Response Of Groundnut Varieties To Weed Management .
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN: 2319-7064ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 SJIF (2018): 7.426Response of Groundnut Varieties to WeedManagement Strategiesin Southern Guinea Savannaof the GambiaS.A.F. Jallow1, A. Lado2, Manneh F.J.31, 2, 3School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of The Gambia, Faraba Campus, P.O.BOX 3530, Serrekunda, TheGambia Department of Agronomy, Bayero University, Kano, P.M.B 3011, Kano, NigeriaNational Agriculture Research Institute, P.M.B 526, Serrekunda, The GambiaAbstract: Field trials were conducted in 2018 rainy season at National Agricultural Research Institute Banjulinding and Teaching andResearch Farm of the University of The Gambia UTG Faraba Banta to determine the effect of various weed management strategies onweed management, growth and yield of groundnut varieties. The experiment consisted of three groundnut varieties (Senegal 28/206,Fleur 11 and Samnut 24) and ten levels of weed management strategies (Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i h-1, Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1,Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1, Quizalofop-P-Ethylat at1.5kg a.i ha-1, Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1 followed by Quizalofop-PEthyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1, Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1 followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 weeks after sowing, Manual hoeweeding at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing, Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha -1 followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 weeks after sowing,Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1 followed by Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.5kg a.i ha-1 and Weedy check). The experiment was laid out in aSplit plot design, replicated three times with the weed management strategies as the main plots while the groundnut varieties as the subplots. The results revealed that, manual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing recorded the highest weed control efficacy index(8.41) atBanjulinding. However, at UTG Faraba Banta, pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha -1 followed by quizalofop-p-ethyl at 1.5kg a.i ha-1recorded the highest weed control efficacy index (5.09).Application of pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1 followed by quizalofop-p-ethyl at1.5kg a.i ha-1 recorded kernel yield (817.3 kg ha-1) at Banjulinding. At UTG Farba Banta pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha -1 followed byquizalofop-p-ethyl at 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 had higher kernel yield (765.2 kg ha-1). Samnut 24 out yielded other varieties in both locations.Further research is recommended to evaluate the acceptability of the variety in the Gambian.Keywords: Groundnut, Weed, Management, Herbicides, yield, competitionnitrogen N ha-1 through its rhizobium bacteria in the rootnoodles (Jallow, 2012).1. IntroductionGroundnut is one of the most important oil crop in manytropical countries. Its world production stood at 34.9 millionmetric tonsfrom 23.4 million ha (Vara Prasad et al., 2017).Groundnuts are mainly grown in developing countries(Africa), where the crop finds the appropriate climates foroptimum production (Romain, 2001). Groundnut productionin The Gambia was estimated at 151,069 metric tons in 2001and 71,526 metric tons in the following year giving a 53%decline. A thirty percent increase in groundnut productionwas recorded between 2002 and 2003. It is the main cashcrop in The Gambia and one of the most important exportcrops in the country. It occupies 40-50% of the Gambiancultivated area followed by early millet (25%), rice (8%),sorghum and maize (7% ) (Permanent Interstates Committeefor Drought Control in the Sahel, 2008).The nuts are eaten fresh, boiled or grilled and used inpreparation of soup. Kernels are processed into a widevariety of edible products such as edible oil, groundnutbutter, salted groundnut, etc. Two- thirds of the worldproduction is used for producing edible oil which provides agood salad and cooking oil used in the margarine productionindustries. Groundnut also provides cake for human andanimal consumption. The groundnut haulm is used as animalfeeds and has about the same nutritional value as hay. Theshells are used as fuel and fertilizers. Other non-food used ofgroundnuts includes soap, cosmetic and for medicinalpurposes (Romain, 2001). Groundnut plays a significant rolein soil fertility management. It fixes 49-297kg atmosphericDespite huge economic potentials of groundnut in TheGambia its production was however, constrained by lack ofimproved cultural practices, inadequate rainfall, soil fertility,chemical fertilizers, low yielding varieties and lack ofappropriate weed control strategies (Jallow, 2012). Themajor limiting factors of groundnut production in the studyarea were diseases and pests including weeds. The presenceof weeds as pest is more pernicious and serious because itcan drastically reduce the growth of groundnut (Garkoet al.,2016).Ihalaet al. (2005) had reported groundnut