New Technology At PJM - CMU

New Technology at PJMCarnegie MellonElectricity Industry CenterFebruary 27, 2007Ken Huber 2007 PJM

PJM as Part of the Eastern InterconnectionKEY STATISTICSPJM member companies475millions of people served51peak load in megawatts144,644MWs of generating capacity 164,905miles of transmission lines56,250GWh of annual energy729,000generation sources1,271square miles of territory164,260area served13 states DCInternal/external tie lines2476,038substations26% of generation inEastern Interconnection23% of load inEastern Interconnection19% of transmission assetsin Eastern Interconnection19% of U.S. GDP produced in PJM2 2007 PJM

PJM in the World165,000 MW Installed Capacity 247 IntertiesPJM1,271 Generating Units 56,070 miles of transmission83,000 MW Installed Capacity 41 IntertiesEDF (France)608 Generating Units 30,162 miles of transmission64,000 MW Installed Capacity 3 IntertiesTokyo Electric147 Generating Units 43,857 miles of transmission77,000 MW Installed Capacity 3 IntertiesERCOT437 Generating Units 38,000 miles of transmissionNational Grid(England & Wales)54,000 MW Installed Capacity 2 Interties212 Generating Units 14,552 miles of transmission54,000 MW Installed Capacity 10 IntertiesItaly314 Generating Units 26,503 miles of transmission48,000 MW Installed Capacity 5 IntertiesCAISO31,143 Generating Units 32,180 miles of transmission 2007 PJM

Advanced Technology InitiativesService Oriented ArchitectureVisualizationInformationTechnologyData MiningCognitive TaskAnalysis,Human erIntegerProg tyAnalysisNear - TermProbability RiskAssessmentAdvancedComputingGeneration iveSpeechSmart GridVehicle to GridWind EnergyGeographicalInformationSystemsFunction DomainKnowledge is 2007 PJMComputingPMU/WAMSIntermediateTime Domain4HierarchicalProcessingFast SimulationLong- Term

Analysis of Emerging TechnologyInnovation FunnelBusiness Centric ApproachGate 1Gate 2Gate 3Gate ntBusinessOpportunityBusiness electionTechnologyScreenTechnologyTrendsHigh Level RiskAssessmentLife sourceRequirementsKEY GATE DOCUMENT5 2007 PJM

Analysis of Emerging TechnologyCurrent Advanced Technology calStateEstimation0-3 isualizationControlPhasorMeasurementUnitsCognitive TaskAnalysisParallelComputing5 re6 2007 PJMUserInterface

Analysis of Emerging TechnologyCurrent Advanced Technology calStateEstimation0-3 gnitive TaskAnalysis l5 rastructure7 2007 PJMUserInterface

Challenges Facing PJM Aging Workforce –Retirements Increased scope andconfiguration– Loss of “TribalKnowledge” Pressures to reduceoperating costs Design by engineers8 2007 PJM

UDS Inputs: User Interface9 2007 PJM

Event Summary10 2007 PJM

Situational Awareness?11 2007 PJM

Good Human Factors?12 2007 PJM

Designing for the Novice and Expert Source: Liz QuoetoneWTDB/NSSL and Dr. GaryKlein13 2007 PJMNovice– Lives in the moment– Can’t recognize complexrelationships– Produces limited optionsRoutine Expert– Great at everyday stuff– Strong procedural knowledge– Runs into trouble whenproblems are ill-structured ornovelAdaptive Expert– Deep comprehension ofconceptual structure of theproblem domain

Opportunities and AdvancementsEarly adopter of human factors and cognitive taskanalysis in power grid control room- Increased understanding of human interactions- User-centered applications- Reduce cognitive load and analysis- Reorganize data to manage by exceptions- Provide current/future situational awareness14 2007 PJM

User Centric Design - Discovery15 2007 PJM

User Centric Design - Approach16 2007 PJM

Dashboard – Prototype Wireframe, End-User in the Loop17 2007 PJM

Dashboard – Final Design18 2007 PJM

User Interface Frameworkand Visualization Dashboard Goals––––––Minimize VisualTravel TimeMinimize Number ofDisplaysReduce Cognitiveload & AnalysisProvide SituationalAwarenessReorganize data to“Manage byException”Create DataVisualizationStandards19 2007 PJM

Cognitive Task AnalysisExploring the Current WorldGoal: Focus on mental activities thatcannot be observedDecide, Judge, Notice, Assess, Recognize,Interpret, Prioritize, and AnticipatePrototype asCTAHypothesesModelCTAThe DomainDiscovering support for how peoplewill operate in their worldConcepts, Principles, Procedures andInterrelationships; Goals, Rules, Strategiesand PlansGoal: Understand/Model Complexities,Demands, Variability and ComplicationsTime 2007 PJM‘User in Loop’ TestsDiscovering how to support theway the world will workUnderstanding the way the world works20ImplementedSystem Growth of UnderstandingField of PracticePractitioner(s)Understanding the way practitionersoperate in their worldExploring the Envisioned World

Analysis of Emerging TechnologyCurrent Advanced Technology calStateEstimation0-3 isualizationControlPhasorMeasurementUnitsCognitive TaskAnalysisParallelComputing5 re21 2007 PJMUserInterface

