Appendix Five: Timeline - ANU Press

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Appendix Five: TimelineDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian EventsIndian &MauritianEvents200 ADChristianityarrived inSouthern Indiain the firstcenturies afterChrist’s life whenChristians fromPalestine foundeda communityin Kerala. Theybecame knownas St ThomasChristians andlater as SyrianChristians.734 ADIslam arrivedon the coastof SouthernIndia whenArab tradersand seafarerscame withinthe lifetime ofMohammedhimself.1710 to 1810Mauritius wasunder Frenchcontrol.1810The British tookover control ofMauritius duringthe NapoleonicWar because theisland was ona strategic searoute.Approx 1829Harry Karrakom Gorrakkum born atMajorca near Maryborough.331

Dharmalan DanaDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian EventsIndian &MauritianEvents1832James Peersaib/Peersahib bornin Madras 1832approx.Mother knowsKoran. Father isbelieved to beHafiz.(Ref: AbdoolCader Kalla).1834 to 1912IndenturedLabourers beingtransported fromIndia to Mauritiusand elsewhereJan 1842School attendance record for HarryKarkour (is this Harry Karrakum?).1842Mt Franklin Medical Report August1842 noted Judy Tigorook age 12.1845Medical record Mt Franklin for HarryNorragen age 15 bc 1830. Sameperson?First Anglo-Sikhwar10–2–1846Battle of Sobroan(First AngloSikh war, withthe latter welldefeated).1850St ThomasChurch atBeau Bassin isestablished inMauritius.James attendingChristian schoolin MadrasUp to 1854332James is a schoolmonitor in aChristian School.

Appendix FiveDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian EventsIndian &MauritianEvents18542–4–1854James arrivedin Mauritius onthe ship JohnBrightman asan indenturedlabourer fromMadras. Is havinga hard time atBlack River –as indenturedlabourer. ID no:1327191854Cholera outbreakin Mauritius1854.14–12–1855James Peersaibwanders intoBishop Ryan’svestry.Early 1856James Peersaibis baptised intoChristianityand becomes acatechist.Approx 1855Grandfather Henry Harmony Nelsonborn at Majorca near Maryborough.Parents: Harry Karrakom GorrakkumNelson and Judy Mary Tigarook. Bothmembers of the Loddon River Dja DjaWurrung tribe. Henry Harmony livedat Newstead on the Loddon in thevicinity of Cairn Curran Reservoir until1866 when his name is recorded onthe Corranderrk records as a residentthere. (11 year old then).1856‘Governor’ Rice arrives at Moira Lakesand establishes the Moira LakesFishing Co.18572–1–1855Lokheea arrivedin Mauritiuson the shipThomas Hamlinwith her motherRajcoowary.She was only3yrs old. MarriedJames 16–3–1878. ID no:159681The IndianMutiny – Indiansof all regions ofIndia rose againstthe British.333

Dharmalan DanaDate334AustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian EventsIndian &MauritianEvents14–7–1857The Thomasfamily leaveMadras forIndia on theship Beernahas indenturedlabourers.Thomas ID:179091 ElizabethID: 178254 andfive children.1858India is under theformal control ofthe British Raj.23–10–1858James andEsther aremarried in RoseHill Mauritius.MarriageCertificate: Photo7551–2–1859James Peersaibformallystarts workas Interpreterwith MagistrateCourt at PlainesWilhem. But hasbeen workingfor him for sometime previously.1–9–1859Thomas ShadrachJames born inMauritius asThomas ShadrachPeersahib.24–9–1859Thomas thefather of EstherThomas died inMauritius.

Appendix FiveDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian EventsRecordsshow that aboy SamsonPeersahib isborn to JamesPeersahib(interpreter)and EstherPeersahib (neeThomas) bothof Moka. SeeBirth Certificate.Photo: 751, 446.9–7–18611864Neglected& CriminalChildren’sActJames andEsther Peersahibown Property atPlaines WilhemsMauritius. (48toises – size)6–3–186518661868Indian &MauritianEventsRecord of Harry Karrakom GorrakkumLoddon tribe age 37 born c.1829.(Museum Victoria and Bendigo)Karrakom, Karkom, Karkour,Karakum, Gorrakkum and Norragen allconsidered phonetically similar.Major Cyclonehits Mauritius.Family homeis destroyedincluding allbelongings andfamily documentsand photos.According to thebook Dioceseof Mauritius(Curtis 1975) oneMrs M Thomas(Miriam) is injuredbadly in Cycloneat PlaisanceOrphanage.Is thisGrandmother?335