yieldreduction due to weed competition as high 74% in India.According to Ayomide (2010), weed caused much damageto the groundnut crop during the first 45 days of its growth.Weeds can deplete 30 – 40 kg of Nitrogen per hectare, 1015kg of phosphorous per hectare and 20-40kg of potassiumper hectare (Das ,2011). Among all the crop pests, weedsalone are responsible for about one third loss in cropproduction (Jatet al. 2011). In groundnut, the loss in podyield ranges from 13 to 100% depending on the season,cultivars, weed composition and duration of crop-weedcompetition (Jatet al. 2011). Most of the groundnutvarieties cultivated in The Gambia are low yieldingwith low fodder value. They usually shed their leavesbefore maturity and are mostly spreading type thatcompete poorly with weeds and has low oil contents(ANR, 2015). Cultivating higher yielding varieties is notonly important but necessary. The usual method of weedcontrol is by manual hoe weeding. This has been associatedwith lots of challenges. The availability of labour at time ofVolume 8 Issue 11, November 2019www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BYPaper ID: ART2020216010.21275/ART202021601
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN: 2319-7064ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 SJIF (2018): 7.426high demand is a major concern. It can also reduce kernelyield due to its interference with pegging and cannot supportlarge scale production to cater for the needs of increasingpopulation. Patel et al. (2008) reported that in areas wherelabour is shortage, the use of herbicide or combinations ofmanual hoe weeding and herbicide applications reducedweed dry weight and recordedhigher weed control efficiencyin groundnut.The use of herbicide as a means of weedmanagement is fast gaining momentum especially ingroundnut cultivation. Herbicides are efficient insuppressing or modifying weed growth in such a way as toprevent interference with crop establishment (Kunjo, 1981).Although several studies have been conducted in variouspart of the world to determine the effect of weed ongroundnut, there is currently limited information on theeffect of weeds and variety on growth and yield ofgroundnut in The Gambia. Hence the objective of this studyis to evaluate the yield and performance of groundnutvarieties as influenced by weed management strategies inSouthern Guinea Savanna of The Gambia.2. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted during the wet season of2018 at two locations in The Gambia. The first location wasat the National Agricultural Research Institute Farm inBanjulinding (Latitude 130 22.171 N and Longitude16038.858W) while the second was at Teaching andResearch Farm of the University of The Gambia FarabaBanta (Latitude 130 14.910 N and Longitude 160 32.040W).The two locations were characterized by two seasons, wetseason (June to October) and dry season (November toMay). The annual rainfall of the first location (Banjulinding)was 859 mm and the second location (UTG Faraba Banta)was 951mm (courtesy of The Gambia Meteorological Officein Banjul).The soil texture of Banjulinding site was sandyclay while at UTG Faraba Banta was sandy clay loam with atotal organic carbon of 0.94 gkg-1; N, 0.35 gkg-1; availableP,17.32 mgkg-1; pH,5.7 while that of UTG Faraba Campussite was sandy clay loam; organic carbon,0.49 gkg-1; total N,0.28 gkg-1; available P,17.75mgkg-1 and a pH of 5.5. Theexperiments consisted of two factors; groundnut varieties(Senegal 28/206, Fleur 11 and Samnut 24) and ten levels ofweed management strategies (Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i h-1,Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1, Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kga.i ha-1,Quizalofop-P-Ethylat at 1.5kg a.i ha-1,Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1 followed by Quizalofop-PEthyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1, Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha -1followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 weeks aftersowing, Manual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing,Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1followed by supplementaryhoe weeding at 6 weeks after sowing, Pendimethalin at1.5kg a.i ha-1 followed by Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.5kg a.iha-1 and Weedy check ). The treatments were factorialcombined and were laid out in a Split plot design replicatedthree times. Level of weed management strategies wereassigned to the main plots while the groundnut varietiesallocated to the sub plots. The land was cleared, tilt,harrowed, loosened and ridged before sowing. Gross and netplots sizes were 13.5m2 and 4.5m2 respectively.Sowing wasdone when the rainy season was fully established and thecrops were spaced at 75cm inter rows and 25cm intra rowswith two seeds planted per stand. The pre-emergenceherbicide was applied a day after sowing according to thetreatments while the post-emergence herbicide (QuizalofopP-Ethyl) was applied at 6 weeks after sowing usingknapsack sprayers. Fertilizer was applied at rate of 20 kgha -1of nitrogen, 40kgha-1 of phosphorous (P2O5) and 20kgha-1 ofpotassium using NPK 15:15:15 and single super phosphate18%. Data were collected on weed control