Fundamentals Of Electrical Power Measurement
FundamentalsofElectrical Power MeasurementBill GatheridgeProduct Manager 2012 Yokogawa Corporation of America1
FundamentalsofElectrical Power Measurements 2012 Yokogawa Corporation of America2
HostKristina CoppolinoMarketing SpecialistYokogawa Corporation of AmericaNewnan, GAkristina.coppolino@us.yokogawa.com1-800-888-6400 ext 5437tmi.yokogawa.com3
Yokogawa Webinar – Housekeeping IssuesTeleconference InformationCall-in toll-free number (US/Canada): 1-877-668-4490Call-in toll number (US/Canada): 1-408-792-6300Access Code – 754 756 534PC’s Speakers - Audio BroadcastTo hear the audio through your PC, select the CommunicateTab and Join the Audio Broadcast.Recorded PresentationA recording of this presentation will be posted under ourtechnical library of our web page.Poll QuestionsPlease take a few minutes to answer the 5 poll questionspresented later in the presentation.4
PresenterBill GatheridgeProduct ManagerYokogawa Corporation of AmericaNewnan, GA1-800-888-6400 Ext m5
Providing SolutionsandEducationforElectrical Power Measurements6
Overview - What We Plan To Do Part I: Electrical Power Measurements Review Some Basics Power Measurements Using a PrecisionPower Analyzer Single-Phase Power Measurements Current Sensors Three-Phase Power Measurements 2 & 3 Wattmeter Method7
Overview - What We Plan To Do Part II: Power Factor Measurement Displacement Power Factor True Power Factor Power Factor Measurements in SinglePhase & Three-Phase Circuits Practical Power Factor MeasurementApplications8
Overview - What We Plan to Do Part III: Power Measurements using aDigital Oscilloscope How to properly use a Digital Oscilloscope tomake Electrical Power Measurements Some “Do’s” and “Don’ts” Measurement Examples Comparison of a DSO and a Power Analyzer Answer your questions concerningElectrical Power Measurements9
Yokogawa Corporate History1930 VintageStandard AC Voltmeter0.2% Accuracy Class Founded in 1915. First to produce and sell electricmeters in Japan. North American operationestablished in 1957 World wide sales in excess of 4.3Billion 84 companies world wide Over 19,000 employees worldwide Operations in 33 CountriesWT3000Precision Power Analyzer10
Yokogawa Corporation of AmericaYokogawa Corporation of AmericaNewnan, GA11
Yokogawa Corporation of America12
PART IELECTRICAL POWERMEASUREMENTS13
First let’s Review some Basics14
Review OHM’S LAW15
Average and RMS ValuesAverage, RMS, Peak-to-Peak ValueConversion for Sinusoidal Wave(multiplication factor to find)Known to-Peak3.142.8282.01.0
Average and RMS Values17
Electrical Power Measurements18
Measurement of PowerWhat’s A Watt ?A unit of Power equal to oneJoule of Energy per SecondDC Source: W V x AAC Source: W V x A x PF19
Measurement of PowerAC Power Measurement Active Power:Watts P Vrms x Arms x PF Also sometimes referred to as True Power or Real Power Apparent Power:Volt-Amps S Vrms x Arms20
Measurement of AC PowerWatts P Vrms x Arms x PF Urms1 x Irms1 x λ1Volt-Amps S Vrms x Arms Urms1 x Irms121
Measurement of Power 22Digital Power Analyzers are entirely electronicand use some form of DIGITIZING TECHNIQUEto convert analog signals to digital form. higher end analyzers use DIGITAL SIGNALPROCESSING techniques to determine valuesDigital Power Oscilloscopes use SPECIALFIRMWARE to make true power measurementsDigitizing instruments are somewhatRESTRICTED because it is a sampled datatechniqueMany Power Analyzers and Power Scopes applyFFT algorithms for additional power andharmonic analysis
