Chapter 25 Practice Test 2 - Penguin Random House

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Chapter 25Practice Test 2

Reasoning Through Language ArtsWelcome!Here is some information that you need to know before you start this test: You should not spend too much time on a question if you are not certain of the answer;answer it the best you can, and go on to the next question.If you are not certain of the answer to a question, you can mark your answer for reviewand come back to it later.This test has three sections.You have 35 minutes to complete Section 1.When you finish Section 1, you may review those questions.You may not go back to Section 1 once you have finished your review.You have 45 minutes to complete the Extended Response question in Section 2.After completing Section 2, you may take a 10-minute break.You have 60 minutes to complete Section 3.When you finish Section 3, you may review those questions.Turn the page to begin.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEPractice Test 2 679

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 1Questions 1 through 8 refer to the following passage.Niagaraby Mark Twain1 Niagara Falls is a most enjoyable place of resort. Thehotels are excellent, and the prices not at all exorbitant. Theopportunities for fishing are not surpassed in the country; in fact,they are not even equaled elsewhere. Because, in other localities,certain places in the streams are much better than others; but atNiagara one place is just as good as another, for the reason thatthe fish do not bite anywhere, and so there is no use in yourwalking five miles to fish, when you can depend on being just asunsuccessful nearer home. The advantages of this state of thingshave never heretofore been properly placed before the public.2 The weather is cool in summer, and the walks and drives areall pleasant and none of them fatiguing. When you start out to“do” the Falls you first drive down about a mile, and pay a smallsum for the privilege of looking down from a precipice into thenarrowest part of the Niagara River. A railway “cut” through ahill would be as comely if it had the angry river tumbling andfoaming through its bottom. You can descend a staircase here ahundred and fifty feet down, and stand at the edge of the water.After you have done it, you will wonder why you did it; but youwill then be too late.3Then you drive over to Suspension Bridge, and divide yourmisery between the chances of smashing down two hundredfeet into the river below, and the chances of having the railwaytrain overhead smashing down onto you. Either possibility isdiscomforting taken by itself, but, mixed together, they amountin the aggregate to positive unhappiness.4 When you have examined the stupendous Horseshoe Falltill you are satisfied you cannot improve on it, you return toAmerica by the new Suspension Bridge, and follow up the bankto where they exhibit the Cave of the Winds.5 Here I followed instructions, and divested myself of all myclothing, and put on a waterproof jacket and overalls. Thiscostume is picturesque, but not beautiful. A guide, similarlydressed, led the way down a flight of winding stairs, whichwound and wound, and still kept on winding long after the thingceased to be a novelty, and then terminated long before it hadbegun to be a pleasure. We were then well down under theprecipice, but still considerably above the level of the river.6 We now began to creep along flimsy bridges of a single plank,our persons shielded from destruction by a crazy wooden railing,to which I clung with both hands—not because I was afraid, butbecause I wanted to. Presently the descent became steeper andthe bridge flimsier, and sprays from the American Fall beganGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE680 Cracking the GED Test

