Efficiency Vermont Using Cellulose In Superinsulated And .
Using these techniques, we can: Construct simpler building assemblies that arefamiliar to people in the trades. Reduce the heating /cooling loads enough toallow shifting of costs from the mechanicalsystems to the building envelope. Do this in a thoughtful way. If projects aredesigned in this manner from the start, theycan be completed for about the same cost asnon-super insulated buildings.Using Cellulose in Superinsulatedand Passive House Construction,Lessons LearnedMichael GoetinckOwner - Snowdog Bill HulstrunkTechnical Manager - 3MWhy Cellulose Insulation?High Performance BuildingsWallsCeilingFoundation**Slab **Windows***Air Leakage @50PaHERS RatingHome Heating Index(Btu/Sqft / HDD)ICC 2012Code -80R-30R-20R-71301.5 All borate cellulose:PassiveHouse*R-60R-90R-60R-60R-100.6 (1)****200.5––––Thermal performance is stable over timeResists insectsIs compatible with all other building materialsImproves building durability due thehygroscopic and anti-microbial properties– Is VOC compliant (NF & GF products)– Has a high recycled content, 85%– Low embodied energy and global warmingpotentialNotes: * Passive House R-values and air leakage numbers are site specific* *Foundation / Slab R-values are for under slab and for below grade wall areas***Window R-values are for entire unit including the frame****PHI EnerPHit Retrofit StandardsBB
Loose-fill or Dense Pack?Hygroscopic v Hydrophobic Hygroscopic materials act as buffers thatpromote drying. Hydrophobic materials inhibit drying. Loose fill cellulose for open attics andscissor trusses.An approved ignition barrier over spray foam Dense pack cellulose for enclosed cavities:–––––is a code approved fire blockan excellent airflow and sound attenuatora deterrent against pestsadds significant thermal mass to the buildingdimensionally stable for the lifetime of the buildingMBVaporHygroscopic Materials In mixed heating and cooling climates: The hygroscopic properties of cellulose allow moisturebuffering and redistribution which protects the insulationand adjacent materials. Cellulose can be used in buildings with appropriate RHlevels:– Wintertime: vapor is driven to the exterior– Summertime: vapor is driven to the interior In above grade assemblies, vaporretarding/barrier materials will be on the “wrong”side of the building assembly for part of the yearand allow moisture buildup behind them. The most durable buildings are those that candry in either direction. Always use vapor barriers in below gradeassemblies.M– Without vapor retarders or bariers– In building cavities withnon-insulated sheathing– In unvented roof assemblies Helps to stabilize interiorhumidity levels.B
Moisture Testing ResultsThis data indicates that the rate of drying is higher than the rate of wettingfor all types of exterior sheathing when the assembly is insulated withB dense pack cellulose.Bill Hulstrunk – 02/15BBill Hulstrunk – 02/15Progressive DensityCellulose Specifications Material The density ofthe celluloseneeds tocorrespond tothe thicknessof the cavitybeing filled.– National Fiber cellulose insulation shall contain an all borate fireretardant. Cellulose must comply with the CDPH/EHLB/StandardMethod v1.1-2010 for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) andconform to ASTM C-739 and ASTM C-1149 standards. Installation– Cellulose insulation must be installed by a certified National Fiberapplicator in accordance with manufactures specifications.– In flat attics: Loose-fill cellulose to provide the rated R-value and depthat manufacturers settled density.– In enclosed framing: Dense pack cellulose to a minimum installeddensity of 3.5 lbs/cuft* using the tube insertion method.– Dry application in open wall framing: Dense pack cellulose behindInsulweb fabric to a minimum installed density of 3.5* lbs/cuft. Insulatedareas to be rolled flat by installer after insulation.* Installed density will vary according to cavity depth, consult ExpandedBag Coverage ChartMB
Airflow AttenuationSuper Insulated Buildings Super efficient buildings require a dedicated air barrier. No matter what type of air barrier is used, dense packcellulose will improve the performance of the assembly. Examples:1. 6,831 sqft new building with a fluid applied air barrieron the exterior sheathing:Pre dense pack 1450 cfm@50Pa,post dense pack behind Insulweb 870 cfm@50Pa;40% cfm reduction2. 2,500 sqft new building with a interior air barriermembrane installed:671 cfm@50Pa pre dense pack,234 cfm@50 Pa post dense pack;65% reductionB The goal is 1.0 ach@50 Pa for superinsulated buildings and 0.6 ach@50 Pa forpassive house buildings We have found that air sealing thebuilding’s exterior sheathing or usingexterior air impermeable fabrics are themost cost effective methods for achievingan air tight envelope.MWhen to Blower Door Test? Blower door test the building after the shell isweathered in (air tight), but just before theinsulation work is started. This allows access tothe framing and the air leaks. Use the back of your hand, an infrared camera,and/or fog machine to locate the air leaks. The most common air leak locations are thewall to foundation; wall to roof connections; andaround windows and doors .MM
