen levels will decrease. Turbulent flow will add more dissolved oxygen to the stream than non-turbulent flow. The desired oxygen level to sustain living creatures (including aquatic life) is 5 mg/L.Effects of Organic Waste DischargeAerobic bacteria are bacteria that use dissolved oxygen to live and reproduce.Anaerobic bacteria are bacteria that live and reproduce in an environment containing nodissolved oxygen. The bacteria obtain oxygen by breaking down chemical compounds, whichcontain oxygen (examples- sulfate and nitrate). Organic waste is discharged to the receiving stream; bacteria numbers increase (as does oxygen use). When oxygen is used faster than it is replenished, aquatic life can die from insufficientoxygen. Anaerobic bacteria remove oxygen from sulfate; the sulfate is reduced to sulfide, which can combinewith hydrogen in water to produce hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg odor).Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 11
EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGES The following diagram illustrates oxygen utilization and the impact on aquatic life.Organic wastes dischargedto receiving stream.Aerobic microorganisms useup oxygen to metabolizeorganic wastes.Biological activity createsoxygen deficit in stream.Aquatic organisms requiringoxygen to survive die off ormigrate downstream.In the absence of oxygen,anaerobic microorganismsdominate.Anaerobic activity causesputrification and odors.Figure 2.2 Oxygen utilization by aerobic microorganisms and odor production by anaerobic microorganisms.Treatment Objective––StabilizationThe objective is to prevent oxygen-demanding material from entering water.Stabilization is the process of converting a waste to a form that resists change. Stabilizedmaterial usually does not give off bad odors. Organic material is stabilized when bacteria convert the material to new growth, carbon dioxide, andwater.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 12
EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGESHuman HealthDisease-Causing Bacteria Pathogenic organisms Introduced into water by human disease carriers. Generally these organisms do not thrive in wastewater or receiving waters and many die offin normal treatment process.Communicable means easily transmitted.What are some communicable diseases that could be transmitted via untreated wastewater?Treatment Objective––Disinfection Can be accomplished by addition of a disinfectant such as chlorine to the water or through ultravioletradiation. Works best if wastewater is treated to remove solids and other contaminants prior to disinfection.Scum and Sludge AccumulationScum and sludge can accumulate in the receiving water banks or beds or can float on the water surface.Effects of Accumulations of Scum and Sludge Oxygen depletion occurs from metabolism of the organic matter contained in the sludge. Odors occur from continued biological activity after oxygen is depleted.Treatment Objective Remove sludge and scum before it can reach receiving waters.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 13
EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGESOther Effects Clarity and color determine if water is desirable for recreation. Changes in pH (acidic or alkaline water) can disrupt aquatic life. Toxic discharges (heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and chromium) or cyanide also impact aquaticlife and domestic use. Bad taste and odor are undesirable for drinking water sources. Nutrients Support living plants and organisms (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc.). Encourage algae and plant growth, which interferes with domestic, industrial, andrecreational uses. Can lead to oxygen depletion in the receiving stream. Eutrophication-An extreme result of excessive nutrient availability A condition in a lake or pond characterized by an abundance of nutrients and organics. Characterized by overgrowth of aquatic weeds and algae. A natural aging process that can be accelerated through the discharge of untreated/undertreated wastewater. Often leads to oxygen deficits, compounded by large day-night swings in available dissolvedoxygen brought on by photosynthesis and respiration. Can be detrimental to aquatic life.Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants containing chlorophyll convert carbondioxide and other nutrients to new growth and oxygen, in the presence of sunlight.Respiration is the process whereby oxygen is used as an energy source by an organism duringmetabolism of food (organic matter).Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 14
