SECONDARY PHYSICS FORM 1 - St' Lucie Kiriri Girls .
SecondaryPHYSICSStudent’s Book One(Fourth Edition)
KENYA LITERATURE BUREAUP.O. Box 30022-00100, NairobiWebsite: www.kenyaliteraturebureau.comE-mail: info@kenyaliteraturebureau.com Ministry of EducationAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortranscribed, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordingor otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.ISBN 978-9966-10-142-6First published 1988Second Edition 1995Third Edition 2004Reprinted 2006, 2007, 2008 (twice), 2010, 2011Fourth Edition 2013KLB 10821 10m 2013Published and printed by Kenya Literature Bureau
ContentsPrologueAcknowledgements1. Introduction to PhysicsPhysics as a scienceMeaning of physicsBranches of physicsRelationship between physics and other subjectsCareer opportunities in physicsBasic laboratory rules2. Measurement (I)LengthAreaVolumeMassDensityTimeRevision Exercise 23. ForceType of forcesGravitational forceTensionUpthrustCohensive and adhesive forcesFrictional forceMagnetic forceElectrostatic forceCentripetal forceSurface tensionAction and reactionMass and weight
4.5.6.7.Scalar and vector quantitiesRevision Exercise 3PressureUnits of pressurePressure in liquidsLiquid levelsDerivation of fluid pressure formulaTransmission of pressure in liquidsHydraulic machinesAtmospheric pressureMercury barometerFortin barometerAneroid barometerPressure gaugesApplication of pressure in gases and liquidsRevision Exercise 4The particulate nature of matterInvestigating matterThe smoke cell experimentDiffusionRevision Exercise 5Thermal expansionTemperatureExpansion and contraction of solidsExercise 6.1Expansion and contraction of liquidsExpansion of gasesMeasuring temperatureRevision Exercise 6Heat transferHeat and temperatureModes of heat transferFactors affecting thermal conductivityThermal conductivity in liquidsThermal conductivity in gases
Some applications of good and poor conductors of heatConvectionRadiationApplications of thermal radiationRevision Exercise 78. Rectilinear propagation and reflection at plane surfacesSources of lightRays and beams of lightTypes of beams of lightRectilinear propagation of lightShadowsEclipseThe pinhole cameraMagnificationReflection of lightRotation of a mirror through an angleFormation of images by plane mirrorsImages formed by mirrors at an angleApplications of plane mirrorsRevision Exercise 89. Electrostatics (I)Origin of chargeThe electroscopeCharges in airApplications of electrostatic chargesDangers of electrostaticsRevision Exercise 910. Cells and simple circuitsA simple electric circuitConnecting cells in series and parallelConductors and insulatorsSources of electricityRevision Exercise 10
PrologueThis book is primarily meant to cover exhaustively the Form One Physicssyllabus as per the new 8-4-4 curriculum. It is by design also a versatilecompanion for those students taking related courses in technical colleges andother institutions.The book has been made more elaborate and the in-depth theoreticalcoverage boosted with numerous experiments to enhance a better understandingof concepts under study.Any student making full use of the title and by extension the KLBSecondary Physics series, will certainly acquire scientific knowledge and skillsuseful in answering the challenges of daily life.I am grateful to the panel of writers and everybody who took part in thepreparation and production of this edition.THE MANAGING DIRECTORKenya Literature Bureau
AcknowledgementsThe Managing Director, Kenya Literature Bureau, would like to thank thefollowing writers who participated in the revision of this book:Oliver MinishiErastus MuniHesborne OmoloGrace Mwangasha
Introduction to PhysicsPhysics as a ScienceOne of the subjects offered in primary school is Science. At secondary schoollevel and beyond, this subject is split into three main areas namely, Biology,Chemistry and Physics.The three, however, are interrelated since they are all human attempts toexplore the universe and its contents by establishing facts through observationand experiment.The primary school science syllabus covers topics such as Matter and itsProperties, Energy in its various forms, e.g., heat, light, sound and theircorresponding sources, Machines and the way they make work easier, Balancingand Weighing of various Shapes of objects, Electricity and Magnetism. All thesetopics form the basic foundation for Physics at secondary school level.Meaning of PhysicsPhysics is defined as the study of matter and its relation to energy. The subject isapplied in explaining phenomena like eclipse, lightning, rainbow, mirage andmany other wonders of nature. Physics explains the how and why behind the: falling of bodies towards the ground. daily occurrence of tides in the sea. rising up of a liquid through a drinking straw. cracking sound produced when removing a nylon cloth from the body, andmany more. rapid technological developments in communication, transport, medicine,among other disciplines.