index, canopyheight, number of branches plant-1 at maturity, number ofpods and kernels plant-1, as well as on haulm and kernelyields (kgha-1). Data generated were subjected to analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) using GenStat software, 17th Edition andthe significance means were compared using StudentsNeuman Keuls’ Test (SNK).3. ResultsThe results in Table 1 revealed that weed control indexwassignificantly affected by weed management strategies inboth locations.Manual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 weeks aftersowing recorded the highest weed control index atBanjulinding while pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 followedby quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 had higher controlindex at UTGFaraba Banta. Lowest weed control index wasconsistently observed in weed check plots in bothlocations.The groundnut varieties had no effect on weedcontrol indexin both locations (Table 1). The interactionbetween variety and weed management strategies was alsonot significance in both locations.Weed management had no effect on canopy height atBanjulinding while significant effect was observed atUTGFaraba Banta (Table 1). Where weed arecontrolled, hadtaller plants than the weedy check. Shorter plants wereobserved on weedy check control plants.Samnut 24 wasobserved to be taller than the other two varieties in bothlocations.Number of branches plant-1 was significantly affected byweed management strategies in both locations.The weedcontrolled plots had higher number of branches plant-1 thanweedy check plots which recorded the lowest branches inboth locations. Senegal 28/206 consistently recorded thehighest number of branches plant-1than the other varieties inboth locations.The interactions of groundnut variety and weed managementstrategies was found to be significant on number of branchesplant-1 at Bajaunlinding(Table 2) as well as on canopyheight and number of branches at UTG Fara Banta (Table3). Controlling weeds by herbicide application, hoe weedingor combination of the two on Sengal 28/206 had morenumber of branches plant-1 than where weeds were notcontrolled. However, weeding Fleur 11 and Samnut 24 hadsimilar branches with their unwedded control counterpart.At UTG Fara Banta, the weeded and unweeded Senegal28/206 and Fleur 11 varieties had similar height (Table 3).HoweverSamnut 24 responded differently to weedmanagement on plant height. Application of pendimethalinat 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1followed by supplementary hoe weeding at6WAS to this variety had taller plants which were similar toother management strategies but different from the control(Table3). The branching pattern of all the three varietiesVolume 8 Issue 11, November 2019www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BYPaper ID: ART2020216010.21275/ART202021602
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN: 2319-7064ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 SJIF (2018): 7.426does not change with changing weed management strategiesat UTG Faraba Banta. However irrespective of weedmanagement strategies, Senegal 28/206 had more branchesthan either Fleur or Samnut 24.The effect of weed management strategies and groundnutvarieties on number of pod and kernel plant-1 weresignificant in both locations (Table 4). Pendimethalin at1.5kg a.i ha-1 followed by quizalofop-p-ethyl at 1.5kg a.i ha-1recorded the higher pod and kernel plant-1 which werestatistically similar with other weed management strategiesexcept weedy check at Banjulinding. However,pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1 followed by supplementaryhoe weeding at 6 weeks after sowing recorded higher podplant-1 than other weed management strategies at UTGFaraba Banta. Similarly, pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6WAS hadhigher kernel plant-1 which was statistically similar to allother weed management strategies but different from theweedy check at UTG Faraba Banta. The weedy check plotsrecorded the lowest number of pods and kernels plant-1 inboth locations. The interaction between groundnut varietiesand weed management strategies on number of pods andkernels plant were not significant in both locations.Samnut24 consistently recorded the highest number of pods andkernels plant-1 than other two varieties in both locations.The effect of weed management strategies and groundnutvarieties on haulm and kernel yield was significant in bothlocations (Table 5). Manual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAShad higher haulm and kernel yield which was similar toother weed management strategies but different from theweedy check controlled plots at Banjulinding. Similarly, themanual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS recorded higher haulmyield while post-emergence application of quizalofop-Pethyl at 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 had higher kernel yield which weresimilar to other management strategies but different fromweedy check plots at UTG FarabaBabanta. Weedy checkplots consistently recorded the lowest haulm and kernelyield in both locations.Samnut 24 recorded the highestkernel yield which was statistically similar to Fleur11butdifferent from Senegal 28/206 at