Dharmalan ingAboriginesweregazetted.1–11–1874336Indian &MauritianEventsGrandfather Henry Harmony Nelsonand his tribe travel to Mt Beautyfor Bogong Moth festival. He meetsGranny Maggie Stone McDonald.18721873/4Aboriginal & Australian EventsNeglectedand CriminalChildren’sActAmended.Maloga Mission established.Four canoes arrived at Maloga fromO’Shannassy’s station with Maria(Mariah), Granny Kitty, her childrenAda and Jacky in one; Aaron, Louisa,Willie (William) and Bobby in another,bringing the children back to schoolat Maloga. (Daniel Matthews Annualreports and diaries)31–1–1875Records showthat youngSamsonPeersahib diedon this date atRose Hill. An areawhere Jamesand Esther had ahome.3–5–1875James andEsther Peersahibown Property atPlaines WilhemsMauritius. (100toises – size)10–2–1877GrandmotherEsther Peersahib(nee Thomas)died.16–3–1878James marriedLokheea.(She came toMauritius onthe ThomasHamlin ship on2–11–1855 agedthree).

Appendix FiveDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian Events1879Charles Crosby takes over theMelbourne branch of William Crosbyand Co after his father’s death.1879First Report of the Maloga MissionSchool that year lists Granny KittyCooper as ‘full blood 45 years of age’.2–5–1879My Great-Great-Great-GrandmotherMaria (Mariah) passed away. She wasat the time the oldest in the camp.And had been one of the ‘bitterestopponents of the mission’. (DanielMatthews Diary and Reports)23–8–1879Grampa Thomas James applies forteaching job in Hobart Tasmania.Stated on application he had been inthe colony nine months. Records donot show that he took up the teachingpost.Late 1879Charles Crosby Esquire takes overfamily business in Melbourne,including Merchandising store andwarehouse. Did Grampa travel withCharles to Melbourne and becomestable hand as some family stories go?Indian &MauritianEventsGrampa studying Medicine atMelbourne University (No evidencefound to support this family belief;however some university records weresaid to be destroyed in fire long ago).Grampa contracted typhoid fever andordered by doctor to take five yearsleave from studies (Letter Number 8,GBRN Collection)JahangeerbeePeersahib bornto Lokheeaand James on31–7–1880. It isbelieved that thisis Ruth Peersahib,Grandmotherof Sydney andArlette Purahoo.31–7–188015–9–1880Henry (25 years old) and MaggieNelson (20 years old) married atCoranderrk.3–1–188141 residents of Maloga go to BrightonBeach for Revival Camp with DanielMatthews.337

Dharmalan ry Harmony gave evidence atGrandma Mary Jane’s inquest. Hewould have been 26 years old.Grandpa Thomas James took chargeof Maloga School.1–10–18831883Indian &MauritianEventsGrampa Thomas Shadrach Jamesmeets Maloga mob and returns toMaloga with them. He would havebeen 22 years old.3–1–18811881Aboriginal & Australian EventsThe NSWGovernmenttook overall churchrun missionswhenestablishedthe APB.Blue book recordsnot JamesPeersahib is 52years old as of31 December1881.33814–5–1885Thomas and Ada marry at MalogaMission in a double wedding withAnnabella and Edward Rivers(Joachim).21–9–1885My Great-Great-Granny Kitty Cooper isreported to be very ill, with ‘her lungsbleeding profusely’. (Daniel MatthewsDiary and Report)end 1885Granny Kitty Cooper died fromtuberculosis. (Daniel Matthews Diaryand Report)1886ishAunty Miriam James born as Priscilla James (Nanny Pris) born atMaloga Mission.