Measurement of Power Yokogawa Digital Power Analyzers andDigital Power Scopes use the followingmethod to calculate power: Pavg 1/TT 0v(t) * I (t) dt Using digitizing techniques, theINSTANTANEOUS VOLTAGE is multiplied by theINSTANTANEOUS CURRENT and thenINTEGRATED over some time period.23
True RMS MeasurementsTPtotal 1/T 0 v(t) * I (t) dtURMS 1/TIRMS 1/TT 0 v(t)2 dtT 0 i(t)2 dtThese calculation methods provide a True PowerMeasurement and True RMS Measurement on anytype of waveform, including all the harmoniccontent, up to the bandwidth of the instrument.24
Single Phase Power MeasurementWattmeterAACSourceI(t)V(t)WOne - phasetwo - wireLoadV.Single WattmeterMethod25
Measurement of PowerSingle-Phase Two-Wire System The voltage and current detected by theMETER are the voltage and currentapplied directly to the Load. The indication on the Meter is the POWERbeing dissipated by the load.26
Measurement Results27Single-Phase Two-Wire System
Current wa/GMWLEM/Danfysik CT SystemPearsonElectronics28Ram MeterShunts
Current SensorsSELECTION CONSIDERATIONS Accuracy, CT Turns Ratio Accuracy Phase Shift 1 or 2 Degrees Maximum: Cosine 2 Deg 0.9994 Frequency Range DC to line frequency, sine waves: DC Shunts DC & AC: Hall Effect or Active type CT AC Approximately 30 Hz and higher: Various typesof CT’s29
Current SensorsSELECTION CONSIDERATIONS Instrument Compatibility Output: Millivolts/Amp, Milliamps/Amp; or Amps Impedance and Load, Burden Scope Probes - - CAUTION! Use on Scopes, NOTPower Analyzers Physical Requirements Size Connections: Clamp-On or Donut type Distance from Load to Instrument30
Current SensorsA WORD OF CAUTION NEVER Open Circuit the Secondary side of a CurrentTransformer while it is energized! This could cause serious damage to the CT and couldpossibly be harmful to equipment operators. A CT is a Current Source. By Ohm’s Law E I x R When R is very large, E becomes very high The High Voltage generated inside the CT will causea magnetic saturation of the core, winding damage, orother damage which could destroy the CT.31
Single-Phase Three-Wire Power MeasurementWattmeter 1AL1ACSource WI(t)VV(t).NV(t)L2I(t)AOne - phasethree - wireLoad VW Wattmeter 2Two WattmeterMethod32PT W1 W2
Measurement of PowerSingle-Phase Three-Wire System(Split Phase) The voltage and current detected by the METERS are thevoltage and current applied directly to the Load. The indication on EACH METER is the power beingdelivered by the LINE to which the meter is connected. The total power dissipated by the load is the ALGEBRAICSUM of the two indications.33
Measurement Results 34Single-Phase Three-Wire System
Measurement Results35Single-Phase Three-Wire System
Measurement Results36Single-Phase Three-Wire System
Measurement of PowerBlondel TransformationBlondel theory states that total power ismeasured with ONE LESS wattmeter than thenumber of WIRES.371-P 2-W1 Wattmeter1-P 3-W3-P 3-W2 Wattmeters2 Wattmeters3-P 4-W3 Wattmeters
Three - Phase Systemsvcnvca120o120ovbcnvan120ovabvbn38
Three - Phase SystemsPhaseVoltagesMeasuredLine toNeutral39
Three - Phase SystemsabvanvabcvbnvbcvcaFour - WireThree - PhaseSystemvcnnVl-n 120 / 277 VoltsVl-l 208 / 480 Volts40Vl-l 3* Vl-n
Measurement of PowerA W aaACSourcebVA VvancvbnA W cThree WattmeterMethodFour - WireThree - PhaseLoadVvcnn41Wb PT Wa Wb Wc
Measurement of PowerThree-Phase Four-Wire System The three meters use the FOURTH wire as thecommon voltage REFERENCE. Each meter indicates the PHASE power.42 The TOTAL POWER for the three phases is theALGEBRAIC SUM of the three meters. In essence, each meter measures a SINGLEPHASE of the three phase system.