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 1to rain down on us in fast increasing sheets that soon becameblinding, and after that our progress was mostly in the natureof groping. Now a furious wind began to rush out from behindthe waterfall, which seemed determined to sweep us from thebridge, and scatter us on the rocks and among the torrentsbelow. I remarked that I wanted to go home; but it was too late.We were almost under the monstrous wall of water thunderingdown from above, and speech was in vain in the midst of such apitiless crash of sound.7 In another moment the guide disappeared behind the deluge,and, bewildered by the thunder, driven helplessly by the wind,and smitten by the arrowy tempest of rain, I followed. All wasdarkness. Such a mad storming, roaring, and bellowing ofwarring wind and water never crazed my ears before. I bent myhead, and seemed to receive the Atlantic on my back. The worldseemed going to destruction. I could not see anything, the floodpoured down savagely. I raised my head, with open mouth, andthe most of the American cataract went down my throat. If Ihad sprung a leak now I had been lost. And at this moment Idiscovered that the bridge had ceased, and we must trust for afoothold to the slippery and precipitous rocks. I never was soscared before and survived it. But we got through at last, andemerged into the open day, where we could stand in front ofthe laced and frothy and seething world of descending water,and look at it. When I saw how much of it there was, and howfearfully in earnest it was, I was sorry I had gone behind it.1.The author’s overall tone in paragraph 1is one ofA.B.C.D.2.fearful prediction.ironic contrast.appreciative description.satisfied recollection.3.Which quotation from the passage standsout in direct contrast to the main themeof the passage?A.B.Read this sentence from paragraph 2.After you have done it, you will wonderwhy you did it; but you will then be toolate.C.Why does the author choose to concludethe paragraph with this sentence?D.A.B.C.D.To show how important it is to arriveat the falls on timeTo offer advice to any readers whomight consider visiting NiagaraFallsTo show the narrator’s acquaintancewith the motives of the readerTo predict a tourist’s feelings aboutthe effort needed to view the site“The weather is cool in summer, andthe walks and drives are all pleasantand none of them fatiguing.”“You can descend a staircase herea hundred and fifty feet down, andstand at the edge of the water.”“Either possibility is discomfortingtaken by itself, but, mixed together,they amount in the aggregate topositive unhappiness.”“Here I followed instructions, anddivested myself of all my clothing,and put on a waterproof jacket andoveralls.”GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEPractice Test 2 681

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 14.In paragraph 6, the narrator says, “Iremarked that I wanted to go home.”Which characteristic does this remarkreveal about the narrator?A.B.C.D.5.7.Drag and drop the events into the chartto show the order in which they occur inthe excerpt. (For this practice test, writethe event letters in the chart.)Order of ss Read the following sentences fromparagraph 7. Such a mad storming, roaring, andbellowing of warring wind and waternever crazed my ears before. I bentmy head, and seemed to receive theAtlantic on my back. This detailed description of the author’ssurroundings enhances the story byA.B.C.D.6.(a) Horseshoe Fall isincluded as a stop in thevisit.revealing the author’s predicamentafter falling into the Atlantic.further emphasizing the flimsynature of the bridges the authormust cross.showing the fury of the storm thatcatches the author off guard.using exaggeration to illustratethe volume of water the authorexperiences.(b) The SuspensionBridge is described.(c) The narratormentions a view of theriver.(d) The narrator goesbehind the falls.Which definition best matches the use ofthe phrase “in earnest” in paragraph 7?A.B.C.D.seriousvigoroussincereardent8.Which fact can the reader infer aboutNiagara Falls?A.B.C.D.Part of it is located outside theUnited States.It is a good spot for fishing.It is a short drive from the exhibit ofthe Cave of the Winds.Hotels there are expensive.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE682 Cracking the GED Test

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 1Questions 9 through 16 refer to the following passage.Should American Cities Adopt a Commission Form ofGovernment?by Leverett S. LyonThe Affirmative:1 During the last quarter-century, municipal organization hastrended toward concentration of powers. Some cities haverecognized the wisdom of such action, but have unwiselyattempted to concentrate only the executive power whereas thereal solution lies in concentrating all governmental authority inone responsible body.2 So evident is the need for this solution that there is now acharter revision committee meeting in New York to considereliminating the separate council entirely, and creating in itsplace a small commission possessing both legislative andadministrative authority.3 What is true of New York is true of scores of other cities.Within the past two years more than a dozen states haveprovided for a commission form of government, while within thepast year more than a dozen cities have thrown away their oldforms and assumed the commission system.4 The success of a separate legislative body in state and nationalgovernment is the only excuse for its retention in our cities, yetsuch a government is unsuited to modern municipalities. Unlikethe state, the work of a city is largely administrative and of abusiness character, and does not require a separate council tolegislate. We do not find, as in the state, the necessity of a largeand separate body to represent the various localities. The cityhas a large population living in a restricted territory; in the stateit is scattered.5 The present principle of separation makes possible concentrationof power, without a corresponding concentration of responsibility.When one branch of the government dominates, checks andbalances between the departments are lost. The system of checksand balances failed in New York, where the mayor is supreme,and where the city has been plundered of sums estimated at 7percent of the total valuation of real estate. It failed in St. Louis,where the council dominated, and where “Boss Butler” paid thatbody 250,000 to pass a street railway franchise. Neither did itwork in Philadelphia, which has been plundered of an amountequal to 10 percent of her real estate valuation.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEPractice Test 2 683