Banjulinding. Similarly, atUTG Faraba Banta Samnut 24 significantly recorded thehighest haulm and kernels yield than other two varieties. Theinteractions of weed management strategies and groundnutvarieties on haulm and kernel yield were not significance inboth locations.4. DiscussionThe weed management strategies employed in this researchwere significance and efficient in weed management.Manual hoe weeding resulted in cutting of the weedseedlings and burial of weed seeds into the soil at greaterdepth than other management strategies. Similar opinion wasreported by Pabitraet al. (2016). At Banjulinding, all theplots treated with herbicides showed minimum weed controlindex compared to UTG Faraba Banta. This could beattributed to the fact that there was heavy rainfall fewminutes after application of pre- emergence herbicide whichmight have reduced the weed efficacy of the appliedherbicide in this location. That could have explained thegood performance of manual hoe weeding in this which isnot affected by weather. Das (2011) reported that highrainfall might reduce the persistence and efficacy of appliedherbicides.Weed management strategies significantly affected of mostof the characters studied in both location except canopyheight at Banjulinding. In these cases where weeds werecontrolled, the performance of the groundnut was higherthan where weeds were not controlled as reported byPabitraet al. (2016) in India. Where weeds are not controlledthe growth and yield of the groundnut was significantlyreduced. This is because weeds compete with crops forlimited environmental resource and weeds have competitiveadvantage over crops, hence the reduction of growth andyield characters of the groundnut. The environmentalresources which are supposed to have been used by the crop,are now diverted to support the growth and development ofthe weed at the expense of the crop. This report is inconformity with the findings of Ayomide (2010) whoreported that weed caused stressed which reduced yields ofgroundnut by competing with the crop for minerals, light,nutrients and space. Other researchers have equally reportedsignificant reduction of groundnut’ canopy height, branchinghabit, pod, haulm and kernel yielding ability of groundnutdue to weed competition in various localities (Pabitraet al.2016;Ojeladeet al., 2018;Korovet al., 2018;Kasauret al.,2019; Olayinka and Etejere, 2015 ). The reduction of growthand yield character of groundnut due to weed competitionmay also be due to allelophatic potentials of some weedspecies which sometimes lead to total elimination ofgroundnut stands due to secretion of allelochemicals that arelethal to some plants including groundnut as reported by Das(2011). Among the weed controlled treatment, applicationsof herbicide alone proved to be promising in pods and kernelyields than the use of manual hoe weeding alone. This couldprobably be attributed to the fact that manual hoe weedingmay leads destruction of pegs after pollination before orafter reaching the soils. Under this conditions pods may notbe formed or destroy after being formed (Ojeladeet al.,2018). This suggested that the use of herbicide (pre-andpost-emergence) seems to be the best option for managingweeds in groundnut. However, the activities of the appliedherbicide may be affected by weather suggesting that, itshould not be applied under rainy condition or when rainyhours is being expected immediately after application.Similar opinionwere reported by Das(2011).Samnut 24 appears to be superior to the other varieties testedin both locations. It was taller and leafier than the other twovarieties. This makes it to be superior to the otherin terms ofnumber of pod and kernels palnt-1, haulm and kernel yield inboth locations. The superiority of the Samnut 24 overSenegal 28/206 and Fleur 11 could also be attributed to thefact that it was an improved variety with superior growthand yield character. The superiority of Samnut 10 over localcultivar of groundnut having reported by Olayinka andEtejere (2015)in Lafiagi, Nigeria. Samnut 24 wasintentionally developed at IAR, Zaria, Nigeria with intentionof bursting groundnut production in the country. The studyconfirmed that Samnut 24 is adoptable to the Gambianregion and can equally help in increasing groundnutproduction the Gambia. It was also evident from this studythat, employing any weeding strategy does not reduced orVolume 8 Issue 11, November 2019www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BYPaper ID: ART2020216010.21275/ART202021603