Appendix FiveDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian Events1888APB allocatedfarm blocksto individualfamilies onCummera.Bellenger is made the Manager by theAPB.Aboriginal men offered farm blocks atCummeragunga.Maloga buildings are being torn downforcing Aboriginal people to moveto Cummera. Some went. Someremained loyal to Matthews.Bellenger forbade Matthews fromhaving contact with the Cummerabased people. Grampa had to moveto the new site to continue on withhis teaching position. (Ref: Our Aim:Journal of the Aborigines InlandMission, Alick Russell)2–11–1888Grampa given the key to the schoolbuilding at Cummeragunga. (Letter 24GBRN Collection)14–12–1888Grampa took 60 residents fromCummera to Brighton Beach, tothe site where he originally met theMaloga mob.A typhoid epidemic began at BrightonBeach spreading through the groupincluding Grampa (a second bout).This continued on at Cummera ontheir return. Many residents lost theirlives from this including Uncle WilliamCooper’s wife Annie and their babyson Bartlett who died on 22 January1889. (Ref: Our Aim: Journal ofthe Aborigines Inland Mission, AlickRussell)1888/89The Cummeragunga Cricket team wonthe Echuca District Cricket ChallengeCup in the season 1888/9. The teamgave Grampa the Challenge Cup tokeep, as a thankyou to their coach.1889Henry Harmony Nelson co-signed aletter to the Standard Newspaper inWarrnambool. Group was asking forthe paper’s support in their requestto the Vic Gov for land to work forthemselves. (Doc 47) FramlinghamPetition for Land (Doc 46)1–10–89Dirty Books – Grampa made toanswer. (Letter 6 GBRN Collection )1890Indian ion.339

Dharmalan DanaDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian EventsInfant a sick leave – fever. (Letter 15GBRN Collection)12–3–1890Sick leave extension. (Letter 16)25–3–1890Grampa sick leave – fever. (Letter 17GBRN Collection)15–5–1890Uncle Shadrach ‘Shady’ James born.20–12–1890Clergymen visit. Comments re poorconditions in school. Phthisis. (Letter25 GBRN Collection)8–4–1891Overcrowding in Cummera School.(Letter 14 GBRN Collection)28–8–1891Promotion request by Grampa,teaching scholars ‘leading andwriting’. (Letter 1 GBRN Collection)2–9–1891Report on Grampa’s performance.(Letter 46 GBRN Collection)30–11–1891Grampa seeks leave WITH pay, to goto Mauritius, requesting that GrannyAda receive his pay while he isaway. Leave is granted without pay.(Ten years service). (Letter 3 GBRNCollection)3–12–1891Baker offers to replace Grampawhile his on leave. (Letter 47 GBRNCollection)30–12–1891Grampa’s request that Granny receivehis pay while his in Mauritius. (Letter32 GBRN Collection)18–1–1892Teacher Cavan protesting at beingplaced at Cummera with blacks.(Letter 48 GBRN Collection)25–1–1892Chief Inspectors response to Letter 48above. (Letter 49 GBRN Collection)5–2–1892Cavan’s sick leave until Grampareturns from leave. (Letter 50 GBRNCollection)23–2–1892Grampa’s letter from Mauritius worriedabout leave and getting home. (Letter4 GBRN Collection)Indian &MauritianEvents

Appendix FiveDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian EventsIndian &MauritianEvents1892Henry and Maggie’s son GeorgeEdward Nelson born.11 Jan to at least23 Feb 1892:Grandpa ThomasShadrachtravels hometo Mauritius tosee his father.(see letter toeducation)Grampa quotes inhis leave requestto Educationdepartment 30November 1891,that it has beennearly 15 yearssince he has seenhis father. Thiswould mean heleft Mauritiusin 1876. Majorcyclone hitsMauritius on 29April 1892.23–9–1893Grampa notes in a letter to Inspectorthat he had typhoid three yearsearlier, during the outbreak atCummeragunga.21–10–1893Too much work for one teacher. Needa pupil teacher. (Letter 56 GBRNCollection)30–10–1893Measles outbreak. Only four studentsin school. (Letter 55 GBRN Collection)13–11–1893Measles continues. (Letter 57 GBRNCollection)1894ishRebecca James born.1895Uncle Bob Nelson born at Swan Hill.(Henry and Maggie’s first child).10–10–1895Grampa requests promotion, noting ithas now been ten yrs. He was due tobe promoted then. Promotion declined.Told to wait.30–11–1895Grampa very ill due to dysentery andbowel infection.4–9–1896Grampa’s request for promotion.Argued it was his only form ofpromotion available to him, given hehad abandoned his medical studiesdue to typhoid fever years earlier.Approved. (Letter 9 GBRN Collection)341