Measurement ResultsPhasePower Three-Phase Four-Wire SystemPhasePowerFactorPhaseCurrent&Voltage43
Measurement ResultsThree-Phase Four-Wire SystemPhaseVoltagesMeasuredLine toNeutralPhaseCurrents44
Three-Phase Four–Wire Vector DiagramU1U345PhaseVoltagesU2MeasuredLine toNeutral
Three-Phase Three-Wire Systemsavabvcabvcbc46Three - WireThree - PhaseSystem
Measurement of PowerRememberBlondel’s Transformation. . . total power is measured with ONE LESSwattmeter than the number of WIRES.47
Measurement of Power 3P-3W SystemThree - Phase Three - Wire System With Two MetersAaACSourcebVWa vacvabA WbVThree - WireThree - PhaseLoad vcbcVTwo WattmeterMethod48AWc PT Wa Wb
Measurement of PowerThree-Phase Three-Wire SystemThe wattmeters used for this connection eachmeasure the PHASE CURRENTSThe measured voltages are the LINE-TO-LINEvalues, NOT Phase Voltage.Thus the indications on each of the meters IS NOTthe power delivered by the PHASE of themeasured current.This configuration is a very NON-INTUITIVEconnection!49
Three-Phase Three-Wire System The method yields the Total Power as the Sum of theTWO METERS in Phase 1 and 2. Note that NONE of themeters is indicating the correct PHASE POWER.50
Electrical Power Measurements The Two Wattmeter technique tends to causeless confusion than the three meter techniquesince there is no expectation that a meter willgive an accurate phase indication. However, with the Yokogawa PowerAnalyzers, on a 3-Phase 3-Wire System, use the3V-3A wiring method. This method will give allthree Voltages and Currents, and correct TotalPower, Total Power Factor and VAMeasurements on either Balanced orUnbalanced 3-Wire system.51
Three-Phase Three-Wire System With Three MetersThe method yields the Total Power as the Sum of theTWO METERS in Phase 1 and 2. Note that NONE of themeters is indicating the correct PHASE POWER.52
Delta MeasurementsP3P3W P3P4W3P3W (3V3A) ConnectionL-LVoltageL-NVoltage PhasePowerNeutralCurrentPhase Power Measurement Solution on 3P3W (3V3A) Connection5353
3P-3W and 3P-4W Power MeasurementsP3P3W P3P4W3P-3WU L-N x 3 U L-L543P-4W55.20 x 3 95.6054
PART IIPOWER FACTORMEASUREMENTS55
Power Factor MeasurementIf Power Factor is the Cosine of the Anglebetween Voltage and Current, then howdo we measure Power Factor on a ThreePhase Circuit?56
R - L - C CircuitSItotILVmax*sin(w*t)CL57ICIRR
Current LAGS Voltage in an InductorPT Vrms * IT rms * Cos ØØ 44.77 DegreesCos Ø 0.7099458
Current LEADS Voltage in a CapacitorPT Vrms * IT rms * Cos ØØ 45.09 DegreesCos Ø 0.7059959
Real World ExamplesInductive LoadAC MotorCurrent LAGSVoltage in anInductorCapacitive LoadCompact FlorescentLampCurrent LEADSVoltage in aCapacitor60
Power Factor Measurement PF COS Ø Where is the ZeroCrossing for theCurrentWaveform? How do weaccuratelymeasure Øbetween these twowaveforms?61
Power Factor MeasurementFor SINE WAVES ONLYPF Cos ØThis is defined as the DISPLACEMENTPower ------------For All WaveformsPF W/VAThis is defined as TRUE Power Factor62
Phasor Form of PowerPhasor Diagram of Power for R - L CircuitQS“POWER TRIANGLE”VOLT-AMPSVARTRUE POWER FACTORPF W / VA0WATTS63P
Power Factor MeasurementTrue Power FactorPF W / VAPF 87.193/113.753PF 0.76651Power Supply Input64
Power Factor MeasurementDisplacementPower FactorPF Cos ØBetweenFundamentalWaveformsPF Cos 21.06PF 0.9332PF P1 / S1PF 48.16 / 51.61PF 0.9332Power Supply Input65Current LAGS Voltage by 21.06 Degrees
Power Factor on 3-Phase System3-Phase 4-Wire SystemPFTotal W / VAPFTotal ( W1 W2 W3 ) / ( VA1 VA2 VA3 )66
Power Factor on 3-Phase 3-Wire SystemUsing 2 Wattmeter MethodPFTotal W / VAPFTotal ( W1 W2 ) / ( 3/2)( VA1 VA2 ) If the load is Unbalanced, that is the Phase Currents aredifferent, this method could result in an error in calculatingtotal Power Factor since only two VA measurements areused in the calculation.67
Power Factor on 3-Phase 3-Wire SystemUsing 3 Wattmeter MethodPFTotal W / VAPFTotal ( W1 W2 ) / ( 3/3)( VA1 VA2 VA3 ) This method will give correct Power Factor calculation oneither Balanced or Unbalanced 3-Wire system. Note thatall three VA measurements are used in the calculation.This calculation is performed in the Yokogawa PowerAnalyzers when using the 3V-3A wiring method.68