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN: 2319-7064ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 SJIF (2018): 7.426increased canopy height and branching habit of Samnut 24.This could be attributed to the fact that tallness of thisvariety helped in suppressing weed growth. Similarobservation were reported by Akobundu (1987) who notedthat plant height is one of the character that may affect thecompetitive ability of crop against weeds.Ethyl at 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 increased growth and yield charactersof groundnut of the two varieties compared to other weedmanagement strategies. Samnut 24 proved to be moreproductive than the other two varieties tested and can burstgroundnut production in the Gambia. Further research needto be carried in different part of the Gambian to a certain itsadoptability and acceptability by the farmers.In conclusion, pre-emergence application of pendimethalinfollowed by post-emergence application of Quizalofop-PTable 1: Effect of Weed Management Strategies and Groundnut Varieties on weed control index, canopy height (cm) andnumber of branches plant-1at Banjulindingand UTG Faraba Banta during 2018 Rainy SeasonTreatmentsLocationBanjulindingUTGFaraba BantaWeed control Canopy BranchesWeedCanopy Branchesindexheight plant-1 control index heightplant-1Weed Management StrategiesPendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i h-1Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.5 kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i h-1 fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i h-1 fb SHW at 6 WASManual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WASPendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i h-1 fb SHW at 6 WASPendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i h-1 fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.5 kg a.i ha-1Weedy checkLevel of SignificanceSE Vareity (V)Senegal 28/206Fleur 11Samnut 24Level of SignificanceSE 011.4621.652.662.060.4240.54436.93c 37.73a48.04b 18.97b70.45a 14.97c0.001 0.0011.198 150.0020.0010.043Means followed by the same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different at 5% level of probability using StudentsNeuman Keuls (SNK) Test. SHW Supplementary Hand Weeding, WAS week after sowing, fb followed byTable 2: Interaction between Weed Management Strategies and Groundnut Varieties on Number of Branches atBanjulindingduring during 2018 Rainy SeasonWeed management strategiesPendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethylat at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1fb SHW at 6WASManual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WASPendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1fb SHW at 6WASPendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.5 kg a.i ha-1ha-1Weedy checkSE 2.830Means followed by the same letter(s) in a column are notsignificantly different at 5% level of probability 67a38.33abc45.00a39.00ab11.67fVarietyFleur 67f15.33f15.33f15.33f15.67f8.33fStudents-Neuman Keuls (SNK) Test. SHW SupplementaryHand Weeding, WAS week after sowing, fb followed byVolume 8 Issue 11, November 2019www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BYPaper ID: ART2020216010.21275/ART202021604
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN: 2319-7064ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 SJIF (2018): 7.426Table 3: Interaction between Weed Management Strategies and Groundnut Varieties on Canopy Height(cm) and Number ofBranches at UTG Faraba Banta during 2018 Rainy SeasonWeed management strategiesCanopy height (cm)Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethylat at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1fb SHW at 6WASManual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WASPendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1fb SHW at 6WASPendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.5 kg a.i ha-1Weedy checkSE 2.382Number of Branches plant-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethylat at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1fb SHW at 6WASManual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WASPendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1fb SHW at 6WASPendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.5 kg a.i ha-1ha-1Weedy checkSE 2.662SenegalVarietyFleur .58b12.50b9.67bMeans followed by the same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different at 5% level of probability using StudentsNeuman Keuls (SNK) Test. SHW Supplementary Hand Weeding, WAS week after sowing, fb followed byTable 4: Effect of Weed Management Strategies and Groundnut Varieties on Number of Pods and Kernels Plant-1 atBanjulinding and UTG Faraba Banta during 2018 Rainy SeasonTreatmentsLocationBanjulindingUTG Faraba BantaNumber of pods Number of Number of pods Number ofplant-1kernels plant-1plant-1kernels plant-1Weed managements strategies (WM)Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethylat at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.iha-1 fb Quizalofop-P-Ethylat at1.0kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.iha-1fb SHW at 6 WASManual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WASPendimethalin at 1.5kg a.iha-1fb SHW at 6 WASPendimethalin at 1.5kg a.iha-1 fb Quizalofop-P-Ethylat at1.5kg a.i ha-1Weedy checkLevel of significanceSE Variety(V)Senegal 28/206Fleur11Samnut 24Level of significanceSE InteractionWM*VMeans followed by the same letter(s) in a column are notsignificantly different at 5% level of probability 21.2100.2030.1000.5180.541Students-Neuman Keuls (SNK) Test. SHW SupplementaryHand Weeding, WAS week after sowing, fb followed byVolume 8 Issue 11, November 2019www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BYPaper ID: ART2020216010.21275/ART202021605
