Floristic Composition Of Ethnomedicinal Plants Used By .
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2019; 7(4): 139-143ISSN (E): 2320-3862ISSN (P): 2394-0530NAAS Rating: 3.53JMPS 2019; 7(4): 139-143 2019 JMPSReceived: 24-05-2019Accepted: 28-06-2019Neha ChopraDepartment of Botany, D.S.B.Campus, Kumaun University,Nainital, Uttarakhand, IndiaNaveen PandeyDepartment of Botany, D.S.B.Campus, Kumaun University,Nainital, Uttarakhand, IndiaLalit M TewariDepartment of Botany, D.S.B.Campus, Kumaun University,Nainital, Uttarakhand, IndiaAshish TewariDepartment of Forestry &Environmental Sciences, D.S.B.Campus, Kumaun University,Nainital, Uttarakhand, IndiaCorrespondenceNeha ChopraDepartment of Botany, D.S.B.Campus, Kumaun University,Nainital, Uttarakhand, IndiaFloristic composition of ethnomedicinal plantsused by indigenous people in Tarai region,Kumaun HimalayaNeha Chopra, Naveen Pandey, Lalit M Tewari and Ashish TewariAbstractTarai region comprises with coarse gravel and deposits. This region is very rich in fauna and flora. TheTarai belt having long and narrow strips of and separates the upper limits of Gangetic plains. The studywas conducted for the documentation of ethno-medicinal use of plants from Tarai region, KumaunHimalaya. Study was conducted in Tarai region of Kumaun in order to collect information fromrespondent including both men and women. PRA technique was used to collect the information. Total 70ethno-medicinal plant species belonging to 33 families, 61 genera were recorded and different habitatssuch as herbs (44%), trees (29%), shrubs (24%), climbers (3%), which were further classify according toplants parts used such as: root (22%), leaves and whole plants (17%), bark (9%), fruits (8% ), stem-bark(6%), seeds (5%), flowers and rhizome (3%) and gum (2%). It was found that 70 medicinal plant specieswere used by local people for curing 48diseases such as dysentery, diarrhea, cough, skin diseases,asthma, fever, piles, bronchitis, rheumatism, cold, cut and wounds, eye diseases etc.Keywords: Diversity, ethnomedicinal plants, PRA technique, tarai region, kumaun himalaya1. IntroductionThe Himalaya comprises the largest mountain chain covering approximately 8 million km2 insurface area and occupying a length of approximately 3000 km. The Himalaya represents acomplete transaction from tropical to temperate conditions despite its location near the tropics.The state of Uttarakhand comprised of Kumaun and Garhwal divisions, represents the CentralHimalaya part of India. It overlapped by western and eastern Himalayan floras [33]. The Tarairegion is a water-logged alluvial plain and having slope, deep, fertile, moist loamy soil. TheTarai belt includes long and narrow strips of low lying plains of about10-25km width. Itseparates the upper limits of Gangetic plains [11]. Some studies have been shown that altitudeprimarily dictates the vegetational strata [6] and livelihood patterns of the local people. InKumaun Himalayan region, the bhabar and tarai lie in the southeast and southwest regions andare surrounded by somewhat tropical and sub-tropical vegetation [6] and grassland [9]. InKumaun region of Central Himalaya, the central tarai region includes a higher diversity ofangiospermic vegetation in both natural and planted forest. The central tarai region hasexperienced anthropogenic pressure that has also affect the flora of the area due todevelopmental activities. There are approximately 1748 species of medicinal plant have beenreported from the Indian Himalayan region, out of these 701 species occur in Uttarakhand state(West Himalaya).From ancient time, medicinal plants and their uses in the medicine indigenously are wellknown to the nation. The medicinal plants are the basic ingredients of the traditional medicine,which decreasing with faster rate due to increase in consumption and many of them