Design And Development Of Solar Assisted Bicycle
ISSN: 2277-3754ISO 9001:2008 CertifiedInternational Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2012Design and Development of Solar Assisted Bicycle* Ajit B. Bachche, ** N. S. Hanamapure,*P.G. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering & Technology, Warananagar - 416113, Maharashtra (India)** Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering & Technology, Warananagar - 416113, Maharashtra (India)chains. This means they are very reliable and have a longlife. The main characteristic of Brushless DC Machines isthat they may be controlled to give wide constant powerspeed ranges. [10] [11] [12]Abstract: As we all know the fuel prices especially the petrolis rising steadily day by day. Again the pollution due to vehiclesin metro cities & urban areas is increasing continuously. Toovercome these problems, an effort is being made to search someother alternative sources of energy for the vehicles. Again, it isalso not affordable to purchase vehicles (mopeds, scooters ormotorcycles) for all the class of society. Keeping this in mind, asearch for some way to cater these economically poor people aswell as to provide a solution for the environmental pollution wasin progress. The solar assisted bicycle developed is driven by DCmotor fitted in front or rear axle housing & operated by solarenergy. The solar panels mounted on the carriage will charge thebattery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle isidle, the solar panel will charge the battery. This arrangementwill replace the petrol engine, the gear box & the fuel tank incase of a two wheeler or a chain sprocket, chain & gear shiftingarrangement of a conventional bicycle being used by mostcommon man. [9] As a part of dissertation work, the solar assistedbicycle is fitted with a dc hub motor on front axle of a bicyclewith power rating of 250W and with a travelling speed of around25-30 kmph. It is provided with a pair of lead acid batteries of 35Ah each, a photovoltaic solar panel with capacity of 20 watt, avoltage regulator of 24v 10 Amp, accelerator and motorcontroller of 24v 25Amp. There is also a provision for chargingof the battery with 220-240V, AC wall outlet supply, in case ofpoor solar supply due to cloudy weather. [4]Fig 2: Hub Motor RotorKey Words: Solar Assisted Bicycle (SAB), Hub Motor, SolarPanel, Motor Controller, Voltage Regulator.I. METHODOLOGYThe solar assisted bicycle consist of followingcomponents (Fig.1) - hub motor, solar panel, voltageregulator, lead acid battery, motor controller, accelerator,bicycle. [9] Fig.3: Hub Motor StatorTable 1: Specifications of Hub MotorType of MotorHub motorDesign of MotorBLDC (Brushless DC)Power Rating250WTorque12 N-mSpeed (rpm)300Rated Voltage (V)24Efficiency (%)Noise(dB)Weight(kg) 80 654B. Solar Cells/ PanelsAs the title suggests the bicycle is operated by solarenergy. The lead acid battery is charged with solar energywith the help of a solar cell. Solar cells convert the energyof sunlight directly into electricity through the use of thephotovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect involves thecreation of a voltage into an electro-magnetic radiation.The photoelectric and photovoltaic effects are related tosunlight, but are different in that electrons are ejected froma material’s surface upon exposure to radiation of sufficientenergy in photoelectric, and generated electrons aretransferred to different bands of valence to conductionwithin the material, resulting in the build-up of voltagebetween two electrodes in photovoltaic.Fig 1 - Block Diagram of a Solar Assisted BicycleA. Hub MotorThe hub motor is a conventional Dc motor. The rotor(Fig.2) is outside the stator with the permanent magnetsmounted on inside. The stator (Fig.3) is mounted and fixedonto the axle and the hub will be made to rotate byalternating currents supplied through batteries. Hub motorgenerates high torque at low speed, which is highly efficientand which doesn’t need sprockets, brackets and drive452
ISSN: 2277-3754ISO 9001:2008 CertifiedInternational Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2012Solar cells are electrically connected and fabricated as amodule with a sheet of glass on top to allow light to passand protect the semiconductor from the weather. To obtaina desired peak DC voltage we will add solar cells in series,and to obtain a desired peak current, the solar cells are putin parallel position (Fig.4).Fig 5: Circuit diagram of Voltage RegulatorFig 4: Solar panelTable 2: Specifications of Solar CellMaximum Power (Watt)20Charging Current (Amp)2Open Circuit Voltage (V)21.6Max Power Voltage (V)17Short Circuit Current1.316PowerMeasuredat1000W per m2 atStandard Test Condition250CLifespan25 yearsSize500mm 338mm. 35mmFig 6: Voltage regulator/ Boost converterC. Voltage RegulatorIt is essential to regulate the voltage output from the solarpanel before it is supplied to the battery. A voltage regulatoris a power converter with an output DC voltage greater thanthe input DC voltage. This is used to regulate an inputvoltage to a higher regulated voltage.The output of the solar panel is not always be stable dueto fluctuations in intensity of sunlight, angular changes withrespect to the direction of sunlight, as well as otherenvironmental factors. This is the voltage regulator/BoostConverter comes into SAB. The output of the solar panel isthe input of the boost converter, which then outputs into thebattery for