Dharmalan DanaDate342AustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian Events1896ishLouisa James born.1–10–1896Public Education denied Grampa’spromotion. Not good enough to go tolevel 2B.?58 students and no assistant teacher.Grampa requesting help.23–3–1897Scarlattina outbreak on Cummera.2–4–97Cummera school finally closed due toscarlattina outbreak.27–9–1897Grampa writes letter to Mr R.H.Mathews listing all tribe membersnow located at Cummera. (Image76, Numbered Letter 35 in GBRNCollection)3–12–1897Grampa writes letter to Mr R.H.Mathews providing information aboutlocal customs as requested. (Letter 40GBRN Collection)30–9–1898APB writes school inadequate,needs extensions. ( Letter 39 GBRNCollection)28–10–1898Grampa requests for school repairs.18–1–1899Chanter letter to board notingteacher’s accommodation andschool building are appalling, in needof renovations. (Letter 26 GBRNCollection)9–6–1899Grampa sick leave, very unwell.6–11–1899Influenza outbreak. Leave request.Grampa, Miss Falconer and 30 kids allwith flu. (Letter 37 GBRN Collection)1900Garfield James born.31–8–1900Miss Falconer’s request for livingallowance. (Letter 21 GBRNCollection)3–9–1900Request for living allowance forGrampa and assistant. Declinedthen reconsidered. (Letter 18 GBRNCollection)Request not to leave Cummera. (Letter18 GBRN Collection)1–11–1900Living Allowance 12 months backpayapproved. (Letter 19 GBRN Collection)Indian &MauritianEventsJames Peersahibreceiving govtpension in 1897at the age of60. 1600 rupeesgranted.

Appendix ed Aboriginal people and leftAboriginal Affairs power to the states.2–1–1901Miss Falconer request for livingallowance. (Letter 22 GBRNCollection)19–11–1901Grampa sick leave and illness in thefamily. Grampa quite ill. Advised to goto the seaside for a break. (Letter 36)19–11–1901Grampa insomnia, medical certificate.(Letter 58 GBRN Collection)1902Indian &MauritianEventsSoup Angels: Grandfather Henry andGranny Mag during the influenzaoutbreak at Cummera. Feeding soup tocommunity members.1900s1901Aboriginal & Australian EventsFranchiseAct, gavewomen thevote.Ivy James born.29–8–1902Grampa sick leave for influenza.Request to close school. (Letter 111GBRN Collection)30–8–1902Outbreak of flu, whooping cough andcroup. (Letter 42 GBRN Collection)8–9–1902No children in school due to epidemic.(Letter 60 GBRN Collection)13–9–1902NSW Education Department seekingmore information regarding epidemicstatus. (Letter 59 GBRN Collection)19–9–1902School kept open although no childrenattending. Grampa eventually closed itand reopened on 26–9–1902.26–9–1902Epidemic easing. (Letter 61 GBRNCollection)30–10–1902Grampa finally received answer fromDept of Public Education approvingclosure of school from 29/8 – 13–9–1902. Too late, time had passed.20–11–1902Miss Falconer teaching asst ill andweak from pneumonia. Doctor told herto go to cooler climate for one month.24–11–1902Grampa desperate: six classes toteach alone, with Miss Falconer away.Trying weather. Requests daughterMiriam to be employed as assistant.22–9–1903Grampa subpoenaed to give evidenceat Deniliquin court for an Indian man.9–10–03 back to court again. (Letter79 GBRN Collection)343

Dharmalan DanaDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian EventsJames andLokheeaPeersahib ownProperty atPlaines WilhemsMauritius. (100toises – size)17–10–1903344Indian &MauritianEvents23–10–1903Riverine Herald Echuca: article on theGlee Club – Cummeragunga Concertin Temperance Hall Echuca to raisemoney for Cummera cricket team.30–1–1904Daughter Miriam formally applies forteaching role with Grampa.7–3–1904Daughter Miriam appointed TeachingAssistant to Grampa. (Letter 31 GBRNCollection)1905APB PolicyChange1906Children’sCourt ActCummeragunga was the first hit bythe new policy allowing the removal ofAboriginal children from their parents.(Invasion to Embassy, Goodall)Sept 1906Mr Dawson Chief Inspectorprovides commendation for Grampa,recognising his good work.29–8–1907Grampa’s complaint to PublicEducation about the quality of theschool room, size, unbearable heat forso many kids in one room.1908Farms were taken away fromAboriginal men on Cummera. (Invasionto Embassy, Goodall)1908Carey James Snr born. (BirthCertificate)10–2–1908Request from some white parents fora white school for white kids. (Letter62 GBRN Collection)15–2–1908Letter 62 above was referred on to theoffice of NSW Education Department,by Chief Inspectors, supporting thewhite parents request for a whiteschool. (Letter 64 GBRN Collection)5–3–1905James Peersaibdied at the ageof 68, in whatis believed to beanother of hisproperties at 15Queen VictoriaSt, Rose Hill.