ready toextinct from the forests. Initially these plants were the main part of folk knowledge andEthnomedicine.Practices in India. Later these plants consider in the different systems of medicines such asAyurveda, Yunani, Sidha or other systems as well as with the advancement in the techniquesof phytochemistry and pharmacology. In modern system of medicine, there is notable numberof active compounds isolated from medicinal and introduce as valuable drugs in drug industry.Documentation of the indigenous knowledge through ethnobotanical studies is important forthe conservation and utilization of biological resources [22]. Therefore, establishment of thelocal names and indigenous uses of plants has significant potential societal benefits [3]. 139
Journal of Medicinal Plants StudiesIt would be beneficial to conduct pharmacologic studies, ifsuch plants used to treat the same disease in different placesacross the world. In addition to the requirement forconservation and cultivation of medicinal plants, it has alsobecome essential to protect and patent the traditionalknowledge [30]. In the region most medicinal plants are beingextracted for drug and pharmaceutical.Industries from the wild [2, 21]. Almost every plant haseconomic value from either a nutritional, esthetics ormedicinal purposes.2. Material and Methods2.1 Study areaThe study was conducted in the central tarai region ofKumaun Himalaya in Lalkuan and Haldwani of Nainitaldistrict during 2016-2018. The area is located approximatelybetween 28 41’–29 05’N latitude and 79 18’–79 31’Elongitude with altitude ranging from 200 to 300m amsl. TheLalkuan site starts just after the bhabar of the foot-hill regionand Haldwani is situated just after hill region. Lalkuan is wellknown for its paper mill and timber industries. Due to thepaper mill industry there is a monoculture plantationoccupying the major part of the study area.The tarai area is water logged alluvial plain with a gentlesouth east lope. The entire study area was divided into twosites and 4 sub sites (Natural forest, planted and agriculturefields).2.2 Data collectionThe species collected were preserved for taxonomicidentification following [15] and identified with help offollowing flora [12, 14, 27]. In all the said locations respondentswere interviewed individually and group discussion. The PRAtechnique used to collect the information. The respondentswere interviewed in their own houses and in nearby places ofstudy area where they would normally be collects fodder,fuel, etc. Out of total Population, 10% of people wereinterviewed. The respondents were different in age, genderand education. People of different genders, different agegroups, economy class, and activity (Like serving person,landless wager, traditional knowledge holder and farmersetc.). Local name, family of species, part(s) used,ethnobotanical use(s), and mode of utilization was noted infield diary (Table 1).3. Results and DiscussionA Total 70 ethnomedicinal plants species belonging to 33families, 61 genera were recorded (Table 1). These plantspecies used by the local people for treating their variousdiseases. Different habit of the ethnomedicinal plants, such asherbs (44%), trees (29%), shrubs (24%), climbers (3%) wererecords (Figure 2) which were further classify according toplants parts used such as: root (22%), leaves and whole plants(17%), bark (9%), fruits (8% ), stem-bark (6%), seeds (5%),flowers and rhizome (3%) and gum (2%) (Figure 3). It wasfound that 70 medicinal plant species were used by localpeople for curing 48 diseases such as dysentery, diarrhea,cough, skin diseases, asthma, fever, piles, bronchitis,rheumatism, cold, cut and wounds, eye diseases etc. From theFigure 1, It was recorded that family fabaceae (8) wasobserved highly dominated species followed by apocynacea(6), malvaceae (6), asteraceae (4), Euphorbiaceae (4),acanthaceae (4), amaranthacea (3), combretaceae (3) andsolanaceae (3). Some of the families were reported as 2species in each family and rest of the families are monotypic.The aim of this study is to document the floristic compositionand ethnomedicinal aspects of flora in tarai region. It wasobserved that both women and men were collected plants forfodder, fuel, and food value from the forest. These peoplehave been dependent on these plant products and have theirown different mode of use for a very long time. Thus theygave their consents in collecting the knowledge ofethnomedicinal plants. Many previous studies have beensupport the present study to make contributions forindigenous ethnomedicinal knowledge. Some studies toldabout the sourcing of raw materials for development ofCommercial pharmaceuticals [5, 6]. Some authors did preciouswork in the field of Ethnobotany and Ethnomedicine fromdifferent parts of India, such as [4, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 23, 34]. Notablecontributions were made by different workers for the CentralHimalaya region [1, 8, 18, 19, 20, 26, 28, 33, 35]. They recorded veryuseful plants in their studies which were used by localinhabitants frequently. In our knowledge, published literatureindicates that in this region very few investigations weremade for ethnomedicinal study in particular. It was found thataround 30 species of Garhwal Himalaya have been listed invarious categories under threat in the Indian Red Data Books[25]of which 24 species are from high altitude alpine regionswhich need special attention for conservation. Rawat et al,2001 reported 45 more species (Excluding Red Data Book)and Nautiyal et al. 2004 recorded 30 species from highaltitudes. These ethnomedicinal plants are also a source ofincome for the local communities. In this region, many ruralpeople collect these medicinal plants from the wild and usedifferently by different people for their survival.Fig 1: Dominant families belonging to ethnomedicinal plant species 140
Journal of Medicinal Plants StudiesFig 2: Habit of Ethnomedicinal plant speciesFig 3: Percent distribution of plant part usedTable 1: Ethnomedicinal plants of tarai regionVernacularNameBotanical NameAndrographis paniculata(Burm. f) Wall.ex NeesKaruntaBarleria cristata L.Dicliptera bicalyculata (Retz.)KawgariKostel.BasingJusticia adhatoda L.LatjeeraAchyranthus aspera L.Alternanthera sessilis (L.)GuderesagR.Br. ex DC.Aerva sanguinolenta (L.)AstamabaydaBlume.AamMangifera indica L.Cryptolepis buchanani Roem.Dhudhibel& Schult.Calotropis gigantea R.Br. ex.MadarAit.Calotropis procera (Aiton) R.MadarBr.Holarrhena antidysentericaKuraWall.Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R.DudhiBr.Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. medicinal UsesAcanthaceaeHWpPlant used in dysentery, dyspepsia and fever.AcanthaceaeHLfLeaves used in cuts and wounds and headache.AcanthaceaeHWpPlant used in dysentery.AcanthaceaeAmaranthaceaSh Lf, Fl, RtHRtAmaranthaceaHLf, StAmaranthaceaeHRtRoot used in headache.AnacardiaceaeTSdSeed used in treatment of vomiting, dysentery and diarrhea.ApocynaceaeShBr, LfBark and leaves used in cough, cold and fever.ApocynaceaeShRt, BrApocynaceaeClLfApocynaceaeHRt, LfApocynaceaeApocynaceaeRoot bark used in asthma, boils, cold, cough, dysentery,eczema and skin diseases, indigestion, piles, and toothache.Root used in asthma, cold, cough, dysentery, skin diseasesShRtand indigestion.Bark, leaves and seeds used in dysentery, diarrhea, headache,T Br, Lf, Sdfever, piles, ulcers, cuts & wounds and skin diseases.VachaAcorus calamus L.AraceaeHRhSatawarAsparagus racemosus Willd.AsparagaceaeShRtKukrondhaAgeratum conyzoides L.AsteraceaeHWpKumeriyaBidens pillosa L.AsteraceaeHWpBhangrayaEclipta prostrata L.AsteraceaeHWpKatariTridax procumbens L.AsteraceaeHLfBhangCannabis sativa