Air Sealing Products Need to be flexible for long term durability. Silicone based caulks work well for sealing cracks. Non-expanding canned foam from a foam gun or gasketswork best for cracks up to one and a half inches. When usingfoam to seal around windows/doors, install in several smalllifts to improve performance. Spray foam can be used to seal wider cracks, but should notbe sprayed in continuous large areas (over six inches inwidth) since it is not flexible enough to move with the building.Remember, spray foam is a line of sight product. “If you can’tsee it, you can’t seal it.” A new generation of acrylic adhesive air sealing tapes aregaining popularity (Pro Clima Tescon Vana, Siga Wigluv, 3M8067 or ZipWall Tape). Fluid applied air barriers such as Tremco Exo-Air 220R or 230are also effective.BBAir Sealing the Exterior SheathingConnecting the “Dots” Air seal all connections:–––––MAll sheet to sheet seams of OSB or plywoodAround each cornerThe wall to the foundationThe wall to the roofInto each of the window and door openings The air barrier fabrics need this same attentionto detail! Pay particular attention to air sealing betweendissimilar materials (i.e. exterior sheathing tofoundation with primer and super tape). Don’t mix and match products. They are usuallynot interchangeable.M
Locating Air Barriers For SuperiorInsulation PerformanceAir Sealing Existing Buildings When using densepack cellulose, the airbarrier can be oneither side of theassembly. The cellulose must bein direct contact withthe continuous airbarrier. A continuous/“perfect” air barrier is thegoal. A discontinuous/”imperfect” (but good) airbarrier is usually the reality. Exterior? Interior? In between? Transitions?MBUse an Interior Vapor Control AirBarrier Fabric if: You expect wintertime relative humidity levelswill exceed 60% for significant periods of timeduring the winter months. For retrofits, if you are not going to be able to airseal the exterior sheathing of the building, or youcannot get the building below 1.0 ACH@50 Pabefore the insulation is installed. This allows you to blower door test beforeinstalling the insulation and drywall in buildingswith an interior air barrier. May decouple the hygric buffer of the cellulosefrom the interior.BB
Cellulose Containment These fabrics allow you to see and/or feel the cellulosedensity behind them. Air Barriers: ProClima Intello Plus (interior) & Mento Plus(exterior), Siga Majpal 5 (interior) & Majvest (exterior), etc.– More expensive; the reinforced “plus” fabrics hold better withstaples while the non-reinforced fabrics typically need to bestrapped before dense packing.– Three inch air relief slits need to be cut into the fabric every fourvertical feet on each edge of the cavity. These are sealed withthe appropriate tape afterwards.– Air barrier fabrics tend to bulge and need to be strapped prior toinsulating or rolled flat afterwards to allow for drywall installation. Air Permeable: Insulweb. Less expensive, translucent, does notbulge as much as the other fabrics.BBMoisture Concerns inBasements Retro-fitsRetro-fitting Basement Slabs– Install a vapor barrier and insulation on top ofthe slab.– Use multiple layers and stagger joints of highdensity EPS, Gutex, or Roxul ComfortBoardIS to achieve desired insulation value.– Subfloor: 2 layers of 5/8 plywood or OSB withthe joints staggered and screwed togetherwith 1 ¼ inch deck screws. Bulk water: Manage it. Water vapor andwicking: Minimize it. Source control iscritical. Do not neglect thiseven if it’s “tooexpensive”.BM
Retrofitting Vented Crawl Spaces Build down floor joists with plywood gussets witha 2 x 4 at the bottom (Larsen Truss). Staple Solitex Mento Plus or equivalent to theunderside of the truss; air seal along the edges. Install strapping 16 inches on centerperpendicular to the floor joists. Install dense pack cellulose. Cover ground with a durable vapor barrier andballast if necessary.MMFoundations Foundation walls:– install a vapor barrier against the foundation(concrete/stone/etc.).– frame a 2 x 4 wall out from the foundation tothe desired cavity depth.– dense pack the cavity to block thermalbridging through the footing. Moisture testing has demonstrated that thecellulose remains dry throughout theassembly.MM
Band and Rim Joists If the exterior air sealing does notencapsulate this area; air seal the wood towood joints with a good flexible caulk. Attach fabric to the top of the wall, staplethe other end up to the subfloor and staplethe sides to the floor joists making a pouchfor the dense pack cellulose.MBContinuous or Separate Cavities? To establish bag counts for quality controlpurposes:BB– Wall cavities less than 12 inches deep, separate onewall from the next with Insulweb.– For cavities exceeding 12 inches deep, separate eachbay with Insulweb.– Prefill cavities 50 – 75% , reset machine for densepack and finish installing the cellulose with a two inchaluminum tube.– Concentrate on each of the cavity corners using astar pattern until you cannot easily push the tubeback through.
