Peterson’s MASTER TOEFL WRITING SKILLS
Peterson’sMASTERTOEFLWRITING SKILLS
About Peterson’s, a Nelnet companyPeterson’s (www.petersons.com) is a leading provider of education information and advice, with books and onlineresources focusing on education search, test preparation, and financial aid. Its Web site offers searchable databases andinteractive tools for contacting educational institutions, online practice tests and instruction, and planning tools forsecuring financial aid. Peterson’s serves 110 million education consumers annually.For more information, contact Peterson’s, 2000 Lenox Drive, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648;800-338-3282; or find us on the World Wide Web at www.petersons.com/about. 2007 Peterson’s, a Nelnet companyPreviously published as Grammar Workbook for the TOEFL Exam 1971, 1974, 1976,1978, 1980, 1985, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998Editor: Wallie Walker Hammond; Production Editor: Linda Seghers; ManufacturingManager: Raymond Golaszewski; Composition Manager: Gary RozmierskiALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may bereproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage andretrieval systems—without the prior written permission of the publisher.ISBN-13: 978-0-7689-2329-2ISBN-10: 0-7689-2329-8Printed in the United States of America10987First Edition65432108 07 06
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OTHER TITLES IN SERIESPeterson’s Master TOEFL Reading SkillsPeterson’s Master TOEFL Vocabulary
Contents.Before You Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .How This Book Is Organized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Special Study Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .You’re Well on Your Way to Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Give Us Your Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ixixixxxxixiiPART I: TOEFL WRITING BASICS1All About TOEFL Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The TOEFL Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Integrated Writing Task of the TOEFL iBT . . . . . . . . . . .Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3389PART II: DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS ANDWEAKNESSES2Practice Test 1: Diagnostic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Answer Key and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20PART III: TOEFL WRITING REVIEW3Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Adverbs Like Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Split Infinitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Dangling Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Adjective/Adverb Confusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Adjectives after Verbs of Sensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Noun Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Hyphenated or Compound Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Few, Little, Much, and Many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
viContents.Sameness and Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cause and Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Too, Very, and Enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Exercises: Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444648505355576164654Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Time Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Verbs of “Demand” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Wishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Modals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Verbals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Past Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Present and Perfect Participles and Infinitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Exercises: Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Relative Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Personal Pronouns—Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Who/Whom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Possessives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Faulty Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Those Modified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Exercises: Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Basic Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Indirect Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Order of Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Embedded Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116To/For (Purpose) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Double Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Exercises: Basic Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Contentsvii.7Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Wordiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Substandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Words Often Confused, Group I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Words Often Confused, Group II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Words Often Confused, Group III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Correlative Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Subject/Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Prepositions (General Use) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Prepositions in Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Exercises: Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176PART IV: THREE PRACTICE TESTSPractice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Answer Key and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Answer Key and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Practice Test 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Answer Key and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201www.petersons.com.Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Before You Begin.HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZEDIf you are preparing for any version of the TOEFL, you are not alone. Almosta million people all over the world took the TOEFL last year. A high score onthis test is an essential step in being admitted to graduate or undergraduateprograms at almost all colleges and universities in North America. Butpreparing for this test can be a difficult, often frustrating experience.Peterson’s Master TOEFL Writing Skills, used as a self-tutor, will help youimprove your writing skills. Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score gives you test-taking strategies. Part I includes basic information about the TOEFL writing section. Part II provides a diagnostic test to determine your strengths andweaknesses. Part III provides the basic grammar and writing review. The exercisesprogress from relatively simple to relatively difficult as you continuethrough the book. Various skills, such as error identification and writingstyle, are reviewed. Part IV includes three additional practice writing tests. They will showyou how well you have mastered the writing skills presented in this book.SPECIAL STUDY FEATURESPeterson’s Master TOEFL Writing Skills is designed to be user-friendly. To thisend, it includes features to make your preparation much more efficient.OverviewThe review chapter begins with a bulleted overview, listing the topics to becovered in the chapter. This will allow you to quickly target the areas in whichyou are most interested.ix