Appendix FiveDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian Events1–4–1908APB writes to Harris ordering himto arrange renovations of teachersresidence. (Letter 65 GBRN Collection)7–4–1908APB writes that they believe Mr Harrisis just jealous of Grampa. ‘Mr Jamesand his daughter are earnest, capableand enthusiastic teachers theirinfluence is a good one’. Mr Harris’complaint dropped. (Letter 63 GBRNCollection)8–5–1908Harris’ negative response torenovation order above. (Letter 66GBRN Collection)29–6–1908Grampa sick leave renal colic. (Letter44 GBRN Collection)5–7–1908Grampa sick leave request renal colic.(Letter 43)13–7–1908Grampa sick leave renal colic.Extension requested 17–7–08. (Letter4 GBRN Collection 5)1909Aborigines Protection Act NSWgives full control and custody of allAboriginal children to the APB. Thisempowers Cummeragunga ManagerGeorge Harris.7–2–1909Grampa gives a sermon in which he isaccused of inciting Aboriginal peopleto stand up against removal of theirfarm blocks.10–2–1909Mrs Harris complaint. She allegeshe mentions farm blocks in sermonto insight unrest between Aboriginalpeople and whites. Mentions FarmBlocks. (Letter 85 GBRN Collection)11–2–1909Harris letter attacking Miriam James.1–3–1909Grampa’s response to Mrs Harris’complaint and charges made againsthim. (Letter 5 GBRN Collection)1–3–1909Letter of support from Aboriginalmembers who attended Grampa’ssermon above. (Letter 7 GBRNCollection)13–12–1909Mr Harris again attacking MiriamJames and Shady James.Indian &MauritianEvents345

Dharmalan DanaDateAboriginal & Australian Events15–12–1909NSW Parliamentary Debates: TheMission Managers were empoweredto initiate trsespass charges undersections 131 and 133 of the CrownLands Act. (APB Report 1906, page2 – Goodall)30–12–1909Mr Harris harassing Grampa’s children.Making complaints about �2–1910Nanny Pris applied for teachingrole with Grampa. (Letter 11 GBRNCollection)26–2–1910Grampa complaint against Harris.(Letter 34 GBRN Collection)26–2–1910Grampa complaint against Wilkinson.(Letter 73 GBRN Collection)16–3–1910Uncle Shady forced to resign fromteaching at Cummera. (Letter 84GBRN Collection)16–3–1910Miriam Morgan nee James forced toresign from teaching at Cummera.(Letter 87 GBRN Collection)16–3–1910Grampa’s letter requesting a urine pitfor the girls in the school. Urine pit hasbeen ‘overlooked’.27–4–1910Inspector Lynch recommends the workbe carried out by Public Instructionbecause the APB refuses.14–6–1910Riverine Herald article: Empire Day andOpening of the New Public School atCummeragunga. Mr Maloney giveshigh praise of Grampa. (Document637)25–7–1910Grampa’s letter to Board or EducationDept, questioning Mr Harris’power to stop white kids attendingCummeragunga school. (Letter 11)5–8–1910Outcome from Grampa’s complaints.Harris being sent away. (Letter 67)25–9–1910Riverine Herald article: Presentationto Mr Thomas S. James by BarmahCommunity on 7–9–1910. (Article123)3–10–1910Grampa requesting result of inquiryinto his complaints re Harris andWilkinson. (Letter 68)10–10–1910Nanny Pris sick leave. (Letter 70)Indian &MauritianEvents

Appendix FiveDateAustralianLegislationAboriginal & Australian Events28–11–1910Nanny Pris resigna

First Anglo-Sikh war 10–2–1846 Battle of Sobroan (First Anglo Sikh war, with the latter well defeated) . 1850 St Thomas Church at Beau Bassin is established in Mauritius . James attending Christian school in Madras Up to 1854 James is a school monitor in a Christian School .

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