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN: 2319-7064ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 SJIF (2018): 7.426Table 5: Effect of Weed management Strategies and Groundnut Varieties on Haulm, Pod and Kernel Yield (kg ha-1) atBanjulinding and UTG Faraba Banta during 2018 Rainy SeasonTreatmentsLocationBanjulindingUTGFaraba BantaHaulm yield Pod yield Kernel yield Haulm yield Pod yield Kernel yieldWeed Management Strategies (WM)Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i h-1Pendimethalin at 1.5kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.5 kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at1.0kg a.i h-1 fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at 1.0kg a.i ha-1Pendimethalin at 1.0kg a.i h-1 fb SHW at 6 WASManual hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WASPendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i h-1 fb SHW at 6 WASPendimethalin at1.5kg a.i h-1 fb Quizalofop-P-Ethyl at1.5 kg a.i ha-1Weedy checkLevel of SignificanceSE Vareity (V)Senegal 28/206Fleur 11Samnut 24Level of SignificanceSE InteractionWM*VMeans followed by the same letter(s) in a column are notsignificantly different at 5% level of probability usingStudents-Neuman Keuls (SNK) Test. SHW SupplementaryHand Weeding, WAS week after sowing, fb followed byReferences[1] Agriculture and Natural, Resource Policy (ANR) Policy(2015). The Republic of The Gambia[2] Akobundu, I. O. (1987). Weed science in the tropics,principles and practices. John wiley and sons ltd. Newyork, USA.[3] Arthur, S.(2016).Evaluation of Herbicides andFungicides on Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea l.) Qualityand Productivity. University of Education, Winneba,Ghana.[4] Ayomide, (2010). Effect of Row Spacing and WeedControl on the Growth and Yield of Groundnut,University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Nigeria.[5] Das, T. K. (2011). Weed Science Basic Application.Publication Jain brothers. New Delhi, pp795-900[6] Garko, M.S, Mohammed, I.B, Yakuba, A.I,Muhammad, Z.Y (2016). Performance of GroundnutVarieties (Arachis hypogaea L.) As Influenced by WeedControl Treatments in Kano State of Nigeria.International Journal Scientific and TechnologyResearch, Vol. 5, Issued 03, March 2016[7] Ihala, A. Bathod P.H., Petel K.C. and Van Danme P.(2005). Growth and yield of groundnut (Arachishypogea L) as influence by weed management practicesand Rhizobuim inoculation. Agric. Applied Bio Sc. 70(3):493-500[8] Jallow, S. (2012). Effects of Different WeedManagement Practices on the Yield and Yieldcomponents of Groundnut (Unpublished Bachelor’sproject). University of The Gambia, The 50[9] Jat, R.S, Meena, H.N., Singh, A.L, Java, N., Surya, andMisra, J.B. (2011). Weed Management in Groundnut inIndia: A review. Agricultural Research CommunicationCentre. Agri. Reviews, 32(3):155-171[10] Kausar, S., Zia ul Hassan, M and Arif khan, M. (2
weed dry weight and recordedhigher weed control efficiency in groundnut.The use of herbicide as a means of weed management is fast gaining momentum especially in groundnut cultivation. Herbicides are efficient in suppressing or modifying weed growth in such a way as to prevent interference with crop establishment (Kunjo, 1981).
Cooking oil is an important and essential item in the FMCG sector. An average Indian consumes 15 Kg of oil in a year. Compared to other oils like sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, and soy oil, groundnut oil has more nutritional value. In addition to cooking, groundnut oil is used in the bakery and confectionery industry. Groundnut oil is used in .
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Controls beds beside the raised beds were prepared using #9 wire hoops with plastic secured by sand bags and plastic pins. Planting We planted five varieties of beets, six varieties of broccoli, six varieties of cabbage, four varieties of carrots, four varieties of onions, three varieties of peas
Kentucky. Provided here is a list of all hemp varieties, strains or cultivars that have been approved for use in the Kentucky hemp program. This list contains Prohibited Varieties and Varieties of Concern, as well as testing data on all other varieties that have been grown and tested in Kentucky since 2017.
1. Introduction Groundnut, or peanut, is commonly called the poor man's nut. Today it is an important oilseed and food crop. This plant is native to South America and has never been found uncultivated. The botanical name for groundnut, Arachis hypogaea Linn., is derived from two
7. Climatic Requirements 8. Soil Requirements 9. Land Husbandry and Crop Management 10. Abiotic Stresses 11. Biotic Stresses 12. Aflatoxins in Groundnut 13. Genetic Resources 14. Conclusions Related Chapters Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary The groundnut or peanut is o
Step 3: Applying fertilizer Groundnut can fix nitrogen from the air, and therefore does not need to be fertilized with nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate or urea. Groundnut needs other nutrients such as phosphorus and calcium. Good types of phosphorus fertilizer are SSP and Compound L. Compound L has high P content in relation to N.
9 MATHEMATICS - Week 1 Lesson 2: Properties of Operations Learning Objectives: Students will be able to simplify computations with integers, fractions and decimals by using the associative and commutative properties of addition and multiplication, and