L.CannabinaceaeHLf, FlKabraCapparis spinosa L.CapparaceaeHRt, BrJakhiyaCleome viscosa L.CleomaceaeHWpSanjaTerminalia alata RothCombretaceaeTBrBaheraTerminalia bellirica ceaeHHRhRtKyolNagarmothaTerminalia chebula (Gaertn.)Retz.Costus speciosus Smith.Cyperus rotundus L.KhokaliAcalypha indica L.EuphorbiaceaeDantiBaliospermum montanumEuphorbiaceaeHararLeaves and root useful in cough, bronchitis, asthma.Root used in diabetes and dysentery.Leaves and stem used in dysentery, diarrhea, skin diseasesand fever.Leaves used in fever.Root used for reduce blood pressure, bowels. Leaves for eyetroubles.Rhizome used in fever, constipation, bronchitis, cough,diarrhea, dysentery and piles.Root used in blood disease, diarrhea, dysentery, rheumatismPlant used in cuts and wounds, diarrhoea, headache, scabies,swellings.Plant used in cough, eye complaints, headache, leprosy, skindiseases, sores, cuts and wounds.Plant used in ear & eye trouble, headache, liver disorder andskin diseases.Leaves used in diarrhea, dysentery, cut and wounds.Leaf and flowers used in bronchitis, cuts, dyspepsia, skindisorders, cold, cough, epilepsy, sores.Root and bark used in arthritis and paralysis.Plant used in fever, indigestion, cough, earache And skindiseases.Bark used in diarrhea and ulcer.Fruits used in biliousness, diarrhea, dropsy, dyspepsia, eyetroubles, headache, fever, leprosy, piles, and skin diseases.Fruit used in chronical ulcer, cough and wounds.Rhizome used in cough and cold.Tuberous root used in stomach and bowels.Plant used in bronchitis, pneumonia and asthma. Leaves usedHWpin scabies.Sh Lf, Rt, Sd Leaves, root and seeds used in asthma, dropsy, constipation, 141
Journal of Medicinal Plants StudiesMuell. Arg.DudhiRoliEuphorbia hirta L.EuphorbiaceaeHWpMallotus philippinensis (Lamk)EuphorbiaceaeMuell.- Arg.TFrRattiAbrus precatorius L.FabaceaeClSdSakinaDesmodium gangeticum DC.FabaceaeShRtKhairAcacia catechu Willd.FabaceaeTSt. BrSanjaTerminalia alata RothCombretaceaeTBrBaheraTerminalia bellirica ceaeHHRhRtTFrKyolNagarmothaTerminalia chebula (Gaertn.)Retz.Costus speciosus Smith.Cyperus rotundus L.KhokaliAcalypha indica L.EuphorbiaceaeDantiBaliospermum montanumMuell. Arg.EuphorbiaceaeDudhiEuphorbia hirta L.EuphorbiaceaeHararRoliMallotus philippinensis (Lamk)EuphorbiaceaeMuell.- Arg.Abrus precatorius L.FabaceaeClSakinaDesmodium gangeticum DC.FabaceaeShKhairAcacia catechu Willd.FabaceaeTLapetuaKanghiChutkuraNeemSida rhombifolia L.Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet.Urena lobata L.Azadirachta indica A. ainMelia azedarach L.MeliaceaeTPattaCissampelos pareira Linn.JamunSyzygium cumini (L.) Skeel.MyrtaceaeTGodahpurnaHarsingarBoerhavia diffusa L.Nyctanthes arbortristis L.NyctaginaceaeNyctaginaceaeHShChamoriOxalis corniculata L.OxalidaceaeHAwalaPhyllanthus emblica L.PhyllanthaceaeTChitterPlumbago zeylanica L.PlumbaginaceaeHDoob ghasCynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.PoaceaeHBaerZizyphus mauritiana Lam.RhamnaceaeShRhamnaceaeShMaindulZizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.)Willd.Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.)Tirveng.Menispermaceae HRubiaceaeFruit used in boils, blisters, constipation and dysentery.Seeds are used in nervous disorder, skin diseases, fever andasthma.Root used in fever, biliousness, cough, asthma.Stem bark used in cough, cold and diarrhea. Katha is used inmouth ulcer, boils, piles, skin and skin diseases.Bark used in diarrhea and ulcer.Fruits used in biliousness, diarrhea, dropsy, dyspepsia, eyetroubles, headache, fever, leprosy, piles, and skin diseases.Fruit used in chronical ulcer, cough and wounds.Rhizome used in cough and cold.Tuberous root used in stomach and bowels.Plant used in bronchitis, pneumonia and asthma. Leaves usedHWpin scabies.Leaves, root and seeds used in asthma, dropsy, constipation,Sh Lf, Rt, Sdjaundice, piles, skin diseases and stone.Plant