EmPoWerinG Women For StronGer PArties
EmpoweringWomen forStrongerPoliticalPartiesA Guidebookto PromoteWomen’s PoliticalParticipation
United Nations Development ProgrammeNational Democratic Institutefor International AffairsEmpoweringWomen forStrongerPoliticalPartiesA Guidebookto PromoteWomen’s PoliticalParticipation
EmpoweringWomen forStrongerPoliticalPartiesA Guidebookto PromoteWomen’s PoliticalParticipationLead AuthorJulie BallingtonCo n t r i b u to r sa n d C a s e S t u dyAu t h o r sRandi DavisMireya ReithLincoln MitchellCarole NjokiAlyson KozmaElizabeth Powleycopy editorManuela PopoviciDesignSuazion, Inc.cover imageUNCDF Adam RogersAcknowledgementsUNDP and NDI would like to thank everyone who contributed to the realizationof this document.This publication was originally conceived by Winnie Byanyima, Randi Davis, andKristin Haffert and their invaluable inputs helped make this publication a reality.The original case studies and summary texts which informed this document weredeveloped and/or researched by Lincoln Mitchell, with contributions from MireyaReith, Elizabeth Powley, Carole Njoki, and Marilyn Achiron. Julie Ballington andManuela Popovici have guided the publication to fruition.Feedback and comments were kindly provided by Suki Beavers, Shari Bryan,Drude Dahlerup, Randi Davis, Kevin Deveaux, Aleida Ferreyra, Simon AlexisFinley, Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi, Kristin Haffert, Oren Ipp, Linda Maguire, SusanMarkham, Mireya Reith, Carmina Sanchis Ruescas, Kristen Sample, Louise Sperl,and Ken Wollack.Thanks are also due to the many interviewees who contributed their time andknowledge to the development of all the case studies, and to all the local andregional NDI staff members who helped facilitate the field research. The effortsof UNDP and NDI country office staff who assisted with finalizing the case studiesare also acknowledged.productionGraphics ServiceBureau, Inc.February 2012ISBN: 978-0-9848059-5-2 United Nations Development Programme and National Democratic Institute. All rights reserved. Thispublication or parts of it may not be reproduced, stored by mends of any system or transmitted, in anyform or by any medium, whether electronic, mechanical, photocopied or of any other type, withoutthe prior permission of the United Nations Development Programme.The opinions, analyses and recommendations contained in this document do not necessarily reflectthe opinions of the United Nations Development Programme, or of its Executive Board, or of itsMember States. All rights reserved.
e m p o w e r i n g w o m e n f o r s t r o n g e r p o l i t i c a l pa r t i e sCO N T E N T SForeword: UNDPiiForeword: NDIiiiAcronymsiv55Burkina Faso: Voluntary and legislatedpolitical party quotas59Cambodia: Women’s wing organization to promotewomen within the party and into elected office63Canada: Supporting women candidates throughfunding networks, candidate nomination rules, anddiversified candidate recruitment (box)67Croatia: Women’s wing support for candidate quotasand capacity building trainings73El Salvador: Strategies for promoting women’sparticipation in post-liberation politics77India (box): Quotas, reservations and political parties81Indonesia (box): Candidate recruitment andpolitical party quotas83Mexico: Supporting women’s representationthrough quotas and state funds for training85Morocco: Cross sector activism to promoteparty candidate quotas90Peru (box): Women’s forum advocacy for quotas94Rwanda: Using the constitution to institutionalizewomen’s post-conflict gains9533Serbia (box): Women’s wing mobilization forpolitical change99333334South Africa: Women’s mobilization andtransformation of the political agenda101Southern Africa (box): Regional lessons onleveraging transition periods and institutionalizing partygender equality practices105393940Spain: Working in partnership with men to transform thepolitical environment for women107Timor-Leste (box): Creating incentives to advancewomen’s candidate recruitment11145UK: Nominating women candidates in winnable seats11247USA: Fundraising networks and a gender equity policyfor party conventions1157II. Pre-Electoral Period131515151721Candidate Recruitmentand NominationKey IssuesStrategies Employed212125Funding of Political Partiesand Election CampaignsKey IssuesStrategies Employed282829III. Electoral PeriodCampaigning andElectoral PreparationKey IssuesStrategies EmployedIV. Post-Electoral PeriodGender Responsive GovernanceKey IssuesStrategies EmployedConclusionEndnotes5152IntroductionCreating an OrganizationalFoundation for Gender EqualityKey IssuesStrategies EmployedList of Case StudiesAustralia: Internal party quotas and fundraisingnetworks to promote women’s advancement in politics1I. Internal Part y Organization49Armenia: Coalition building to push for theimplementation of quotasExecutive SummaryPart A. Summaryof Good PracticesPart B. Case Studies39