xBefore You Begin.Summing It UpThe review chapter ends with a point-by-point summary that captures the most importantconcepts. They are a convenient way to review the chapter’s key points.Bonus InformationLook in the page margins of your book for the following test prep tool:NOTENotes highlight critical information about a concept in the review section. These notes willprovide you with additional study tools.YOU’RE WELL ON YOUR WAY TO SUCCESSRemember that knowledge is power. By using Peterson’s Master TOEFL Writing Skills as asupplement to your other TOEFL test preparation, you will fine-tune your writing skills andabilities.GIVE US YOUR FEEDBACKPeterson’s publishes a full line of resources to help guide you and your family through thecollege admission process.We welcome any comments or suggestions you may have about this publication and invite youto complete our online survey at www.petersons.com/booksurvey. Or you can fill out thesurvey at the back of this book, tear it out, and mail it to us at:Publishing DepartmentPeterson’s2000 Lenox DriveLawrenceville, NJ 08648Your feedback will help us to provide personalized solutions for your educationaladvancement.www.petersons.com
Before You Beginxi.1.As with other sections of the TOEFL, be familiar with the directions andexamples so you can begin work immediately.2.Come up with a plan. Make sure your essay has an introduction, a body, anda conclusion.3.Brainstorm for 3 to 5 minutes. Write down words and phrases that arerelated to your topic.4.Write simple sentences to help you put your ideas into a complete form.5.Order your ideas in a logical pattern to support your thesis.6.Use specific, detailed examples from your thoughts to develop your ideas.7.Choose effective words and include transitional words and phrases tounify your work.8.Set aside 2–4 minutes for revising, editing, and proofreading. Make sureeverything you included says what you mean.9.Make sure you have written about the given prompt only and that youhave answered the question completely.10.Concentration is another important factor. Your practice and hard workwill help you.www.petersons.com.TOP 10 STRATEGIES TO RAISE YOUR SCORE
xiiBefore You Begin.ABBREVIATIONSThe following is a list of the abbreviations used in the review sections of this CNcount nouncomp.comparativeconj.conjunctiond.o.direct objectfut.futureinfin. (or to 1 V)infinitivei.o.indirect objectirr.irregularnnounncnnon-count nounneg.negativeobj.objectpart.participlepast part.past participlepast perf.past perfectperf. part.perfect n.pronounqwquestion wordssubjectsing.singularsuprl.superlativeto 1 have 1 past part.perfect infinitiveto 1 v (or infin.)infinitivevsimple form of the verbv 1 ingpresent participle or gerundwww.petersons.com
P ART I.TOEFL WRITING BASICS.CHAPTER 1All About TOEFL Writing
All About TOEFL Writing. The TOEFL essay The independent writing task of the TOEFL ibt Summing it upTHE TOEFL ESSAYAn essay is a short literary composition on a single subject that usuallypresents the personal view of the author—you. In the fourth and last sectionof the TOEFL, you will write an essay about a topic that will be assigned toyou. You will have 30 minutes to write a three- to five-paragraph essay on thattopic. You must write on the topic you are assigned. An essay on any topicother than the one assigned will receive a score of “0.”Before the topic is presented, you must choose whether to type your essay onthe computer or to hand write your essay on the paper essay answer sheetprovided. Scratch paper will be given to you for making notes. For thepaper-based TOEFL, the final version must be on the single-page, two-sidedessay answer sheet. For the CBT or iBT version of the TOEFL, you willcompose the final version of your essay in the “essay box” on the computerscreen. The essay topic will be presented to you on the computer screen.You will not know the topic ahead of time. Although you must write only onthe topic that is assigned to you, there is a way to prepare for this section.Your essay score will depend upon your ability to compose a well-written essaythat answers the question in a relatively short period of time—in this case, 30minutes. Your essay must be well organized and well developed; you mustprovide the reader with clearly appropriate details to support your thesis orillustrate your ideas. Your writing should show, throughout the essay, thatyou’re comfortable expressing complex ideas in the English language. Youshould also use a variety of grammatical structures (clauses, tenses, etc.) anduse a vocabulary that is appropriate to your topic.3chapter 1OVERVIEW
4PART I: TOEFL Writing Basics.Preparing Your First Version of the EssayTHE PLANWriting is a process, like a recipe for a special meal. You have a good chance of succeeding asan essayist if you follow these directions. The first step in the writing process is to have aplan.An essay should have: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.In the introduction, you get the reader’s attention and tell the reader what you are going towrite about. You also give the reader any special information that guides the reader to thebody of your essay. In the case of a TOEFL es
The TOEFL essay The independent writing task of the TOEFL ibt Summing it up THE TOEFL ESSAY An essay is a short literary composition on a single subject that usually presents the personal view of the author—you. In the fourth and last section of the TOEFL, you will write an essay about a topic that will be assigned to
TOEFL Listening Lecture 35 184 TOEFL Listening Lecture 36 189 TOEFL Listening Lecture 37 194 TOEFL Listening Lecture 38 199 TOEFL Listening Lecture 39 204 TOEFL Listening Lecture 40 209 TOEFL Listening Lecture 41 214 TOEFL Listening Lecture 42 219 TOEFL Listening Lecture 43 225 COPYRIGHT 2016
ANSWERS TO ALL TOEFL TWE ESSAY QUESTIONS All essays topics assigned on the actual TOEFL Test TOEFL essays with scores of 6.0 Covers 100% of 185 ETS TWE writing topics ETS - the TOEFL Test administrator publishes its official list of TOEFL essay topics on its website. All essays assigned on the actual TOEFL Test come from this list.
The TOEFL Test Today The TOEFL Internet-based test (iBT) –95% of all TOEFL testing The TOEFL Paper-based test (PBT) –Used in countries where TOEFL iBT is not yet available –Supplements TOEFL iBT in a limited number of areas The TSE (Test of Spoken English ) –Available upon request in PBT locations
Peterson’s Master AP Calculus AB & BC Peterson’s Master AP Chemistry Peterson’s Master AP English Literature & Composition Peterson’s Master AP U.S. Government & Politics . Peterson’s Master AP English Language & Composition was designed to be as user-friendly as it is complete. It includes several features to make your preparation .
Remember that knowledge is power. By using Peterson's Master TOEFL Reading Skills as a supplement to your other TOEFL test preparation, you will fine tune your reading comprehension skills. GIVE US YOUR FEEDBACK Peterson's publishes a full line of resources to help guide you and your family through the college admission process.
TOEFL Primary Tests The TOEFL Primary tests are available throughout the world. Schools may arrange for the testing of individual classes or the entire school. Parents may arrange for testing by contacting a local ETS TOEFL Primary program associate to find out when and where testing is available. The fee to take the TOEFL Primary tests varies .
2 TOEFL Research nsight Series Volme TOEFL rimary Framework and Test evelopment TOEFL Research Insight Series, Volume 8: TOEFL Primary Framework and Test Development Preface The TOEFL iBT test is the world's most widely respected English language assessment and is used for admissions purposes in more than 130 countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United
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