used in cough, gonorrhea, dysentery, asthma andHWpbronchitis.RattiBaerjaundice, piles, skin diseases and stone.Plant used in cough, gonorrhea, dysentery, asthma andbronchitis.Fruit used in boils, blisters, constipation and dysentery.Seeds are used in nervous disorder, skin diseases, fever andasthma.RtRoot used in fever, biliousness, cough, asthma.Stem bark used in cough, cold and diarrhea. Katha is used inSt. Brmouth ulcer, boils, piles, skinLf, RtLeaf useful in swelling. Root used in rheumatismRtInfusion of root used in fever.RtRoot used as a remedy of rheumatism.WpPlant used in headache, rheumatism, leprosy.Flower and leaves used in headache. Seed used inWprheumatism. Leaves, fruit and bark used in leprosy andscrofula.RtRoot used in diarrhea, dropsy, cough and urinary troubles.Plant used in diabetes, leucorrhoea, bronchitis, asthma,Wpdysentery.RtRoot used in asthma, stomach-ache, anemia and jaundice.LfLeaves useful in fever, rheumatism, intestinal worm.Leaves used in eyes to cure cataract, toothache and earacheLfand cuts and wounds.Fruits used in diarrhea, dysentery, inflammation of eyes,Frjaundice, liver disorders and indigestion.Root used in biliousness, cough, diarrhea, piles, rheumatism,Rtscabies and ulcers.Plant used in cuts and wounds, dropsy, epilepsy, Diarrhea andWpdysentery.Bark used in dysentery, boils and diarrhea. Fruits and seedsBr, Fr, Sdused in cough, asthma, leucorrhoea.SdFrSh Fr, St. BkFruits used in Dysentery.Fruit pulp used in dysentery. Bark used in rheumatismPlant used in stomach-ache, skin diseases, dysentery,vomiting.Plant used in typhoid, constipation, diabetes, diarrhea,BelAegle marmelos Corr.RutaceaeTWpbronchitis and dysentery, piles.Bark used in dyspeptic complaints, asthma, diarrhea andArruAilanthus excelsus Roxb.Simaroubaceae TSt. Bkdysentery.Root used in asthma, bronchitis, colic, cough and cold andKantkariSolanum indicum L.SolanaceaeShRtskin diseases.MakoiSolanum nigrum L.SolanaceaeHWpPlant used in fever, diarrhea, eye diseases and liver disorder.KantkariSolanum surattense Burm. f.SolanaceaeHWpPlant used in cough, asthma, fever, dropsy and rheumatism.KanjuHoloptelea integrifolia Planch.UlmaceaeTBrBark used in rheumatism, swelling.Abbreviation Used- H- Herb; Sh- Shrub; T- Tree; Cl- Climber; Lf- Leaf; Rt- Root; Br- Bark; Wp- Whole plant; Fl- Flower; Fr- Fruit; Sd- Seed,St- Stem; St.Br- Stem Bark; Bd- bud; Rh- Rhizome, Gm-Gum.Kari-pattaMurraya koenigii (L.) Spr.RutaceaeShWp 142
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies4. ConclusionThe main focus of this study was to gather the information ofmedicinal plants used by the rural communities for curingtheir various diseases of the tarai region. It is crucial topreserve the precious traditional knowledge because of overexploitation and unscientific tapping into these regions by thelocal inhabitants. Thus resulted in the loss of many importantethnomedicinal plants and become rare endangered speciessoon. It needs to be protecting its identity before theirextinction in the region.5. References1. Arya J. Studies on Medicinal Flora of Tarai Region ofUttarakhand. Thesis submitted. Kumaun UniversityNainital, 2015.2. Badoni A, Badoni K. Ethnobotanical Heritage in GarhwalHimalaya: Nature, Culture and Society (Kandari OP andGusain OP Ed.). Transmedia, Srinagar Garhwal, 2001.3. Bağcı Y. Ethnobotanical features of Aladağlar (Yahyalı,Kayseri) and its vicinity. The Herb Journal of SystematicBotany. 2000; 7:89-94.4. Blatter E. Revision of the flora of Bombay Presi-dency.Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 1926;31:347-557.5. Cakilcioglu U, Turkoglu I. An ethnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants in Sivrice (Elazığ-Turkey). Journal ofEthnopharmacology. 2010; 132:165-175.6. Cakilcioglu U, Khatun S, Turkoglu I, Hayta S.Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants inMaden (Elazığ-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2011; 137:469-486.7. Champion HG, Seth SK. A Revised Survey of the ForestTypes of India. Manager of Publications, Government ofIndia, Delhi, India, 1968.8. Chandra J, Chandra S, Bangali K, Pangtey YPS.Ethnobotanical Study of a Kumaouni Festival “Harela.”Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun,Uttarakhand, India, 2005.9. Cooke T. Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, Vols. II &III. Kolkata Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, WestBengal, India, 1901-1908.10. Dabadghao PM, Shanakarnarayan KA. The Grasscoverof India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, NewDelhi, India. 1973.11. Elwin V. Maria Munder and Suicide. 2nd ed. OxfordUniversity Press, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 1950.12. Gaur RD. Flora of the District Garhwal,
Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India The state of Uttarakhand comprised of Kumaun and Garhwal divisions, represents the Central Kumaun Himalayan region, the bhabar and tarai lie in the south developmental activities. There are approximately 1748 species of medicinal plant have been
classification is based on a combination of the following criteria: climate pattern, phenology and/or growth form, and dominant species. In the current National Vegetation Classification Standard, the classification is hierarchical and incorporates the non-floristic and general floristic criteria into the upper (most general) five levels,
Objectives: medicinal plants are the main ingredients in folk’s medicine. This study evaluates ethnomedicinal plants and their ef-fects, according to the literature article, analyses, field observations and comparisons, to investigate wound healing. Components act on the skin, which present the highest susceptibility to interact with the environment and therefore receive recurrent harm and .
Eastern Ghats, rich in biological diversity of plants predominantly of medicinal and aromatic plants. Kolli hills, is one among eight hills in Southern region. It has a mild climate and the place is known for herbal cultivation. Average rainfall in the Kolli hills is 1340mm3. The soil type is loamy and black soil on kolli hills4.
Composition and Empirical Formulas . Percentage Composition The percentage composition of a compound gives the percent of the total mass made up by each element in the compound. . The percent composition can be determined either by calculating percentage composition from a given chemical formula or by experimental decomposition and analysis .
PERCENT COMPOSITION NOTES PERCENT COMPOSITION: the percentage by mass of each element in a compound FORMULA FOR % COMPOSITION: % composition mass of element in compound x 100 molar mass of compound EXAMPLE 1: Find the % composition of copper (I) sulfide, Cu 2 S. Finding % composition means that you have to find the % of each element
Plants Pupils should be taught to: and recording the weather and its effect on plants (plants growing and leavesidentify and name a variety of common plants, including garden plants, wild plants and trees, and those classified as deciduous and evergreen [1] describe the basic structure of a variety of common plants including roots,
seedless vascular plants. 8. Plants with seeds are further divided into the two groups of gymnosperms and angiosperms. 28.2 Non-Vascular Plants Bryophytes 9. Give three examples of nonvascular plants: – Moss – Liverworts – Hornworts 28.3 Vascular Plants Tracheophytes 10.Classify each of the following as
8 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. 9 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. 10 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06. 11 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. 12 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990. 13 .