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 16 Therefore, we must concentrate municipal authority; wemust co-ordinate departments, eliminate useless boards andcommittees and fix individual responsibility. This, we propose todo by establishing a commission form of government, where allgovernmental authority is vested in one small body of men, whoindividually act as the heads of administrative departments, butwho collectively pass the needed legislation. Thus, instead of acouncil with restricted powers and divided authority, we have afew men assuming positions of genuine responsibility, as regardsboth the originating and enforcing of laws.The Negative:1 We do not defend the evils of present city organization. Webelieve that far-reaching reforms must be instituted. The issuethen is, does the commission form offer a satisfactory solution ofour municipal problems?2 In many forms today, as the gentlemen have depicted, therelations between the legislative and executive departments aresuch that responsibility cannot be fixed. But every conspicuousexample of municipal success is based upon the propercorrelation between these departments. Municipal success inEurope is an established fact. There we find the cabinet form,in which governing power is vested in the legislative body,which then delegates administrative functions to the cabinet.Charleston, S. C., Elmira, New York, Los Angeles, Cal., are a fewof the typical American cities which have successfully adoptedthe mayor and council form by utilizing the model charter of theNational Municipal League.3 Therefore, in whatever form, the principle of a proper division offunctions must be embodied. The Affirmative must admit that, afterfifteen years of misrule under the commission form in Sacramento,the freeholders by unanimous choice again adopted distinct legislativeand administrative bodies; and that the commission form has latelyoperated but a few years in a few small cities.4 Evils in our cities are due to bad social and economic conditions,and to state interference in purely local affairs. In the UnitedStates the city may not act except where authorized by the state.In Europe the city may do anything it is not forbidden to do, andmunicipal success there is based on this freedom. The Europeancity makes its own local laws, not in conflict with, but in additionto, state law. But in the United States the state legislature failedto distinguish between matters of interest to the state governmentand those of exclusive interest to the cities.5 The remedy lies in restoring to the city its proper field oflegislation. Already thirty states have passed constitutionalamendments granting greater legislative powers to the cities.Five states now allow cities to amend their own charters. But inGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE684 Cracking the GED Test

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 1direct opposition to this movement for municipal home rule, thecommission form takes the last step in the destruction of thecity’s legislative body and fosters continued state interference.President Eliot says that the functions of the commissioners willbe defined by the state.6 We have shown the real causes of municipal evils, and theyare to be remedied without tampering with the fundamentalprinciples proved by time and experience. The Affirmative say:change the fundamental principle. The Negative say: retain theprinciple of distinct legislative and administrative bodies, butobserve a proper correlation between them. We would remedybad social and economic conditions, and, most important of all,give the city greater freedom in powers of local self-government.Source: Adapted and abridged from Elements of Debating, by Leverett S.Lyon, 1919.9.What evidence does the Affirmative useto support their claims? Drag and dropfour pieces of evidence into the chart.(For this practice test, write the statementletters in the chart.)ClaimEvidenceEvidenceThe need forconcentrating all powerinto a commission isevident.When one branchof the governmentdominates, checks andbalances between thedepartments are lost.(a) There is a charter revisioncommittee meeting in New York.(b) More than a dozen cities havethrown away their old forms.(c) Some cities have lost funds due toa corrupt administration.(d) The city has a large populationliving in a restricted territory; in thestate it is scattered.(e) The council in St. Louis took a bribeto pass a street railway franchise.(f) During the last quarter-century,municipal organization has trendedtoward concentration of powers.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEPractice Test 2 685