iie m p o w e r i n g w o m e n f o r s t r o n g e r p o l i t i c a l pa r t i e sFOREWORDUNDPGender equality and women’s empowerment areThis Guidebook is the first of its kind to identify andachieving inclusive, equitable and sustainable devel-can take to support women’s participation duringnot only human rights; they are also imperative foropment. Women’s political participation is central tothese goals, and political parties are among the mostimportant institutions for promoting and nurturingcategorise the range of actions which political partiesdifferent phases of the electoral cycle, including duringthe pre- and post- election phases.such participation. With less than twenty per cent ofThe Guidebook is targeted to members of politicalit is clear that political parties need to do more—andcivil society organizations and gender equality activists.the world’s parliamentary seats occupied by women,should be assisted in those efforts—to support women’spolitical empowerment.Globally, although forty to fifty per cent of partymembers are women, women hold only about ten percent of the leadership positions within those parties.Ensuring women’s equal participation in the decision-making structures of parties is essential for promotinggender equality within them – and, ultimately, withinsociety as a whole.Over a period of eighteen months, the United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) and the NationalDemocratic Institute (NDI) compiled twenty casestudies of party activities to promote women’s politicalempowerment. Drawing on those and other examples,parties, particularly those in leadership roles, and toIt is also intended to encourage global political partyfoundations and alliances to embrace gender equality asa norm in their constitutions and their work.Finally, the Guidebook gives valuable guidance to thoseinternational organizations and development agencieswhich provide programming support to political partiesin relation to women’s political participation.When women have a real voice in all governance institu-tions, from the political to those in the civil service, theprivate sector, and civil society, they will be able to participate equally with men in public dialogue, and influencethe decisions which determine their own future and thatof their families, communities, and nations.UNDP and the NDI identified concrete steps whichcan be taken by political parties to promote womenin political life. This publication, Empowering Womenfor Stronger Political Parties: A Guidebook to PromoteWomen’s Political Participation, is the fruit of thisresearch, and provides concise and targeted options forpolitical party reform.Helen ClarkAdministratorUnited Nations Development Programme
e m p o w e r i n g w o m e n f o r s t r o n g e r p o l i t i c a l pa r t i e sFOREWORDNDIPolitical parties are the primary and most direct vehicleThe universal trend is towards democratic governancepolitical leadership, therefore, the structures, policies,traditionally under-represented groups, such as women,through which women can access elected office andpractices and values of political parties have a profoundimpact on the level of women’s participation in politicallife of their country.Parties that take women’s political participationbased on parity and equality among sexes. Outreach tois now considered a minimum standard for the democratic functioning of political parties and for the legislative bodies within which they operate.This publication, Empowering Women for Strongerpolitical parties is a net gain in every case.Political Parties: A Guidebook to Promote Women’sPolitical Participation, is organized in such a way thatpolitical parties and those working with parties toincrease women’s political involvement can find strategies to use throughout the electoral cycle and acrossroles in political parties. Women’s participation maybe promoted not only as candidates, but also as partymembers, leaders, and office holders.Political parties gain when women not only partici-For more than 25 years, the National Democratic Institutealso influence them. Superficial efforts to increase theorganizations in more than 80 countries to create morereal qualitative influence or decision-making powerscan actively participate in the democratic process. Weseriously benefit from stronger electoral positions,access to new groups of voters, and stronger relationships with their constituents. Additionally, parties thatcan produce new faces and ideas maintain a vibrant andenergized image in an age of declining voter turnout.Some results are dramatic, some are subtle and someare achieved progressively, but the overall outcome forpate in the electoral and governing processes, buthas worked with more than 720 political parties andnumber of women involved in politics that offer noopen political environments in which men and womenare unlikely to produce any new or immediate benefits.hope this Guidebook will help contribute to this effort.Typical examples of such efforts include women’s wingswithout statutory authority or sway; the selection ofso-called female place holders on candidate lists; themarginalization of female officials once they are elected;placing women in un-electable districts as candidates;Ken Wollacklists at the last minute.National Democratic Institute for International Affairsor removing women from viable positions on candidatePresidentiii