charging. Because the output of the solar panelwill be varying constantly, we need a voltageregulator/boost converter that will take an input from a widerange of voltages and output a specific, constant voltagevalue.A voltage regulator/boost converter is a power converterthat will take in a DC voltage and output a higher value DCvoltage. Our voltage regulator/boost converter requiresoutput of the solar panel, which can range from 0V to27.2V, and output for charging of the battery.We were initially attracted to the SPV Instruments (Fig.5,Fig.6) Module because it has the characteristics of taking inan input range of 9.6V to 13.2V and outputting 24V at amaximum of 2-3 amps .This SPV has an area of 2.5 squareinches so it is also small in size, which makes it veryfeasible to be placed anywhere on the bicycle. We gothought the battery voltage & we need to supply 24V inorder to charge it. [6]Output Voltage24 VOpen Circuit Voltage26.8 VAmp- Hour Rating10 ATable 3: Specification of solar chargerD. Lead Acid BatteryLead acid batteries (Fig.7) are one of the most populartypes of battery in electronics. Although slightly lower inenergy density than lithium metal, lead acid is safe,provided certain precautions are met when charging anddischarging. This have a many advantages over otherconventional types of batteries, the lead acid battery is theoptimum choice for a solar assisted bicycle.Current supplied from battery indicates the flow ofenergy from the battery and is measured in amperes (orAmps) (Fig.10). The higher the current flow faster thebattery will discharge. A battery is rated in ampere-hours(abbreviated Ah) and this is called the battery capacity.(Fig.9)This project revolves around supplying and utilizingenergy within a high voltage battery (Fig.8). It demands fora battery with longer running hours, lighter weight withrespect to its high output voltage and higher energy density.Among all the existing rechargeable battery systems, thelead acid cell technology is the most efficient and practicalchoice for the desired application. The battery chosen forthis project was a high capacity lead acid battery packdesigned specifically for vehicles. Plastic casing is providedto house the internal components of the battery. [1] [3]453
ISSN: 2277-3754ISO 9001:2008 CertifiedInternational Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2012OpenCircuitVoltage(Volts)Charging TimeWeightSafetyCycle Life (no. Of cycles)Operating Temperature 0C28.7 V8-9 hours8 KgGood400-10 to 60E. Motor ControllerThe motor controller (Fig.12) is an important componentof the system. It is essential to control the amount of powersupplied and to drive the BLDC hub motor. The controllerconverts the DC voltage from battery to an alternatingvoltage with variable amplitude and frequency that drive thehub motor at different speeds(Fig.11). It basically consistsof MOSFET transistors and small microprocessor that varyfrom detecting any malfunctions with the motor hallsensors, the throttle, to protect functions against excessivecurrent and under-voltage, which are ideal for protecting thesystem. [5]Fig 7: Parts of lead acid battery cellFig 8: Lead acid batteryFig 11: Circuit diagram of motor controller.Figure 9: Voltage and % of charge of Lead acid batteryFig 10: Charge per cell of Lead acid batteryTable 4: Specifications of lead acid BatteryType of BatterySealed Lead AcidSize ( l w h)210 140 356 mm.Number of BatteriesTwoBatteriesconnected in seriesVoltage12 VAmp-Hour Rating35 AhCharge TerminationWhenbatterycharge reaches 25.8 VStandby Battery Voltage25.4 VFig 12: Hub motor controllerTable 5: Specification of motor controllerSystem voltage (V)24Max. load output current25End of charge voltage (V)27.4Boost charge voltage (V)28.8Ambient temperature (ºC)0-50454
ISSN: 2277-3754ISO 9001:2008 CertifiedInternational Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2012Weight (gm.)180This arrangement is replace the petrol engines, the gearDimensions (l w h) (mm)130 x 88 xbox & the fuel tank in case of a two wheeler or chain39sprockets, chains & gear shifting arrangement of aF. Accelerator/Throttleconventional bicycle being used by most common man. [9]The maximum speed of a bicycle is 30 kmph. It isrequired to vary the speed depending upon the roadconditions & traffic. Therefore an accelerator or a throttle(Fig.13) is necessary.Throttle allows us to drive the motor from zero speed tofull speed. The throttle is fitted on right side of the handlebar and is connected to controller. The throttle converts DCvoltage from battery to an alternating voltage with variableamplitude and frequency that drives the hub motor atdifferent speeds. It consists of MOSFET transistors and asmall microprocessor.This throttle is technically referred to as a Hall Effecttype. The throttle has three wires contains a black, red, andgreen. The supply voltage is via red and black wires and isusually around 4 volts. Green wire voltage increases as thethrottle is turned.Fig 13: Throttle/ AcceleratorTable 6: Specifications of Accelerator/throttleSupply Voltage (V)24Return Voltage (V)4Max. load output current (A)Handle Bar Diameter(mm)Three wires red, green, black2522May differ fromworks. Fits for 24vsupplyG. Solar Bicycle” The solar assisted bicycle (Fig.14) is driven by DCmotor fitted in front axle housing & operated by solarenergy. The solar panel mounted on the carriage is chargethe battery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When thebicycle is idle during the day, the solar panel will charge thebattery. The system will make bicycle operate moreefficientlyThe basic configuration of an solar bicycle drive consistsof a controller that controls the power flow from the batteryto the electric motor. This power flow acts in parallel withthe power delivered by the rider via the pedal of the bike.The rider of an solar bicycle can choose to rely on the motorcompletely, pedal and use the motor at the same time orpedal only (use as a conventional bicycle).Fig 14: Solar bicycleTable 7: Specifications of a ual Powered (motor and pedaldriven)40 Kg80 kg120 kg1410 540 1040 mm