Boeing 787, tablet, smart phone, I-pad and plasma TV.Through the study of Physics, the various forms of energy available can beharnessed for a more easily manageable and fulfilling life. Thus, a waterfall or ahot spring is seen as a source of electrical energy. On the other hand, radiowaves and microwaves as a means of energy propagation, have been put into usein the working of radio, television, satellites, computers and the telephone.As a subject, the study of Physics involves measurement of quantities andcollection of data. Through experimentation and observations, hypotheses aredrawn, tested and consequently laws and principles established.Branches of PhysicsPhysics as a study may be divided into the following key areas:Mechanics
This involves the study of motion of bodies under the influence of forces. Inmechanics, the characteristics of linear, circular and oscillatory motion areexplained. The equilibria of forces of bodies and fluids at rest and when inmotion are also explored.Electricity and MagnetismThis deals with the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fieldsand their extensive applications in the working of the electric motor, magneticrelay and telephone receiver, among others.ThermodynamicsThis is the study of transformation of heat to and from other forms of energy. Amajor reference is made to gas behaviour in which thermal exchanges and theaccompanying changes of pressure and volume are explained in line with theKinetic Theory of Matter.Geometrical OpticsUnder this title, the behaviour of light as it traverses various media is studied.Optical instruments such as telescopes, microscopes, periscopes and lawsgoverning their working form a major part of this branch of physics.WavesIn this area, the propagation of energy through space is discussed. In addition,effects such as reflection, refraction and diffraction of light and sound areexplained using the wave theory.Atomic PhysicsThis involves the study of the behaviour of particles constituting the nucleus andthe accompanying energy changes. It is within this area that radioactivity,nuclear fission and fusion are dealt with.Relationship between Physics, other Subjects and TechnologyPhysics and ReligionSystems in the universe reveal great orderliness which can be traced back to thecreator. The study of Physics comes up with findings that are in total agreementwith this orderliness. The earth faithfully maintains its rotation so that the sun
will always rise from the East and never from the West. Among the manywonders of creation in Physics is the anomalous expansion of water and itsimplications on aquatic life.Physics and HistoryCarbon dating, an application of radioactivity, serves as a crucial tool tohistorians in establishing fossil ages and hence past patterns of life. Earlyexplorers like Vasco da Gama made use of the magnetic properties of lodestoneto determine direction.Physics and GeographyEstablishment of weather patterns relies on the accurate use of instruments likethe thermometer, wind-vane and hygrometer. Heat transfer by convectionexplains the formation of convectional rainfall and pressure variations thatdetermine wind patterns. All these are concepts in Physics.Physics and Home SciencePhysics knowledge has been applied in the design and manufacture of domesticequipment. Examples are pressure cookers, microwave ovens, refrigerators andthe energy saving jiko and light bulb.Physics and BiologyKnowledge of lenses has helped in the making of the microscope which hasassisted in the study of the cell, the basic unit of life. Similarly, the knowledge oflevers helps to explain locomotion in Biology.Physics and ChemistryPhysics has helped in explaining forces within atoms and therefore, atomicstructure. It is this structure of the atom that then determines the reactivity of theatom as explained in Chemistry.Physics and MathematicsPhysics relates strongly to Mathematics. Many concepts in Physics are expressedmathematically. In manipulations involving extreme quantities like the mass ofthe earth or the charge on an electron, a good grasp of mathematical skills isessential.
