KARTCHNER CAVERNS STATE PARK NATURAL HISTORY CURRICULUM
KARTCHNER CAVERNS STATE PARKNATURAL HISTORY CURRICULUMCredits . 2Introduction. 3A Letter from the Director of Arizona State Parks . 5A Letter from Cave Discovers, Randy Tufts and Gary Tenen . 6Activities for Kindergarten Through 3rd GradeCreate a Cave . 7Wanderings of Willie Waterdrop. 11Cave Concentration. 15Hands Off! . 17Goin’ on a Sloth Hunt . 19Caving Equipment . 27Cave Crawlin’ . 29Activities for Kindergarten Through 6th GradeHow Do Bats Do That?. 35Where Does it Go?. 39Activities for Grades 4 Through 6No Missing Pieces. 41Cave Creations . 47Adapt a Bat . 49Humidity and Hygrometers. 67Minerals and Manners. 69Does it Dissolve? . 71Just in Time . 73Cave Conscious. 75Glossary . 79Bibliography of Materials Used to Create Curriculum. 81Educator’s Reference . 82 1
The Kartchner Caverns Natural History Curriculum was developed througha grant by the Arizona State Parks Heritage FundSponsored by the San Pedro Valley Education and Resource CenterProject Director, Laura A. WiegandExecutive Director, E. Kathy SuageeArizona State Parks Consultant, Marti MurphyGrant Matching Funds Provided ByBenson Primary School DistrictCity of BensonLong Realty, Benson OfficePomerene School DistrictSierra Vista School DistrictSpecial Thanks to:Kerry Baldwin, Arizona Game and Fish DepartmentRuth Bradley, Benson Primary SchoolRandy Tufts and Gary Tenen, cave discoverersBob Burnett, Kartchner Caverns DevelopmentKelly Stack, Kartchner Caverns State Park, rangerJeff Dexter, Kartchner Caverns State Park, Kartchner Caverns Development ManagerMarlo Buchmann, Arizona State Parks, artworkHeidi Vasiloff, Arizona Game and Fish DepartmentSandy Reith, Arizona Game and Fish DepartmentSonya Norman, Arizona-Sonora Desert MuseumPiloting teachersRuth BradleyPatty ChambersDebbie M. FoxSara HainesMary Sue HouserThomas A. JensonDeanna PollockBetty WilliamsonJennifer WolfeJim WolfeAndFred Wiegand, for the curriculum idea and Mollie Elizabeth, who was born in the middleof this curriculum development.Dedicated to cave discoverers, Randy Tufts and Gary Tenenfor doing the right thing.
Our goal in creating this curriculum guide is to assist you in conveying the unique story ofKartchner Caverns to your students.We have developed this curriculum with you, as an educator, in mind. Each activity includes a listing ofthe objectives, approximate age for which it is suitable, the materials needed, useful information that youneed to teach the activity and reproducible pages. A glossary, references, and bibliography can be foundin the back of the curriculum guide.Through the lessons to be learned in these activities, the students will develop an appreciation of thegeological and biological forces that created such a magnificent cave. We hope, also, to promote anunderstanding of the interrelationship between humans and Kartchner Caverns. We encourage the students to think about the choices that were available in the development of the cave and the consequencesof each. Finally, and most importantly, we hope that through the use of these activities the learners willgain a sense of ownership and stewardship toward this non-renewable natural resource.We discovered that most teachers, when using the curriculum guide, have added to and enriched thelearning experience for the students by incorporating their own interests and strengths. We encourageyou to do the same! Please feel free to send us comments, suggestions and, of course, ideas for extensions and additional activities! Have fun, and we’ll see you at Kartchner Caverns State Park! 3
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CREATE A CAVEBACKGROUND INFORMATION:Kartchner Caverns was formed by thedissolution of limestone. Limestone iscomposed of the mineral calcite (CaCO3).Limestone is formed by the accumulationof cal cite, which is in or gan i cal lyprecipitated as well as contained in theskeletons of once living sea animals andplants. Pieces of the animal skeletons andplants fell to the bottom of the sea andwere later pressed down and cementedinto hard rock. Finally, mountain-buildingforces uplifted these sedimentary rocksfrom the sea and exposed them to airand the dissolving power of fresh water.Water seeps and percolates into the soil.Limestone caves are formed when a mildacid reacts with calcite. This acid iscarbonic acid (H2CO3), produced whencarbon dioxide com bines with water.Most of the carbon dioxide responsiblefor the acid that dissolves limestone comesfrom the soil.The cave