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 110.Which idea about city government isincluded in the Affirmative?A.B.C.D.11.City governments require a separatecouncil to legislate business andadministrative concerns.The deplorable conditions of thecities are caused by economic andsocial factors.Checks and balances betweendepartments are the only way toguarantee successful government.Many cities have completely revisedthe structure of their municipalgovernments.12.Read the following sentence fromparagraph 11:Already thirty states have passedconstitutional amendments grantinggreater legislative powers to the cities.What idea mentioned by the Negativedoes this sentence support?A.B.Which conclusion is supported by theargument of the Negative?C.A.D.B.C.D.The cabinet form of city governmentis currently only found in Europe.The cabinet form of city governmentis preferable to the mayor andcouncil form.Separation of departments is partlyresponsible for corruption in citygovernment.There are guidelines to helpcities set up successful form ofgovernment.13.The remedy is to give the citygreater freedom in powers of localself-government.In Europe the city may do anythingit is not forbidden to do.Retain the principle of distinctlegislative and administrativebodies.Far-reaching reforms must beinstituted.Which detail in the Negative’s argumentsupports the idea that there aredisadvantages associated with thecommission form of government?A.B.C.D.“ a few of the typical Americancities which have successfullyadopted the mayor and councilform by utilizing the model charterof the National Municipal League ”(paragraph 8)“ the freeholders by unanimouschoice again adopted distinctlegislative and administrativebodies ” (paragraph 9)“ Evils in our cities are due to badsocial and economic conditions.”(paragraph 10)“ the commission form has latelyoperated but a few years in a fewsmall cities ” (paragraph 9)GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE686 Cracking the GED Test

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 114.How does the Negative build theargument that the Affirmative’s position isincorrect?A.B.C.D.The Negative brings up alternativecity models that the Affirmative failsto acknowledge.The Negative denies theAffirmative’s assertion that generalcity government is in need ofreform.The Negative calls into question theuse of the sample cities presentedby the Affirmative.The Negative demonstrates that theAffirmative is uninformed about thetrue workings of city government.16.Based on the information in the twoarticles, the Affirmative and the Negativeshare which perspective?A.B.C.D.There is one form of governmentthat is best suited to cities.The states interfere too muchinto matters best left to localpolicymakers.The current conditions in the citiesare in serious need of reform viathe commission model.The city has concerns distinct fromthose of the state.15. How are the conclusions of the Affirmativeand the Negative similar?A.B.C.D.Both base their conclusions on thepremise that current city conditionsare problematic and need to beaddressed.Both convey a dedication to thefundamental principles on which thebroader U.S. government is based.Both advocate for the concentrationof municipal power into one unifiedbody with full responsibility.Both conclude that the balancingof powers is essential to the properworkings of city government.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEPractice Test 2 687

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 117. The passage below is incomplete. For each “Select” option,choose the option that correctly completes the sentence. (Forthis practice test, circle your selection.)September 20, 2011Ms. Celine MargotChair, AIM Foundation1235 Deer Park RoadRochester, NYDear Ms. Margot,I was so honored to meet you last week at the AIM FoundationBenefit. When I walked in the door, I had no idea I was about tobe introduced to a Phi Kappa sister: Although, I should not reallyhave been surprised; the members our sororitySelect.are known nationwide, not only for their business successbut also foris known nationwide, not only for their business success butalso foris known nationwide, not only for its business success butalso forare known nationwide, not only for business success, butalso fortheir works of charity. I was touched to hear the outreach thatAIM is doing, helping poor villages in several countries haveaccess to clean water. Clearly, your foundation has a commitmentto bettering the lives of those communities who live closest tosubsistence level.As we discussed that night, my company, Clear Image has greatexperience helping organizationsSelect.to maintain a positive online reputation, for over 5 yearsto maintain a positive online reputation for over 5 yearsto maintain a positive online reputation. For over 5 yearsto maintain for over 5 years a positive online reputation.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE688 Cracking the GED Test

