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ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaRef PageChapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 1/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaLearning ObjectivesIn this chapter you will learn about:§ Computer§ Data processing§ Characteristic features of computers§ Computers’ evolution to their present form§ Computer generations§ Characteristic features of each computer generationRef Page 01Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 2/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer§ The word computer comes from the word “compute”,which means, “to calculate”§ Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that canperform arithmetic operations at high speed§ A computer is also called a data processor because it canstore, process, and retrieve data whenever desiredRef Page 01Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 3/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaData ProcessingThe activity of processing data using a computer is calleddata processingDataCapture DataManipulate DataOutput ResultsInformationData is raw material used as input and information isprocessed data obtained as output of data processingRef Page 01Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 4/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaCharacteristics of Computers1) Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on itautomatically without human interventions2) Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobsvery fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6),nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12)3) Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently highand the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design.Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data orunreliable programs are often referred to as GarbageIn-Garbage-Out (GIGO)(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 02Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 5/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaCharacteristics of Computers(Continued from previous slide.)4) Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness,and lack of concentration. It can continuously work forhours without creating any error and without grumbling5) Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almostany task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series oflogical steps6) Power of Remembering: Computer can store andrecall any amount of information because of itssecondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certaininformation only when it is asked to do so(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 02Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 6/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaCharacteristics of Computers(Continued from previous slide.)7) No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmedto do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard8) No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Theirjudgement is based on the instructions given to them inthe form of programs that are written by us (humanbeings)(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 03Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 7/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaEvolution of Computers§ Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical addingmachine in 1642§ Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the firstcalculator for multiplication in 1671§ Keyboard machines originated in the United Statesaround 1880§ Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the conceptof punched cards that were extensively used as inputmedia until late 1970sRef Page 03Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 8/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaEvolution of Computers(Continued from previous slide.)§ Charles Babbage is considered to be the father ofmodern digital computers§He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822§He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions§His efforts established a number of principles thatare fundamental to the design of any digitalcomputer(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 03Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 9/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaSome Well Known Early Computers§ The Mark I Computer (1937-44)§ The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)§ The ENIAC (1943-46)§ The EDVAC (1946-52)§ The EDSAC (1947-49)§ Manchester Mark I (1948)§ The UNIVAC I (1951)Ref Page 03Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 10/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations§ “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. Itprovides a framework for the growth of computer industry§ Originally it was used to distinguish between varioushardware technologies, but now it has been extended toinclude both hardware and software§ Till today, there are five computer generations(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 05Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 11/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations(Continued from previous Key hardwaretechnologiesKey 955)§ Vacuum tubes§ Electromagneticrelay memory§ Punchedcardssecondary storage§ Machineandassemblylanguages§ Storedprogramconcept§ Mostlyscientificapplications§ Bulky in size§ Highly unreliable§ Limitedcommercialuse and costly§ Difficultcommercialproduction§ Difficult to use§§§§§ENIACEDVACEDSACUNIVAC IIBM 701Second(1955-1964)§ Transistors§ Magneticcoresmemory§ Magnetic tapes§ Disks for secondarystorage§ Batchoperatingsystem§ High-levelprogramminglanguages§ Scientificandcommercialapplications§ Faster, smaller, morereliable and easier toprogram than previousgeneration systems§ Commercial productionwas still difficult andcostly§§§§Honeywell 400IBM 7030CDC 1604UNIVAC LARC(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 13Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 12/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations(Continued from previous slide.)Generation(Period)Key hardwaretechnologiesKey softwaretechnologiesKeycharacteristicsSome rep.systemsThird(1964-1975)§ ICs with SSI andMSI technologies§ Larger magneticcores memory§ Larger capacitydisks andmagnetic tapessecondarystorage§ Minicomputers;upwardcompatible familyof computers§ Timesharingoperatingsystem§ Standardizationof high-levelprogramminglanguages§ Unbundling ofsoftware fromhardware§ Faster, smaller, morereliable, easier andcheaper to produce§ Commercially, easierto use, and easier toupgrade thanprevious generationsystems§ Scientific, commercialand interactive online applications§ IBM 360/370§ PDP-8§ PDP-11§ CDC 6600(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 13Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 13/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations(Continued from previous slide.)Generation(Period)Fourth(1975-1989)Key hardwareTechnologiesKey softwaretechnologiesKeycharacteristicsSome rep.systems§ ICswithVLSItechnology§ Microprocessors;semiconductor memory§ Larger capacity harddisksasin-builtsecondary storage§ Magnetic tapes andfloppy disks as portablestorage media§ Personal computers§ Supercomputers ocessingtechnologies§ Spread of high-speedcomputer networks§ Operating systems forPCs with GUI andmultiple windows on asingle terminal screen§ s§ UNIX operating systemwith C programminglanguage§ Object-oriented designand programming§ PC,Network-based,andsupercomputingapplications§ Small, affordable,reliable, and easyto use PCs§ puters§ Totallygeneralpurpose machines§ Easier to producecommercially§ Easier to upgrade§ Rapidsoftwaredevelopmentpossible§ IBM PC andits clones§ Apple II§ TRS-80§ VAX 9000§ CRAY-1§ CRAY-2§ CRAY-X/MP(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 13Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 14/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations(Continued from previous slide.)Generation(Period)Fifth(1989Present)Ref Page 13Key hardwaretechnologiesKey softwaretechnologiesKeycharacteristics§ ICswithULSItechnology§ Largercapacitymainmemory,hard disks withRAID support§ Optical disks asportable read-onlystorage media§ Notebooks,powerfuldesktopPCsandworkstations§ Powerful servers,supercomputers§ Internet§ Cluster computing§ Micro-kernel based,multithreading,distributed OS§ Parallelprogramminglibraries like MPI &PVM§ JAVA§ World Wide Web§ Multimedia,Internetapplications§ Morecomplexsupercomputingapplications§ Portable computers§ Powerful, cheaper,reliable, and easiertousedesktopmachines§ Powerfulsupercomputers§ High uptime due tohot-pluggablecomponents§ Totallygeneralpurpose machines§ Easier to producecommercially,easier to upgrade§ RapidsoftwaredevelopmentpossibleChapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSome rep.systems§ IBM notebooks§ Pentium PCs§ SUNWorkstations§ IBM SP/2§ SGI Origin 2000§ PARAM 10000Slide 15/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaElectronicElectronic DevicesDevices UsedUsed inin ComputersComputers ofof DifferentDifferent GenerationsGenerations(a) A Vacuum TubeRef Page 07(b) A Transistor(c) An IC ChipChapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 16/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaKey Words/Phrases§ Computer§ Computer generations§ Computer Supported CooperativeWorking (CSCW)§ Data§ Data processing§ Data processor§ First-generation computers§ Fourth-generation computers§ Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO)§ Graphical User Interface (GUI)§ Groupware§ InformationRef Page 12Integrated Circuit (IC)Large Scale Integration (VLSI)Medium Scale Integration (MSI)MicroprocessorPersonal Computer (PC)Second-generation computersSmall Scale Integration (SSI)Stored program conceptThird-generation computersTransistorUltra Large Scale Integration(ULSI)§ Vacuum tubes§§§§§§§§§§§Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 17/17