3-Phase 3-Wire Power Factor Measurement3V 3AMeasurement Method P P1 P2 PF P / VA PF 49.466 / 93.060 PF 0.53155 How is VA calculated?69
POWER MEASUREMENTAPPLICATIONS70
Standby PowerEnergy Star &IEC62301 Testing71
Overview International Standard IEC62301 Household Electrical Appliances –Measurement of Standby Power Hardware and SoftwareMeasurement Solution72
Scope This International Standard specifies methodsof measurement of electrical powerconsumption in Standby Mode. It isapplicable to mains powered electricalhousehold appliances. The objective of this standard is to provide astandard method of test to determine thepower consumption of a range of appliancesand equipment in standby mode.73
Terms and Definitions The Standard also references Twenty Five(25) IEC Standards for various Householdelectrical appliances. These standards define the various testparameters with the limits for items such asTHD, Power and other items for theappropriate product. In the US and North America, the EnergyStar standard is typically used for the testinglimits.74
Appliance TypePulse Power ModeExample: Laser Printer or Copy Machine with Heaters75
Terms and Definitions Yokogawa’s Standby Power Measurement: Energy divided by Time Watt-Hour/Time. This is the Average Active Powermeasurement mode. This is the preferred method as it works onboth steady and fluctuating power sourcesand is the most accurate method. Yokogawa pioneered this method with theModel WT200 introduced in 2000.76
OTHER APPLICATIONS77
Power Measurement Application3-P 3-W PWM Motor Drive Power Measurement3V 3AMeasurementMethodDrive voltage istypicallymeasured usingthe Mean valuescaled to rms. DC BusVoltage ismeasured asU pk78
Device Efficiency Measurement Device Efficiency is Calculated as Output PowerDivided by Input Power Usually expressed as a percentage Use Two Power Meters to Measure the Input andOutput Power Calculate the Efficiency from the readings of thetwo Power Meters Problem – Input and Output Readings may not bemade Simultaneously. Possible error due to TimeSkew Use a Multi-Element Power Analyzer to MeasureInput and Output Power Calculate the Efficiency in a Single Power Analyzer Eliminates any Error due to Time Skew ofMeasurements79
Device Efficiency MeasurementsDeviceEfficiency:Output PInput PPower Analyzer Setup Menu80
Device Efficiency & Power LossInput PowerDevice EfficiencyOutputPowerDevice Loss81
Power Measurement ApplicationDevice Start UpAnalysisDevice VoltageDevice CurrentCycle-by-CycleStart Up Power82
PART IIIBASIC POWER MEASUREMENTSusing aDIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE83
Power Analysis with a DSOWhy use a Digital Oscilloscope forElectrical Power Measurements? We have a “Comfort Level” using anOscilloscope Dedicated Probes & Ease of Connections Power Analysis Math Capabilities High-frequency Bandwidth Waveform Display & Analysis Harmonic Analysis to IEC Standards84
Measurement of Power Special Note:When using an oscilloscope, AC Power is notjust connecting a voltage probe to Ch1 anda current probe to Ch2 and then multiplyingCh1 x Ch2.This will give an AC measurement of VA,not AC Watts.85
Measurement of PowerRemember - AC Power Measurement Active Power:Watts P Vrms x Arms x PF Also sometimes referred to as True Power or Real Power Apparent Power:Volt-Amps S Vrms x Arms86
Measurement of Power Yokogawa Digital Power Scopes use thefollowing method to calculate power:T Pavg 1/T 0 v(t) * I (t) dt 87Taking advantage of digitizing techniques, theINSTANTANEOUS VOLTAGE is multiplied by theINSTANTANEOUS CURRENT and thenINTEGRATED over some time period.
Power Analyzer vs. DSOFunction88Power AnalyzerDSOBandwidthDC – 2MHzDC – 500 MHzPower DC –50 MHzAccuracy0.1 to 0.02%1.5% at inputterminals, at DCCalibrated TraceableMeasurement SystemPower approx 3.5%Based on ProbesDC AccuracyRangesDirect connectionHigh Voltage &High CurrentsProbes for highfrequency & smallcurrentsDigitizersTypical 16-Bit65,536 levelsTypical 8-Bit256 Levels
Measurement Challenge: SKEWCurrent clampe.g. 30 A, 100 MHzmodel 701932Differential probee.g. 1400 V, 100 MHzmodel 700924Skew Propagation Delay DifferenceDeskew Source - model 701936CurrentSynchronousreference signal forvoltage and currentVoltageAuto Deskew function89Successful de-skew!