Physics and TechnologyIn the field of medicine, X-rays, body scanners and lasers are applications ofPhysics used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Even in the continuingresearch necessitated by the challenge posed by such diseases as Ebola andHIV/AIDS, the development of high precision equipment employing theprinciples of Physics remains necessary.Information technology has reduced the world to a global village throughthe use of satellites and microwave dishes which relay information overextremely long distances in fractions of a second.The wide range of applications of Physics is used in industrial developmentfor the improvement of material well-being of the human race.In the entertainment industry, Physics has contributed to the refinement ofsound and colour mixing techniques to create special effects in stagepresentations.The defence industry has also become highly technological. Wars can nowbe fought using laser-guided bombs of extremely high precision.However, if technology is not used responsibly, it can lead to social andenvironmental problems. Notable cases are the Chernobyl nuclear disaster inUkraine of 1986 and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb attacks duringthe Second World War.Career Opportunities in PhysicsThere is a wide range of opportunities involving Physics. The following is a listof courses offered at university level that require sound knowledge of Physics:1. Bachelor of Arts (Buiding Economics).2. Bachelor of Science (Construction management).3. Bachelor of Architecture.4. Bachelor of Medicine.5. Bachelor of Dental Surgery.6. Bachelor of Pharmacy.7. Bachelor of Science (Nursing).8. Bachelor of Science (Environmental Health).9. Bachelor of Science (Bio-medical Science Technology).10. Bachelor of Education (Home Science and Technology).11. Bachelor of
nce (Agricultural Education).Bachelor of Science (Agricultural and Home Economics).Bachelor of Science (Animal Production).Bachelor of Science (Dairy and Food Technology).Bachelor of Science (Fisheries).Bachelor of Science (Food Technology).Bachelor of Science (Food Science and Technology).Bachelor of Science (Horticulture).Bachelor of Science (Natural Resources).Bachelor of Science (Range Management).Bachelor of Science (Tourism).Bachelor of Science (Wildlife and Management).Bachelor of Science (Wood Science Technology).Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine.Bachelor of Science (Hotel and Institution Management).Bachelor of Science (Environmental Studies).Bachelor of Science (Textiles Design and Merchandising).Bachelor of Science (Applied Aquatic Science).Bachelor of Science (Food Nutrition and Dietetics).Bachelor of Education (Agriculture and Home Economics).Bachelor of Science (Agricultural Engineering).Bachelor of Science (Civil Engineering).Bachelor of Science (Electrical Engineering).Bachelor of Science (Surveying).Bachelor of Science (Electrical and Electronic Engineering).Bachelor of Science (Electrical and Communication Engineering).Bachelor of Technology (Electrical and Communication Engineering).Bachelor of Technology (Production Engineering).Bachelor of Technology (Chemical and Process Engineering).Bachelor of Technology (Civil and Structural Engineering).Bachelor of Technology (Textile Engineering).Bachelor of Science (Water and Environmental Engineering).Bachelor of Science (Manufacturing and Engineering Technology).