NATURAL CYCLES IN THE RECEIVING WATERSImpact of Discharge on Natural CyclesThe impact on cycles in the receiving water varies based on the following factors. Degree and type of treatment Wastewater receiving only Primary Treatment will have a greater negative impact on thereceiving stream than wastewater receiving Primary and Secondary Treatment. Discharge flow rate A greater volume of flow will carry a greater mass of pollutants to the receiving stream. Discharge characteristics The more pollutants that are removed during treatment, the lesser the impact on thereceiving stream. Dilution in receiving stream Relates to discharge flow rate––generally, the greater the dilution with the receiving stream,the lesser the impact of the discharge. Ambient quality of receiving stream Characteristics of the stream before discharge is introduced will impact on the amount ofadditional pollutants the stream can receive and still regenerate itself. Amount of mixing of discharge with receiving stream Mixing affects dilution of the discharge. Generally, better mixing of the discharge with thereceiving stream will prevent localized impacts from a concentrated discharge. Use of receiving stream Some uses (e.g., recreation or drinking water source) will require that the wastewater meetstricter discharge limits, requiring a higher degree of treatment.Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 15
NATURAL CYCLES IN THE RECEIVING WATERSNutrient Cycles A Nutrient Cycle is a natural cycle that occurs continuously in both receiving stream and thewastewater treatment plant. Important nutrients include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorous. Each havingtheir own cycle, yet impact one another.Nitrate discharged inwastewater.Algae uptake nitrate.Fish consume algaeproducing urea, aminoacids and organic nitrogen.Fish die; organic nitrogenconverted to ammonia.Microorganisms convertammonia to nitrite andthen to nitrate.Cycle repeats.Figure 2.3 Simplified nitrogen cycleBureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental ProtectionWastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training2- 16
KEY POINTS AND REFERENCESKey Points Wastewater typically contains organic and inorganic
MOP-11, Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants . removed if the wastewater is discharged to a stream used as a potable water source. Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, Department of Environmental Protection 2- Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training 3 : WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS.
Teacher’s Book B LEVEL - English in school 6 Contents Prologue 8 Test paper answers 10 Practice Test 1 11 Module 1 11 Module 2 12 Module 3 15 Practice Test 2 16 Module 1 16 Module 2 17 Module 3 20 Practice Test 3 21 Module 1 21 Module 2 22 Module 3 25 Practice Test 4 26 Module 1 26 Module 2 27 Module 3 30 Practice Test 5 31 Module 1 31 Module .
Principal Notation xv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii 1 What is Domestic Wastewater and Why Treat It? 1 Origin and composition of domestic wastewater 1 Characterization of domestic wastewater 2 Wastewater collection 5 Why treat wastewater? 5 Investment in wastewater treatment 6 2 Excreta-related Diseases 8
Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Bruce J. Lesikar Professor Texas AgriLife Extension Service Overview ¾What is wastewater? ¾Why are we concerned about wastewater? ¾The big picture. ¾Goals for wastewater treatment are evolving ¾How do we implement our infrastructure? ¾Wastewater Treatment Processes - The end result is based upon your design
4 Wastewater Treatment ANNUAL REPORT 2020 Wastewater Treatment Process 1. INFLUENT PUMP STATION Wastewater from the serviced area in Thunder Bay enters the Water Pollution Control Plant at the Influent Pump Station (IPS) where five pumps are available to deliver the wastewater to the preliminary treatment process. The wastewater then flows by .
Wastewater Reuse Applications 4-1. Wastewater Reuse for Agriculture 4-2. Wastewater Reuse for Industry 4-3. Urban Applications 4-4. Wastewater Reuse for Environmental Water Enhancement 4-5. Groundwater Recharge 5. Key Factors for Establishing Initiatives 6. Building Capacity for Water and Wastewater Reuse 6-1 .
Information Centre of the Ministry of the Environment of Estonia (Wastewater inflow part of the database of wastewater treatment plants reports). Wastewater factors In order to reach full coverage of industrial sector on NACE 2 digit level on water use (by purpose types) and wastewater generation the factors were developed. Wastewater
Wastewater treatment plants : wastewater resource recovery facilities ? NITROGEN and PHOSPHOROUS The process is distinguished by the fact that municipal sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants with simultaneous phosphate elimination with iron salts could be used without any changes in the process of wastewater treatment.
CLEAN WATER CURRICULUM Background Information For Teachers 5 Wastewater What Is Wastewater? Wastewater is water that goes down drains in industries, homes, and public buildings. Less than 1 percent of wastewater is waste; more than 99 percent is water. Wastewater in the HRSD service area is returned to local waterways after it is treated. In our area, treated wastewater is not returned to .