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 1we have been at the forefront of social media and viral imagemarketing and during that time the clients we have had rangefrom Fortune 500 companies to philanthropic fraternities. Weproduce content highlighting your activities via blogs and userSelect.profiles, maintain a watch on major search engines for trafficto your site,profiles, maintain a watch on major search engines for trafficto your site, andprofiles, maintaining a watch on major search engines fortraffic to your site,profiles, major search engines are maintained on watch fortraffic to your site, andcollect news reports with a bearing on your organization’s goals.After we connected at the fundraiser, it occurred to me thatwith AIM approaching 10 whole years of community service,the time would be right for a major media push touting AIM’saccomplishments to date. We have, in fact, initiated specialmedia events for several companies. As AIM’s 10th anniversarynears, your board of directors has probably been consideringways to make that anniversary special. To that end, I suggest wemeet so that I could present some of the promotional work wehave done and give you a sense of the nuances of whatSelect.itoffer. Clear Image might be the perfect partner totheytowehandle the celebration of “10 Years of AIM.”Feel free to call me at 748-555-2398 if you’d like to explorehow Clear Image can make AIM more prominent in the worldof philanthropy.Yours truly,Misha AyakusiCoordinator, Philanthropy & Social Service Image EnhancementGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEPractice Test 2 689

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 2Extended Response Answer GuidelinesPlease use the guidelines below as you answer the Extended Response question on the ReasoningThrough Language Arts test. Following these guidelines as closely as possible will ensure that youprovide the best response.1.You will have up to (but no more than) 45 minutes to complete this task. However,don’t rush through your response. Be sure to read through the passage(s) and the prompt.Then think about the message you want to convey in your response. Be sure to planyour response before you begin writing. Draft your response and revise it as needed.2.As you read, think carefully about the argumentation presented in the passage(s). “Argumentation” refers to the assumptions, claims, support, reasoning, and credibility on whicha position is based. Pay close attention to how the author(s) use these strategies toconvey his or her (their) positions.3. When you write your essay, be sure to determine which position presented in the passage(s) is better supported byevidence from the passage(s) explain why the position you chose is the better-supported one remember, the better-supported position is not necessarily the positionyou agree with defend your assertions with multiple pieces of evidence from the passage(s)build your main points thoroughly put your main points in logical order and tie your details to your main points organize your response carefully and consider your audience, message, andpurpose use transitional words and phrases to connect sentences, paragraphs, and ideaschoose words carefully to express your ideas clearly vary your sentence structure to enhance the flow and clarity of your response reread and revise your response to correct any errors in grammar, usage, orpunctuationGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE690 Cracking the GED Test

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 2The following article presents both the benefits and drawbacks of a possibleminimum wage increase. Proponents and critics disagree about the resultsof a minimum wage increase.In your response, analyze both positions presented in the article todetermine which one is best supported. Use relevant and specific evidencefrom the article to support your response.Type your response, if a computer is available. Otherwise, write yourresponse on paper. This task may require approximately 45 minutes tocomplete.Assessing the Proposed 10.10 Minimum Wage1 The minimum wage (first introduced as law in 1938) is thelowest hourly wage that employers may legally pay to workers.During the historic 1963 civil rights march on Washington,Bayard Rustin, a march organizer, called to increase theminimum wage from 1.15 an hour to 2 “so that men may livein dignity.” Adjusted for inflation, 2 an hour in 1963 would beequivalent to 13.39 an hour in 2014.2 Recently there has been debate about whether the minimumwage of workers should be raised. Present-day minimum-wageworkers seek a raise from 7.25 an hour (established in 2009)to 10.10 an hour.How raising the minimum wage might harm workers3 While there has been much talk about increasing the minimumwage to 10.10, it is important to examine who exactly isearning minimum wage. The majority of minimum wage earnerswork in the service industry or fast food industry, for largenationwide food chains or big-box store corporations. So far, thedemand for a higher wage seems reasonable: couldn’t thesemultibillion-dollar corporations afford to pay their employeesmore? However, the truth is that many of these corporations aremade up of innumerable small franchises, and the franchises arethe true employers of the minimum-wage workers.4 Each franchise operates as a very small independent companywith little overhead to meet unexpected expenses. If thesefranchises were forced to pay a 10.10 wage, layoffs wouldlikely occur, if there were not sufficient funds to retain all theemployees. The remaining employees would then have to doextra work to compensate for their fired coworkers.5 Even if the franchise finds it can “make do” with fewerworkers, those laid off due to the wage increase are unlikely toGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEPractice Test 2 691