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaRef PageChapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 1/17ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaLearning ObjectivesIn this chapter you will learn about:§ Computer§ Data processing§ Characteristic features of computers§ Computers’ evolution to their present form§ Computer generations§ Characteristic features of each computer generationRef Page 01Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 2/171

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer§ The word computer comes from the word “compute”,which means, “to calculate”§ Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that canperform arithmetic operations at high speed§ A computer is also called a data processor because it canstore, process, and retrieve data whenever desiredRef Page 01Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 3/17ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaData ProcessingThe activity of processing data using a computer is calleddata processingDataCapture DataManipulate DataOutput ResultsInformationData is raw material used as input and information isprocessed data obtained as output of data processingRef Page 01Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 4/172

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaCharacteristics of Computers1) Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on itautomatically without human interventions2) Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobsvery fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6),nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12)3) Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently highand the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design.Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data orunreliable programs are often referred to as GarbageIn-Garbage-Out (GIGO)(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 02Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 5/17ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaCharacteristics of Computers(Continued from previous slide.)4) Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness,and lack of concentration. It can continuously work forhours without creating any error and without grumbling5) Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almostany task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series oflogical steps6) Power of Remembering: Computer can store andrecall any amount of information because of itssecondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certaininformation only when it is asked to do so(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 02Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 6/173

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaCharacteristics of Computers(Continued from previous slide.)7) No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmedto do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard8) No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Theirjudgement is based on the instructions given to them inthe form of programs that are written by us (humanbeings)(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 03Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 7/17ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaEvolution of Computers§ Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical addingmachine in 1642§ Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the firstcalculator for multiplication in 1671§ Keyboard machines originated in the United Statesaround 1880§ Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the conceptof punched cards that were extensively used as inputmedia until late 1970sRef Page 03Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 8/174