44. Bachelor of Science (Instrumentation and Control Engineering).45. Bachelor of Science (Computer Science).46. Bachelor of Education (Technology).47 Bachelor of Science (Computer Electronics, Science and Technology).48. Bachelor of Home Economics (Food, Nutrition and Dietetics).The above courses are also offered at diploma and certificate levels.Basic Laboratory RulesThe laboratory is a facility designed and equipped for conducting scientificresearch, experiments and measurements.An average laboratory has electrical energy supply, water and gas pipingsystems, workbenches and cabinets for storage of equipment and chemicals.Some of the chemicals and equipment are particularly dangerous. An individualworking in a typical laboratory will be exposed to a number of dangers includingpoisons, flammable materials, explosive materials, extreme temperature, movingmachinery and high voltage electricity. The following precautions must,therefore, be taken when working in the laboratory:(i)Proper dressing must be put on. Shirts and blouses must be tucked in andlong hair tied up. Closed shoes must be worn. This is to avoid looseclothing or body parts such as hair getting accidentally tangled up inmoving machinery. In addition, safety glasses or face shields must be wornwhen working with hazardous or poisonous materials. Shorts and sandalsmust never be worn in the laboratory, and lab coats, if in use should alwaysbe buttoned.(ii) The locations of electricity switches, fire-fighting equipment, First Aid kit,gas supply and water supply systems must be noted. These will beextremely useful in case of any emergency within the laboratory. Access toall these facilities must remain unobstructed, this includes emergencyshowers and eye washes, where these are available in the laboratory.(iii) While working in the laboratory, windows and doors should be kept open.This is to prevent inhalation of dangerous materials or gases and also toallow for easy escape/evacuation in case of an emergency. Similarly,corridors or pathways within the laboratory should not be used as workingor storage areas.(iv) Any instructions given must be followed carefully. Never attempt anythingwhile in doubt. In case of any doubt or queries, consult your teacher or the
laboratory assistant. Additionally, if any equipment fails to function, thisshould be reported immediately to the teacher or the laboratory technician.Never try to fix a problem on your own as this could cause a seriousaccident or damage to the equipment(v) Never taste, eat or drink anything in the laboratory. Food should also neverbe stored in the laboratory. This is to avoid the risk of consumingdangerous or poisonous materials or substances. Related to this, neverpipette anything by mouth (a bulb should be used instead). Smelling ofgases is also highly discouraged.(vi) Ensure that all electrical switches, gas and water taps are turned off whennot in use. This is to avoid wastage in addition to averting the risk of fire orother hazards.(vii) When handling electrical apparatus, hands must be dry. Do not splashwater where electrical sockets are located. Water to some extent is anelectrical conductor and when in contact with exposed power cables, cancause severe electric shock.(viii) Never plug foreign objects into electrical sockets. Apart from damaging thesocket, this can also cause an electric shock.(ix) Keep floors and working surfaces dry. Any spillage should be wiped offimmediately. Liquid on the floor surface can cause skidding, resulting inserious injuries. Some corrosive liquids will damage the floor or workingsurfaces.(x)All apparatus must be cleaned and returned to the correct location ofstorage after use. This facilitates easy re-use of the apparatus, apart fromensuring good order in the laboratory.(xi) Laboratory equipment should not be taken out of the lab. This is tominimise the risk of damage to the equipment, or even loss.(xii) Any waste after an experiment must be disposed of appropriately. This isbecause waste from certain experiments can be quite hazardous to the bodyand to the environment.(xiii) Hands must be washed before leaving the laboratory.Experiments should never be left unattended. Similarly, the bunsen burnershould be adjusted to give a luminous flame, or turned off, when not in use.Never should an open flame be left unattended. This is to minimise the riskof fire or other serious accidents.Volatile and flammable compounds should only be used in the fume