ive m p o w e r i n g w o m e n f o r s t r o n g e r p o l i t i c a l pa r t i e sACRONYMSANCAfrican National Congress, South AfricaNDP New Democratic Party, CanadaANCWLAfrican National Congress Women’sLeague, South AfricaNFDW National Federation of DemocraticWomen, USAALPAustralian Labor PartyNLWN National Labor Women’s Network, AustraliaASPARLEXSALAssociation of SalvadoranWomen Parliamentarians andEx-Parliamentarians, El SalvadorNOW National Organization for Women, USABJP Bhatariya Janata Party, IndiaNWPC National Women’s Political Caucus, USAOAS Organization of American StatesBPfA Beijing Platform for ActionODIHR OSCE’s Office for DemocraticInstitutions and Human RightsCDP Congress for Democracy and Progress,Burkina FasoOSCE Organization for Security andCo-operation in EuropeCDU Christian Democratic Union, GermanyPAC Citizens’ Action Party, Costa RicaCEDAW Convention on the Eliminationof All Forms of Discriminationagainst WomenPDIP Democratic Party of Struggle, IndonesiaPAN National Action Party, MexicoCOFIPE Federal Code on Electoral Institutionsand Procedures, MexicoPPC Christian People’s Party, PeruPPSParty of Progress and Socialism, MoroccoCPP Cambodian People’s PartyPRParty of the Republic, BrazilCSO Civil Society OrganizationPRDParty of the Democratic Revolution, MexicoCSV The Christian Social People’s Party,LuxembourgPRI Institutional Revolutionary Party, MexicoDAW United Nations Division for theAdvancement of WomenPSOE Socialist Workers’ Party, SpainPUSC Christian-Social Unity Party, Costa RicaEMB Electoral Management BodyRPF Rwandan Patriotic FrontEMILY’s List Early Money is Like YeastSADC Southern African Development CommunityERA Equal Rights Amendment, USASDP Social Democratic Party, CroatiaEU European UnionSDWF Social Democratic Women’s Forum, CroatiaFMLN Farabundo Marti Front for NationalLiberation, El SalvadorSIW Socialist International WomenSRP Sam Rainsy Party, CambodiaFRELIMO Liberation Front of MozambiqueUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeIPU Inter-Parliamentary UnionUNTAET United Nations Transitional Administrationin East TimorIDEA International Institute for Democracyand Electoral AssistanceIRI International Republican InstituteMP Member of ParliamentNDI National Democratic Institute forInternational AffairsUSFP Socialist Union of Popular Forces, MoroccoWLCBWomen’s Leadership CoordinationBoard, ArmeniaWLFWomen’s Leadership Forum, ArmeniaWNCWomen’s National Coalition, South Africa
e m p o w e r i n g w o m e n f o r s t r o n g e r p o l i t i c a l pa r t i e sUNDP pakistane x ecuti v esu m m a r yThe right of women to participate in political life is guaranteed by severalinternational conventions. But transforming an abstract right into a realityrequires hard work on the ground. Political parties are key to women’sparticipation in politics, as it is political parties that recruit and select candidates for elections and that determine a country’s policy agenda. However,within political parties women tend to be overrepresented at the grassrootslevel or in supporting roles and underrepresented in positions of power.Without access to established networks of influence, and with very limitedresources, few role models and mentors, and sometimes even limited familyand community support, it is understandable that women’s participation inpolitical parties has remained well below that of men.How women participate in political parties – and how those parties encourageand nurture women’s involvement and incorporate gender-equality issues –1
2e m p o w e r i n g w o m e n f o r s t r o n g e r p o l i t i c a l pa r t i e sare key determinants of women’s political empowerment. They are also key to ensuring gender-equalityissues are addressed in the wider society. If strategiesto promote women’s involvement in the politicalprocess are to be effective, they should be linked to stepsparties can take across the specific phases of the electoralcycle – the pre-electoral, electoral and post-electoralphases – and to the organization and financing of theparties themselves.The most effective strategies to increase women’s participation in political parties combine reforms to politicalinstitutions with targeted support to women partyactivists within and outside party structures, womencandidates and elected officials. These strategies requirethe cooperation of a variety of actors and political partiesfrom across the political spectrum.Part A of this publication, the Good PracticesSummary Guide, identifies targeted interventionsthat political parties can take to empower women. Itis structured according to four phases, following anelectoral cycle approach (outlined in Figure 1):Figure 1: Summary of Entry Pointsfor Promoting Women’s Participationin Political PartiesI . I n t e r n a l pa r t y o r g a n i z at i o nLegal framework andgoverning documentsare gender sensitiveII. pre-election periodC a ndid a teR ecruit m entF undin g a ndC a m p a i g nin gEstablish