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 2be rehired. If a franchise does try to retain all its workers witha 10.10 wage, then it must struggle to remain in business,risking the jobs of all its employees in the process. Businessesin this situation also have no financial room to create new jobs,causing stagnation in the economy. And any jobs that remain arenow priced out of the reach of unskilled workers, pushing themfurther into poverty.6 Additionally, many economists feel that 10.10 represents toomuch compared to other wages in the economy. The currentmedian wage in the U.S. is a bit less than 17 per hour, so thisproposed increase would make the minimum wage nearly 60% ofthe median. Canadian studies show that workers lose jobs andhave increased workloads when the minimum wage is more thanhalf the median wage. In these studies, the lost jobs might havemeant a franchise that migrated to the U.S., or the hiring ofundocumented workers at a substandard wage.7 But the same studies showed that a minimum wage of lessthan 45% of the median would have almost none of thoseundesired results. The current federal minimum wage of 7.25is 43% of the median. So, opponents claim, according to theCanadian studies, maintaining the current minimum wage wouldbe the best measure to guarantee jobs. Opponents of the 10.10an hour minimum wage claim that guaranteeing jobs in the longterm should outweigh any short-term gains from a severe hike inpay, and any rise in the minimum wage should follow an upwardtrend in national wages overall.How an increase in the minimum wage benefits the economy8 Supporters of the 10.10 minimum wage point out that thewages earned by minimum workers are much more likely toreturn to the economy than wages earned by those in higherincome brackets. From 2002 to 2012, wages have stagnatedor declined for those at the bottom of the wage ladder, whichtranslates to stifled spending. As time goes on, a greaterpercentage of available jobs become low-wage jobs, as jobs forthe middle class are gradually lost. Some economists estimatethat by 2020, 48% of U.S. jobs will be retail, food services,domestic services, and health-care support, the core fields thatemploy minimum-wage workers. Often, these are jobs that canbe neither outsourced nor automated, contradicting the objectionthat a wage increase would force employers to shed workers orrelocate.9 Those in higher economic brackets don’t spend the sameproportion of their income as minimum wage workers do, andthey don’t spend it on the same types of goods. Rich people canafford not to spend: when they do spend, they buy luxury itemsfrom luxury sellers. By contrast, poor people dedicate most orGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE692 Cracking the GED Test

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 2all of their income to subsistence-level items and in the processcontribute to the salaries of other low-wage earners: groceryclerks and gas station attendants. In this model of “paralleleconomies,” wealth does not “trickle down” to minimum-wageearners; instead, funds cycle rapidly in the “poor economy”with some funds moving upwards to the “rich economy.” So,supporters argue, increasing the minimum wage increases thehealth of the economy overall, enabling more people to buy cars,clothing, and food from our nation’s businesses.10Another argument in support of raising the minimum wageis the large number of minimum-wage workers who are alsoreceiving benefits from social services to fill in the gaps left bytheir small incomes. The Congressional Budget Office reportin 2012 indicates that the lowest-income households receiveabout 8,800 in annual assistance from the federal government,for a total of 316 billion spent on social service programsannually. This assistance translates to basic food and medicalcare for employees of those mega-corporations that chooseto pay their employees as little as possible. In essence, thesecorporations shift their labor costs to the taxpayers. With ahigher minimum wage, supporters say, the government wouldexperience significant relief from these payouts, and put the dutyof providing a living wage on the shoulders of the employers.You may take a 10-minute break before proceeding to Section 3.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEPractice Test 2 693

Reasoning Through Language Arts, Section 3Questions 18 through 25 are based on the following passage.“The Wives of General Houston”From Famous Affinities Of Histor

narrowest part of the Niagara River. A railway “cut” through a hill would be as comely if it had the angry river tumbling and foaming through its bottom. You can descend a staircase here a hundred and fifty feet down, and stand at the edge of the water. After you have done it, you will wonder why you did it; but you will then be too late.

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