forming process may continuefor thousands of years. It can be stoppedby only two things: a lowering of thewater table, or the introduction of outsideair in the cave system by wearing awayof the surface. As outside air enters thecave system, the water quickly becomessupersaturated with calcite, ending thedissolving process. This change usuallymarks the beginning of the depositionof calcite in the form of sta lac tites,stalagmites and other deposits, know asspeleothems.The limestone rock in which KartchnerCaverns formed was faulted and createdcracks and fractures which allowed waterto seep in and begin the dissolution process.The water drains slowly downward andsideways towards a drainage point. Asthe water dissolved the limestone alongthe fractures it created passageways thatare surrounded by undissolved rock.SUBJECT: Cave OriginsSUMMARY:A “cave” is created when sugar cubes,beneath a layer of modeling clay, becomessaturated with water. Create A Cave maybe conducted as a whole class activity oryou may get more of the materials andhave the students work in groups. Thegroups could then compare their caves.MATERIALS: one boxsugar cubes, 2 poundsmodeling clay, oneaquarium, toothpick, spraybottle, transparency ofcave diagram, overheadprojector, copies of worksheetSTEP BY STEP:1. Organize sugar cubes into a halfpyramid, about 3 cubes wide, thatfits against the inside of a glassaquarium. The sugar cubes representthe limestone.TIME: 30-45 minutes2. Seal the cubes tightly withap prox i mate ly 1/8 inch layer ofmodeling clay, making sure there areno gaps. The clay represents the topsoil. This simulates the limestone hillabove Kartchner Caverns.3. Poke holes through the top of the claywith the tooth pick, making sure theholes go all the way through to thesugar cubes.4. Have the students make a drawing ofthe model.5. Next have the students predict whatwill happen when water is sprayedover the top of the clay. The waterrepresents rainfall.6. Use the spray bottle with water andbegin spraying the top of the clay. Theholes may need to be made a bit biggerto get the water percolating.7. As the water penetrates the sugar,have the students describe what theyare observing.GRADE LEVEL: K-3OBJECTIVES: Studentswill observe, predict anddescribe the “passageways” which are formedwhen they create a modelof a cave forming by dissolution of limestone.CONCEPT: The dissolution of limestone createstunnels or passages whencave is formed.Meets ArizonaDepartment of EducationAcademic StandardsLanguage Arts:W-R1, PO2Science:1SC-R1, PO11SC-R6, PO11SC-R7, PO11SC-F2, PO1 & 21SC-F3, PO1 & 26SC-F5, PO1 & 2
CREATE A CAVE8. Have the students write whathappened as the water began to seepinto the sugar cubes and make adrawing of what the cave looked likewhen finished.9. Use the transparency of the cavediagram, (pg. 9) and have the studentsexplain how this process is similar tothe dissolution of limestone whichcreated Kartchner Caverns.ASSESSMENT:If this activity is being conducted asa teacher demonstration, discuss thecontents of the transparency with thestudents and have them draw a pictureof the pro cess. If using with olderstudents use the worksheet to assess theirunderstanding.EXTENSIONS:1. Continue the experiment over a coupleof days, noting changes in the cubes andpassageways.2. Repeat with food coloring added tothe water and get predictions of whatwill happen. 8
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WANDERINGS OF WILLIE WATER DROPBackground Information:Water is important to living caves.Water enters a cave by percolatingor seeping through the ground after arain or snow or when there is a river,stream or wash nearby. The water willseep into the cracks and fractures ofrock below the soil surface. If therock below the surface is made oflimestone, the water will, over time,erode the limestone away throughboth mechanical (crack ing andbreaking) and chemical (dissolvingthe rock) action.Summary:The teacher reads a story aboutthe “life” of a water drop withinKartchner Caverns, and the studentsmake a book covering the highlightsof the story.Step by Step:1. First review the water cycle andwhere water in the cave comesfrom (in the form of rain, sleet,snow, hail, or from the ground,rivers and lakes).2. Discuss how water created boththe cave and the formations withinthe cave.3. Hand out the pages with theWan der ing Willie Waterdropdrawings on them. (One set perstudent). Have the students cutthe pictures apart along dottedlines.4. As the students hear the story ofWan der ing