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaEvolution of Computers(Continued from previous slide.)§ Charles Babbage is considered to be the father ofmodern digital computers§He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822§He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions§His efforts established a number of principles thatare fundamental to the design of any digitalcomputer(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 03Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 9/17ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaSome Well Known Early Computers§ The Mark I Computer (1937-44)§ The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)§ The ENIAC (1943-46)§ The EDVAC (1946-52)§ The EDSAC (1947-49)§ Manchester Mark I (1948)§ The UNIVAC I (1951)Ref Page 03Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 10/175

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations§ “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. Itprovides a framework for the growth of computer industry§ Originally it was used to distinguish between varioushardware technologies, but now it has been extended toinclude both hardware and software§ Till today, there are five computer generations(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 05Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 11/17ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations(Continued from previous slide.)SomerepresentativesystemsKey hardwaretechnologiesKey 955)§ Vacuum tubes§ Electromagneticrelay memory§ Punchedcardssecondary storage§ Machineandassemblylanguages§ Storedprogramconcept§ Mostlyscientificapplications§ Bulky in size§ Highly unreliable§ Limitedcommercialuse and costly§ Difficultcommercialproduction§ Difficult to use§§§§§ENIACEDVACEDSACUNIVAC IIBM 701Second(1955-1964)§ Transistors§ Magneticcoresmemory§ Magnetic tapes§ Disks for secondarystorage§ Batchoperatingsystem§ High-levelprogramminglanguages§ Scientificandcommercialapplications§ Faster, smaller, morereliable and easier toprogram than previousgeneration systems§ Commercial productionwas still difficult andcostly§§§§Honeywell 400IBM 7030CDC 1604UNIVAC LARCGeneration(Period)(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 13Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 12/176

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations(Continued from previous slide.)Generation(Period)Key hardwaretechnologiesKey softwaretechnologiesKeycharacteristicsSome rep.systemsThird(1964-1975)§ ICs with SSI andMSI technologies§ Larger magneticcores memory§ Larger capacitydisks andmagnetic tapessecondarystorage§ Minicomputers;upwardcompatible familyof computers§ Timesharingoperatingsystem§ Standardizationof high-levelprogramminglanguages§ Unbundling ofsoftware fromhardware§ Faster, smaller, morereliable, easier andcheaper to produce§ Commercially, easierto use, and easier toupgrade thanprevious generationsystems§ Scientific, commercialand interactive online applications§ IBM 360/370§ PDP-8§ PDP-11§ CDC 6600(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 13Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 13/17ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations(Continued from previous slide.)Generation(Period)Fourth(1975-1989)Key hardwareTechnologiesKey softwaretechnologiesKeycharacteristicsSome rep.systems§ ICswithVLSItechnology§ Microprocessors;semiconductor memory§ Larger capacity harddisksasin-builtsecondary storage§ Magnetic tapes andfloppy disks as portablestorage media§ Personal computers§ Supercomputers ocessingtechnologies§ Spread of high-speedcomputer networks§ Operating systems forPCs with GUI andmultiple windows on asingle terminal screen§ s§ UNIX operating systemwith C programminglanguage§ Object-oriented designand programming§ PC,Network-based,andsupercomputingapplications§ Small, affordable,reliable, and easyto use PCs§ puters§ Totallygeneralpurpose machines§ Easier to producecommercially§ Easier to upgrade§ Rapidsoftwaredevelopmentpossible§ IBM PC andits clones§ Apple II§ TRS-80§ VAX 9000§ CRAY-1§ CRAY-2§ CRAY-X/MP(Continued on next slide)Ref Page 13Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersSlide 14/177

ComputerComputer Fundamentals:Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinhaComputer Generations(Continued from previous slide.)Generation(Period)Fifth(1989Present)Key hardwaretechnologiesKey softwaretechnologiesKeycharacteristics§ ICswithULSItechnology§ Largercapacitymainmemory,hard disks withRAID support§ Optical disks asportable read-onlystorage media§ Notebooks,powerful desktopPCsandworkstations§ Powerful servers,supercomputers§ Internet§ Cluster computing§ Micro-kernel based,multithreading,distributed OS§ Parallelprogramminglibraries like MPI &PVM§ JAVA§ World Wide Web§ Multimedia,Internetapplications§ Morecomplexsupercomputingapplications§ Portable computers§ Powerful, cheaper,reliable, and easiertousedesktopmachines§ Powerfulsupercomputers§ High uptime due tohot-pluggablecomponents§ Totallygeneralp

Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 1/17 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 2/17 Learning Objectives In this chapter you will learn about: § Computer § Data processing § Characteristic features of computers

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