Information Flow for Today’s l22 2007 PJM

Smart GridConsumerDevicesEnergy UsersEnergy 23 2007 PJM

Components of the V2G system24 2007 PJM

What is V2G?The Vehicle to Grid (V2G) concept is aimed at developing avehicle that can plug into and interact with the power grid– Plug-in rechargeable vehicle with relatively high capacity battery (vs.hybrid vehicles)– Vehicle can communicate with the power provider– Vehicle can provide two way power. Acts as generator or load asrequired– Vehicle can participate in markets (such as regulation)– New aggregation business function to provide interface betweenregulation signal and vehicles.25 2007 PJM

AC Propulsion eBox ConversioneBox V2G Capable Scion Conversion from AC Propulsion26 2007 PJM

EBox?How about a Tesla!Zero to sixty in FOUR SECONDS!A range of 250 miles.Cost to operate: ONE CENT per MILE!Limited Availability Today -- Price: 100,0002009 Production – Target Price: 50,00027 2007 PJM

V2G Basic Math Average car driven 1 hour/day, thus, timeparked is 23 hours/day; Daily average travel: 32miles, storage for 100 - 250 miles Practical power draw from car: 10 - 20 kW US power: generation 978 GW; load 436 GWavg (EIA) US 241 million cars (FHWA 2005) x 15 kW 3,615 GW, thus. Power of fleet is 3x generation; 8x load!28 2007 PJM

V2G and the Electric Markets Initial markets (high value, low impact onbattery, no system changes):- Regulation (“Frequency regulation”)- Spinning reserves Larger but more challenging markets- Peak power- UPS for the distribution system29 2007 PJM

Vehicle Revenue EstimatesVehicle owner's annual net profit from V2G; these are representative midrange figuresextracted from full analysis in the report. Key: net (revenue – cost).Battery, fullfunctionPeak power 267(510 – 243)Spinning reserves 720(775 – 55)Regulation services 3,162(4479 – 1317)Battery, cityCar 75(230 – 155) 311(349 – 38) 2,573(4479 – 1906)Hybrid,Gasoline 322(1500 – 1178) 1581(2279 – 698) -759 (loss)(2567 – 3326)Source: “Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel CellVehicles as Resources for Distributed ElectricPower in California”, June 200130 2007 PJM

Current Activity Mid-Atlantic Grid-Interactive Car (MAGIC) Consortiumled by Pepco Holdings, Inc.––––Pepco Holdings, Inc.Atlantic City ElectricAtlantic Counties Utility AuthorityComverge, Inc.- Delmarva Power & Light- PJM- AC Propulsion- University of Delaware MAGIC in first of three project phases9 Phase I : Phase I: 5 cars one bus, V2G directlyfrom PJM regulation signal– Phase II: Prove business model; 300 cars, aggregatorbetween PJM and cars– Phase III: Realize a self-sufficient V2G program within OEMvehicle manufacturers, aggregators, and ISO/RTOs.31 2007 PJM

FERC Demonstration FERC Demonstration October 24, 2007 Chairman Kelliher, Commissioner's Wellinghoff (host),Kelly, Mohler Briefing by MAGIC, Tesla Motors, A123 Systems Used PJM’s real-time regulation signal32 2007 PJM

PJM’s RoleWhat is PJM’s Role in V2G– Technology Enabler PJM is Not intending to control hundreds or thousands ofindividual cars! PJM is involved to help customer prove the technology canwork– PJM is working with other customers with technologyinitiatives that have the potential to improve GridReliability and/or enable greater PJM MarketParticipation––––Battery to Grid (B2G)Fly Wheel to GridLandfill GasSolar Voltaic33 2007 PJM

PJM’s Already Existing Internet Communications34 2007 PJM

Application of Existing Internet Communications to V2G35 2007 PJM

2-Way Communications36 2007 PJM

A Day in the Life 37 2007 PJM

Infrastructure Opportunities 32A 230V 3ph serviceper park Allows 23kW peak One floor 160 cars 3.7 MW! Dedicated 1MVApadmount txfmrs Dedicated cabling38 2007 PJM

V2G Vision One-half vehicle fleet is electric drive (BEV PHEV). National security & environment benefits. Lots of storage on the electric system, near loads.Electric system storage is dispatchable by ISO/TSOand/or load serving entity. Electric grid is more stable and reliable, Auxiliary Serviceis abundant and less expensive. Intermittent renewables can be a much higher fraction ofthe US generation mix.39 2007 PJM

Advanced Technology InitiativesService Oriented ArchitectureVisualizationInformationTechnologyData MiningCognitive TaskAnalysis,Human erIntegerProg tyAnalysisNear - TermProbability RiskAssessmentAdvancedComputingGeneration iveSpeechSmart GridVehicle to GridWind EnergyGeographicalInformationSystemsFunction DomainKnowledge ateFast SimulationLong- TermTime DomainActively seeking university partnerships for research projects andgraduate student engagements.40 2007 PJM

Mid-Atlantic Grid-Interactive Car (MAGIC) Consortium led by Pepco Holdings, Inc. – Pepco Holdings, Inc. - Delmarva Power & Light . – Solar Voltaic . 34 2007 PJM PJM’s Already Existing Internet Communications. . Microsoft PowerPoint - Ken Huber Seminar 2-27-08.ppt