Willie Waterdrop’sadventures in Kartchner Caverns,have them put the pictures in thecorrect order.5. Have the students color the picturesand staple them into a booklet.Assessment:Each student should be able, based onthe discussion and hearing the story, towrite a sentence on the back of eachpicture describing what WanderingWillie Waterdrop is doing within thecave.Extension:1. Setting up an “evaporationjar” in the classroom for theentire year or semester helps thestudents understand the conceptof evaporation and deposition ofminerals that were dissolved inthe water. Using a wide mouthgallon jar filled with water,mark the water level in the jarperiodically. The children noticethe white calcium deposits alongthe sides of the jar!2. Older students may, using the basiccon cepts of seeping, humidityand evaporation, write their own“waterdrop” story on the back ofeach Willie picture. They couldalso draw their own story bookusing Wendy Waterdrop as themain character.SUBJECT: UndergroundAtmosphereMATERIALS: storypages, stapler, crayons orcolored pencilsGRADE LEVEL: K-3TIME: 45 minutesOBJECTIVE: Studentswill describe several waysthat water affects cavesand the importance ofwater to the cave environment.CONCEPT: Precipitationand subsequent percolation of water affect thecave microclimate. Kartchner Caverns is directlyaffected by the watershedof the Guindani andSaddle Washes.Meets ArizonaDepartment of EducationAcademic StandardsLanguage Arts:R-R1, PO1 & 2R-F3, PO1 & 2R-F4, PO2W-F3, PO1Standard 3 ReadinessFoundations 5Science:5SC-F3, PO16SC-F5, PO1 & 2 11
The Adventures ofWandering Willie WaterdropOne cold winter afternoon, a drizzling rain fell gently on the Whetstone Mountains. Of the many thousandsof drops of water that fell on the mountain that day, one would work his magic as only water can and helpcreate the beautiful formations called stalactites and stalagmites in Kartchner Caverns. Our story is about oneparticular drop of water whose name was Wandering Willie Waterdrop and this is the story of his adventuresin the cave.Some water never soaks into the Whetstone Mountains. It runs off the hillside back to the San Pedro River.But today was special. When Willie Waterdrop fell onto the hillside, he seeped down deep into the soil. Willieseeped into a tiny crack in the hard rock. He squeezed and squeezed through the crack. As he went, he noticedthat he was dissolving a tiny, tiny bit of the rock and the crack was getting bigger! Not only that, but he wasbreaking tiny bits of rock away as he seeped along.Soon Wandering Willie Waterdrop found himself dangling from the ceiling in a huge cave. It seems that many,many millions of other water drops had been there before Wandering Willie, and they had dissolved and crumbledrock, too. Over many thousands of years, all the water drops had created Kartchner Caverns! But, their workin the cave was far from over!What Willie didn’t know was that as he dissolved the rock, he was bringing along some treasures for the insideof the cave. These treasures were called minerals and they would create beautiful and colorful cave formations!As Wandering Willie slipped and slid down a stalactite, bits of the minerals he had dissolved from the rockabove were left behind. Lots of other minerals had been left by many other water drops, too. Over a long, longtime all these minerals had created the fabulous formations that Willie Waterdrop saw that day! Everywhere helooked he saw stalactites hanging from the ceiling, stalagmites growing up from the cave floor, delicate sodastraws, and huge columns which had once been stalactites and stalagmites that had grown together! All theseformations and the colors were amazing! Wandering Willie didn’t know it then, but the minerals that he andother water drops brought into Kartchner Caverns helped create the beautiful red, yellow, and pure white hesaw around him everywhere he looked! Eventually Willie dripped off the end of a stalactite and landing witha splash right on a stalagmite. Willie evaporated off the surface of the stalagmite leaving behind his collectionof dissolved minerals. When he evaporated, he became “humidity” or water that floats around in the air. Williefloated around the cave bumping into many other water drops who had taken the same journey. Humidity is veryimportant to Kartchner Caverns. It keeps the cave wet and allows formations and living creatures to grow.When the temperature in the cave cooled slightly, Wandering Willie condensed and once more became a waterdrop