Walls: Innie or Outie? In new construction or retrofit, building a doublewall to the inside can be more cost effective andeasier for framing crews to understand.– Air seal exterior sheathing plane. When retrofitting buildings with large overhangsbuild outward with Larsen Trusses, I-joists, orparallel chord trusses (R-44 12”, R-60 16”)– If the original sheathing is exposed, you can air sealthat, otherwise use an moisture permeable air barrierfabric on the exterior. Don’t forget the rain screen details: tar paper orTypar with vertical strapping or polypropylenemesh.BMFlat Ceilings and Raised HeelScissor Trusses Most cost effective insulationoption. Install the drywall. Use flush mount light fixtures,or if you must, IC air tightfixtures. Air seal all penetrations. Install loose fill cellulose.(R-80 21.5”, R-100 26.5”) Attic space above theinsulation must be vented.MB
Cathedral CeilingsBM Size rafters for roof loads (use structuralengineer) and then fatten down with plywoodgussets and 2 x 4s (Larsen Truss); deep I-joists;or parallel cord trusses (R-60 16”, R-80 21.5”). Separate rafter bays with Insulweb. Install Insulweb (unvented) or air barrier fabric(vented) to underside and strap ceilinghorizontally every 16 inches on center. Pre-fill the cavity. When dense packing; insertthe tube perpendicular to roof deck every 16inches for each rafter bay or with multiplepasses of the hose to build the density bothlaterally and vertically.Unvented Roofs Unvented roofs work when the dense pack cellulose isinstalled to self supporting densities and is in directcontact with the underside of the roof sheathing. The air barrier can follow the exterior of the walls and theexterior of the roof. Sometimes the roof soffits are addedon afterwards. Use tar paper or a moisture permeable roofunderlayment with a perm rate of 20 or above. Light colored roofs can reduce summertime heat gain. Metal roofs are more reflective than asphalt shingles;Some colors are Energy Star rated. Installed density is critical, use an experienced installer.MB
Vented Roofs Venting can be helpful by reducing somesummertime solar heat gain For walls with an exterior air barrier, you willneed to transition the barrier across the top ofthe walls to the interior to maintain continuity. Build down at least an inch and install moisturepermeable venting baffles such as airimpermeable fabrics or double wall cardboardsupported every 8 inches along the center. Uninterrupted airflow from soffit up to ridge is amust.BBOur Top 40 ListMechanical Ventilation A ventilation system is critical, short and straightduct runs are best for performance and cost. Use parallel cord trusses between floors to runHRV/ERV distribution system. Use separate bathroom fans and kitchen rangehoods for source control of odor and moistureremoval.MB
Questions? Comments? Feedback?Bill Michael Goetinckmichael@snowdogvermont.com802-649-3605B
– Cellulose insulation must be installed by a certified National Fiber applicator in accordance with manufactures specifications. – In flat attics: Loose-fill cellulose to provide the rated R-value and depth at manufacturers settled density. – In enclosed framing: Dense pack cellulose to a minimum installed
Cellulose and Its Derivatives Use in the Pharmaceutical Compounding Practice 143 forms, II, III and IV. Cellulose II is the allomorph that is thermodynamically most stable [16,23-24]. Cellulose III can be prepared by liquid ammonia or (mono, di, tri) amine treatment of cellulose I and II [25]. The cellulose IV crystalline form is obtained by
Appearance and structure of Cellulose aerogels Cellulose-Aerogels are generally opaque and milky with densities of around 5 - 60 kg/m3 Structure: nanofelt of microfibrils Aerogels with 0,5 % Cellulose 1,0 % Cellulose 2,0 % Cellulose Cai et al, ChemSusChem 2008
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1920 - Nitrate negative film commonly replaces glass plate negatives. 1923 - Kodak introduces cellulose acetate amateur motion picture film. 1925 - 35mm nitrate still negative film begins to be available and cellulose acetate film becomes much . more common. 1930 - Acetate sheet film, X-ray film, and 35mm roll film become available.
Cellulose insulation is recyclable because it is made with 85%, or more, recovered content, most of which is post-consumer. A medium size cellulose insulation plant will convert three to five truckloads, or more, of recovered paper to energy-saving insulation each production shift. The energy used to make cellulose insulation is referred to as
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