cupboard. The same applies to procedures that should result in hazardousfumes or any inhalable material.One should never look directly down into the liquid being heated in a testtube. The tube should also not be pointed towards anyone nearby.Corrosive chemicals should be kept separately. This is to prevent damageto other laboratory appliances especially the metallic type.First Aid MeasuresAccidents or emergencies are prone to occur any time and it is, therefore, theuser’s responsibility to be conversant with the safety and fire alarm postersstrategically positioned within the laboratory premises. These must be followedstrictly during an emergency. The locations of vital emergency equipment suchas fire extinguisher must be known and easily accessible to all, and users mustbe continually reminded of building evacuation procedures.In case of injuries in the laboratory, the teacher in charge or the laboratorytechnician must be immediately informed and necessary action taken withoutdelay. Common laboratory injuries include burns, cuts and bruises (sometimesresulting in bleeding), poisoning and foreign matter in the eyes. These casesshould be handled in the following way. (Those offering first aid should ensurethey are in the first place safe from the danger).CutsThese may result from poor handling of glass apparatus or cutting tools likerazors and scalpels.In case the cut results in bleeding, pressure or direct compression should beapplied directly to the wound and proper dressing applied as medical assistanceis sought.BurnsBurns may result from naked flames or even splashes of concentrated acids andbases.Burns should generally be treated by flushing cold water over the affectedarea. Acid burns could alternatively be treated with sodium hydrogen carbonate(baking soda), and base burns with boric acid or vinegar.Poisoning
This may result from inhaling poisonous fumes or swallowing of poisonouschemicals or materials. In case this happens, the poisoning agent should be notedwhile urgent medical assistance is sought. For a poison ingested through themouth, the recommended antidote should be given to the victim, and vomitingshould not be induced unless recommended by a medical practitioner.If the poison is in form of a gas, the first step should be to remove thevictim from the area and take him/her to an area with fresher air. If the poison iscorrosive to the skin, the victim’s clothing should be removed from the affectedarea, and cold water run over the area for at least 30 minutes. If the poison getsto the eye, the same should be flushed with clean water for at least 15 minutes,and the patient advised not to rub the eyes.Electric ShockThis may result from touching exposed wires or using faulty electricalappliances.Without getting in contact with the victim, the first thing to do
topics form the basic foundation for Physics at secondary school level. Meaning of Physics Physics is defined as the study of matter and its relation to energy. The subject is applied in explaining phenomena like eclipse, lightning, rainbow, mirage and many other wonders of nature. Physics explains the how and why behind the:
Physics 20 General College Physics (PHYS 104). Camosun College Physics 20 General Elementary Physics (PHYS 20). Medicine Hat College Physics 20 Physics (ASP 114). NAIT Physics 20 Radiology (Z-HO9 A408). Red River College Physics 20 Physics (PHYS 184). Saskatchewan Polytechnic (SIAST) Physics 20 Physics (PHYS 184). Physics (PHYS 182).
Advanced Placement Physics 1 and Physics 2 are offered at Fredericton High School in a unique configuration over three 90 h courses. (Previously Physics 111, Physics 121 and AP Physics B 120; will now be called Physics 111, Physics 121 and AP Physics 2 120). The content for AP Physics 1 is divided
General Physics: There are two versions of the introductory general physics sequence. Physics 145/146 is intended for students planning no further study in physics. Physics 155/156 is intended for students planning to take upper level physics courses, including physics majors, physics combined majors, 3-2 engineering majors and BBMB majors.
Physics SUMMER 2005 Daniel M. Noval BS, Physics/Engr Physics FALL 2005 Joshua A. Clements BS, Engr Physics WINTER 2006 Benjamin F. Burnett BS, Physics SPRING 2006 Timothy M. Anna BS, Physics Kyle C. Augustson BS, Physics/Computational Physics Attending graduate school at Univer-sity of Colorado, Astrophysics. Connelly S. Barnes HBS .
PHYSICS 249 A Modern Intro to Physics _PIC Physics 248 & Math 234, or consent of instructor; concurrent registration in Physics 307 required. Not open to students who have taken Physics 241; Open to Freshmen. Intended primarily for physics, AMEP, astronomy-physics majors PHYSICS 265 Intro-Medical Ph
Secondary Two Express Science . 2012 . 1 Clementi Woods Secondary School SA1 2 First Toa Payoh Secondary School SA1 3 Fuhua Secondary School SA1 4 Gan Eng Seng School SA1 5 Pasir Ris Crest Secondary School SA1 6 Queenstown Secondary School SA1 7 Queensway Secondary School S
strong Ph.D /strong . in Applied Physics strong Ph.D /strong . in Applied Physics with Emphasis on Medical Physics These programs encompass the research areas of Biophysics & Biomedical Physics, Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, Solid State & Materials Physics, and Medical Physics, in
No. 1 Interested in Japanese society, wanted to live in Japan 60.8% No. 2 Wanted to study the Japanese language/Japanese culture 48.2% No. 3 Found education and research at Japanese institutions, etc. appealing 34.1% No. 4 Wanted to work in an occupation connected to Japan 24.5% No. 5 Wanted to come in contact with a different culture 23.7%