This time Willie found himself trapped deep in the sticky mud of the cave floor! Mud is very importantto the cave because it is a storehouse for Willie and other water drops. During dry years these water dropsevaporate again and become humidity to keep the cave moist and in wet years, waterdrops can hang aroundand make nice, gooshy mud.This year was a wet year and Willie wasn’t needed as humidity. In fact there was so much water in the caveWillie began to seep down through rock cracks again. This rock was much harder and Willie couldn’t dissolveit. After a long journey wandering down through many rock layers, Willie found himself packed in with millionsof water drops in the water table deep underground. Soon, he and the other waterdrops would find themselvespart of the San Pedro River. During his journey down the San Pedro River, where water from Kartchner Cavernseventually goes, he met another water drop named Wendy Waterdrop. She was evaporating from the river andwas about to become rain that would fall over Kartchner Caverns! What adventures do you think Wendy willhave? 12
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CAVE CONCENTRATIONBackground Information:Kartchner Caverns is known for itsbeau ti ful cave bacon, shields, sodastraws and other cave formations. Caveformations are referred to by geologists asspeleothems, spelaion (cave) and thema(deposit). Speleothems include formationssuch as sta lac tites, stalagmites, sodastraws, columns, draperies, flowstones,rimstone, cave bacon, helictites, andshields. Speleothems take thousands ofyears to form. Speleothems are madewhen rainwater percolates through theground. As the water seeps through thecracks found in many limestone areascalcite is dissolved. When it reaches thecave, the water drops hang from the ceilingor dribble down a wall. The speleothemmay be found on the floor, hanging fromthe ceiling or along the walls of a cave.Summary: The students will playa teacher-prepared card game ofConcentration to develop a knowledgeof speleothems found in KartchnerCaverns.Step by Step:1. Before the lesson, make a large copy ora transparency of the speleothem sheetfor a reference. You will also need tomake enough copies of the sheet tomake 40 cards per 2 students.2. Cut tagboard into 2” by 2” squares,enough for 40 cards per group of 2students.3. Glue each speleothem drawing ontoa square. Laminate to save pieces forlater use.4. Ask the students what they might seeinside a cave. Students may respondwith mud, bats, bugs and hopefullystalagmites or stalactites.5. Display the Speleothem Sheet.Point to and say the name of eachspeleothem having the students repeatthem. You may want to repeat this6.7.8.9.10.several times.Tell the students that they will learnnames of the speleothems and beable to identify the different typesfound in the cave by playing a cardgame.Each pair should have their 40 2”square cards.Have the students shuffle their cardsand lay them picture side down onthe floor or table.The students take turns flipping overone card and then another trying tofind a match. Each time they flip acard over they must say the name ofthat speleothem. If the second carddoes not match the first they mustturn the cards face down and it is thenext person’s turn. If the students geta matching pair they keep that pairand may repeat their turn until theydo not have a matching pair.Play until all of the cards havebeen matched. Students with mostmatched pairs wins!Assessment:Have the students choose five ofthe Common Cave Decorations toincorporate in their own drawing of theinside
Science: 1SC-R1, PO1 1SC-R6, PO1 1SC-R7, PO1 1SC-F2, PO1 & 2 1SC-F3, PO1 & 2 6SC-F5, PO1 & 2 CREATE A CAVE are surrounded by un dis solved rock. SUMMARY: A “cave” is created when sugar cubes, beneath a layer of modeling clay, becomes saturated with water. Create A Cave may be conducted as a whole class ac tiv i ty or
3) The caverns hold the treasures of an evil archmage who once ruled the land. 4)F An evil witch-queen is gathering an army to attack the surface world. 5)F The caverns were used as a burial site for an ancien
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Greg Beckler –Natural Stone Bridge & Caves, NY . Christmas at the Caverns To kick your Christmas celebrations over the top, take a trip 180 feet below ground. At Natural Bridge Caverns, in San Antonio, Texas—a . returned to Howe to fulfill his career in the cave/tourism industry. He worked alongside Rodney
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