ISSN: 2277-3754ISO 9001:2008 CertifiedInternational Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2012II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: [2] [8]ParameterMax. SpeedLimit (km/h)DriverspedallingrequirementInitial unitcostOperatingcost for 40km travelingin Rs.WeightMax.Travelingdistance at astretch in kmfuel usedper 100 kmCharging(oil- filling)timeTypeofenergy usedDrivingnoise (dB)Driver’slicenserequiredHelmetRequiredAge LimitEngine sizeSolarBicycle25-30Assisted45-50Ordinary Bicycle10 to 15NoNoYes16470350003000Nil45Nil40 kg35-4080 kg15015 kg15-20Nil2L6-7 hr. For 74W,15A solar panels. &16-18 hr. For 20W,02A Solar cablePetrolMusclepowernoiseless65- 70REFERENCESNoYesNoNoYesNoNoYes,over 18100125 ccNoNot applicable[1] The Pandit G. Patil, Energy Systems Division, ArgonneNational Laboratory “Advanced Battery Technology forElectric Two-Wheelers” Journal of Energy Systems Division,Argonne National Laboratory June 2009.[2] Jean-Marc Timmermans1, Julien Matheys, Philippe Lataire,Joeri Van Mierlo, Jan Cappelle2 “A Comparative Study of 12Electrically Assisted Bicycles” World Electric VehicleJournal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE.Notapplicable[3] Ahmad A. Pesaran and Tony Markel, Harshad S. Tataria,David Howell “Battery Requirements for Plug-In HybridElectric Vehicles – Analysis and Rationale” ConferencePaper of National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USANREL/CP-540-42240 July 2009.III. CONCLUSIONSolar assisted bicycle is modification of existing bicycleand driven by solar energy. It is suitable for both city andcountry roads, that are made of cement, asphalt, or mud.This bicycle is cheaper, simpler in construction & can bewidely used for short distance travelling especially byschool children, college students, office goers, villagers,postmen etc. It is very much suitable for young, aged,handicap people and caters the need of economically poorclass of society. It can be operated throughout the year freeof cost. The most important feature of this bicycle is that itdoes not consume valuable fossil fuels thereby savingcrores of foreign currencies. It is ecofriendly & pollutionfree, as it does not have any emissions. Moreover it isnoiseless and can be recharged with the AC adapter in caseof emergency and cloudy weather. The operating cost perkilometer is minimal, around Rs.0.70/km. It can be drivenby manual pedalling in case of any problem with the solarsystem. It has fewer components, can be easily mounted ordismounted, thus needs less maintenance. [7][4]Tony Markel, Michael Kuss, and Paul Denholm“Communication and Control of Electric Drive VehiclesSupporting Renewables” Conference Paper of Center forTransportation Technologies and Systems NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/CP-540-46224 August2009.[5] T. Markel, K. Bennion and W. Kramer, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory & J. Bryan and J. Giedd Xcel Energy“Field Testing Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with ChargeControl Technology in the Xcel Energy Territory.” TechnicalReport of National Renewable Energy Laboratory,NREL/TP-550-46345, August 2009.[6] T. Markel, K. Bennion and W. Kramer, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory & J. Bryan and J. Giedd Xcel Energy“Field Testing Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with ChargeControl Technology in the Xcel Energy Territory” Journal ofInternational Conference on Renewable Energies and PowerQuality (ICREPQ’11) Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain),13th to 15th April, 2011.456
ISSN: 2277-3754ISO 9001:2008 CertifiedInternational Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2012[7] C. E. (Sandy) Thomas” Fuel Cell and Battery Electric VehiclesCompared” Journal ofH2Gen Innovations, Inc., Alexandria,Virginia, 22304, USA.[8]Todd Litman, “Efficient Vehicles Versus nergyconservation strategies. Journal paper of Victoria TransportPolicy Institute, 26 August 2009.[9] An MIT Energy Initiative Symposium, “Electrification of theTransportation System”. Journal paper of An MIT EnergyInitiative Symposium April 8, 2010.[10] Chetan Kumaar Maini, Deputy Chairman and ChiefTechnology officer, Reva Electric Car Company, India“Development of a next generation Electric Car for WorldMarkets” Journal of EVS 24 Stavanger, Norway, May1316,2009.[11] V.B. Bhandari, Design of machine elements, The McGraw.Hill Companies, Second Edition.[12] S.S. Ratan; Theory of Machine, the McGraw. HillCompanies, Second Edition.457
” The solar assisted bicycle (Fig.14) is driven by DC motor fitted in front axle housing & operated by solar energy. The solar panel mounted on the carriage is charge the battery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle during the day, the solar panel will charge the battery.
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