consensus amongparty leadership to promotewomen’s electoral participationProvide women withskills to raise early money,campaign and buildname recognitionConsider adoption ofvoluntary party quotas forwomen candidates andformalize in recruitment rulesEnforce candidate quota rulesi.e. by the election bureau orleadership of the party in linewith the electoral timetableII. Strategies in thepre-electoral periodPlace women in winnablepositions on party lists, or inwinnable/safe constituenciesIV. Strategies in thepost-electoral periodElectoral cycle phasesI. Foundation strategies forinternal party organizationIII. Strategies in theelectoral periodIdentify incentives to attractwomen and encourage them tojoin the party, such as capacitybuilding or advocacyEnsure coordination with CSOsand organizations providingsupport to women candidatesForm strategic partnerships andgain support from menSpecific actions that political parties can take withineach of these phases are summarized.Measures taken to promote women’sparticipation in governing boardsand decision-making structuresEstablish or tap intofundraising networksfor women candidates,such as Emily’s Listand Wish ListEstablish an internal partyfund or provide subsidiesto women candidatesConsider setting a limiton nomination/primarycontest expenditureConsider earmarking aportion of party finances(including from publicsources if applicable)for women candidatesand trainingForm partnerships andwork with internationalorganizations and CSOs
3UNDP KenYaexecutive summaryWomen’s wing or sectionestablished are strategicallypositioned within the partyTargets set forwomen’s participationin party conventionsGender equalityperspective mainstreamedinto policy developmentI v . PO S T - e l e c t i o n p e r i o dIII. election periodC a m pa i g nP eriodE l ectionD ayW o m enE l ectedBuild women’s capacitiesto campaign and considertwinning or mentoring offirst time candidatesEnsure women aretrained and includedas party agents inpolling stationsUndertake gender equalityassessment; develop genderaction plan within partyEnsure women’s visibilityin the electoral campaignand access to the mediaEnsure monitoringincludes a genderperspective and ensures the safetyof womenProvide capacity buildingand strengthen legislativeskills of elected womenEnsure the party manifestoarticulates policy on genderequality and disseminateit to votersPromote gender sensitivepolitical reforms toinstitutions, particularlyin parliamentWomen trainedand included aselection monitorsMobilize women to registerand to vote; provide gendersensitive voter informationto men and womenPromote the participationof women in policy makingof the party; ensuregender mainstreamingin party policiesEnsure women candidates’safety during campaigningand keep party supportersin line where there ispotential for violenceEncourage formation ofcross-party caucus andsupport its functioningEnsure coordination amongCSOs and organizationsproviding support towomen candidatesSensitize party membersabout gender equality andwork with menUNDP pakistan
e m p o w e r i n g w o m e n f o r s t r o n g e r p o l i t i c a l pa r t i e sThe internal organization of political partiesaffects how different needs, interests, and social demandsget represented in society. The official documents andstatements of a political party are important for providinga gender equality framework – they provide a vision ofthe party but also entrench the rules for achieving thatvision. Internal Party Organization strategies include:n Addressing gender equality in the party’slegal framework. This can include adoptinga statement on gender equality in the party’sfounding documents;n Adopting measures, including internalquotas, that ensure women’s participation ongoverning boards;n Setting targets for participation in partyconventions. This can include holding separateforums for women delegates at the conventions;n Establishing women’s wings and sections withinparties, which should be formally integrated intothe party structure, with defined roles and responsibilities and appropriate funding if needed;“n Ensuring that gender is mainstreamed intoall of the party’s policies.In the pre-electoral phase, recruiting andnominating candidates is probably the most crucialprocess for ensuring that women participate in politics.The gender gap widens significantly as candidates forpolitical office move from being eligible to becomingaspirants to finally being nominated by the party. It isimportant for parties to incorporate rules that guaranteewomen’s representation. When this commitment isunwritten and informal, it is much more difficult todevise strategies for women to break into the innercircle of power, and harder to hold the p
institutions and Human rights osce organization for security and co-operation in europe PAc citizens’ Action Party, costa rica PAn national Action Party, mexico PdiP democratic Party of struggle, indonesia PPc christian People’s Party, Peru PPs Party of Progress and socialism, morocco Pr Party of the republic, brazil
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