Deskew Calibration Signal source used for adjusting the skew between a voltageprobe and a current probe.- Many different kinds of probes can be used for powermeasurements. Each probe has a different signal pathlength.- Signal source generates time-coincident voltage andcurrent signals. This allows you to adjust for skewbetween voltage and current probes.Signal edges are aligned90
BEFORE DE-SKEW91
AFTER DE-SKEW92
Yokogawa Solution: Auto De-skewTo correctly measure the analysis parameters such as power, impedance, power factor, watt hour,and ampere hour from the voltage and current under analysis, the voltage and current signalsmust be applied to the Vertical Input channels of the Oscilloscope while preserving the phaserelationship which exists between U & I in the DUT.Outputsignals withno delayCurrentVoltageVoltage SourceCurrent SourceOne-touchAuto-DeskewDeskew - The difference in the current probe and voltage probesignal propagation time (skew) is automatically corrected.93
Power Analysis with a DSOTypical Measurements Board Lever Power Measurements Switching Power Loss Device Power Consumption Switching Noise Level Harmonics Waveform Display & Analysis Inrush & Transients94
Power Supply Input with Power Analyzer95
Power Supply Input with DSO96
Power Supply Input SummaryMeasurement age RMS118.28 V117.27 VCurrent RMS1.3323 A1.3321 AWatts97.54 W96.49 W0.6190.617Power Factor97
PWM Inverter Output with Power Analyzer98
PWM Inverter Output with Power DSO99
PWM Inverter Output SummaryMeasurement age RMS176.18 V178.56 VCurrent RMS0.3830 A0.3950 AWatts44.75 W46.37 W0.66320.6602Power Factor100
DSO Power Calculation101
What You Will Need Power Measurements with a DSO– Oscilloscope– Options – power analysis, probe power– Probes Differential Voltage Probe Current probe High Voltage Probe– Other Isolation line-transformer for non-isolated designs(safety). Deskew Device102
Yokogawa’s Power Measuring Solutions Yokogawa offers the Most Complete Line ofPower Measurement Products to meet thecustomers Application and Budget. Product, Application and Software supportprovided from a network of Field Sales Reps,Factory Regional Sales Managers and FactorySupport Engineers. NIST Traceable Calibration provided by FactoryTrained technicians in Newnan, GA.103
Yokogawa’s Power Measuring SolutionsPrecision PowerAnalyzers104
Yokogawa’s Power Measuring SolutionsDigital Oscilloscopeswith Power Analysis105
Yokogawa’s Power Measuring SolutionsPortable Power TestInstruments106
Yokogawa’s Power Measuring SolutionsPanel and SwitchboardAnalog Meters107
Yokogawa’s Power Measuring SolutionsPower Transducers108
Yokogawa’s Power Measuring SolutionsMulti FunctionDigital Meters109
Yokogawa’s Power Measuring SolutionsPortable Instruments110
Overview - What We Hope You Learned Helped You With a Better Understandingof Electrical Power Measurements Review of Some of the BasicsPower Measurements Using a PrecisionPower Analyzer and Digital Oscilloscope Single-Phase Power Measurements Current Sensors Three-Phase Power Measurements 2 & 3 Wattmeter Method111
Overview - What We Hope You Learned Part II: Power Factor Measurements Displacement Power Factor True Power Factor Power Factor Measurements in SinglePhase & Three-Phase Circuits Practical Power Factor M
Fundamentals of Electrical Power Measurement Bill Gatheridge Product Manager . Electronics 28 . Current Sensors . The total power dissipated by the load is the ALGEBRAIC SUM of the two indications. 33 . Measurement Results Single-Phase Three-Wire System 34 .
Electrical Infrastructure includes an electrical installation, electrical equipment, electrical line or associated equipment for an electrical line. 1.9 Electrical installation As per the Electrical Safety Act 2002 (s15) (a) An electrical installation is a group of items of electrical equipment that—
Pass Google ADWORDS-FUNDAMENTALS Exam with 100% Guarantee Free Download Real Questions & Answers PDF and VCE file from: . A key benefit of My Client Center (MCC) is that it allows: . Latest Google exams,latest ADWORDS-FUNDAMENTALS dumps,ADWORDS-FUNDAMENTALS pdf,ADWORDS-FUNDAMENTALS vce,ADWORDS-FUNDAMENTALS dumps,ADWORDS-FUNDAMENTALS exam .
P100 Partial Plumbing Plan ELECTRICAL E001 Electrical Notes E002 Electrical Symbols E003 Energy Compliance ED100 Electrical Demo Plan E100 Electrical Lighting Plan E200 Electrical Power Plan E300 Electrical One-Line E400 Electrical Schedules The Addenda, if any, are as follows: Number Date Pages . .
source of energy consumption in any modern household. ¾Most electrical energy is supplied by commercial power plants. . by series of substations ¾When higher voltages (132kV) are used, this . Electrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers. 25 www.eit.edu.au Bonding Conductors
Microsoft Power Platform Fundamentals (PL-900) Master Cheat Sheet A collection of resources, study notes, and learning material to help prepare for and pass exam PL-900: Microsoft Power Platform Fundamentals. This exam focuses on the core capabilities of the Power Platform including: Power Apps, Power BI, and Power Automate
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 2020 5 MODULE 2 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT I. OBJECTIVE 1. To know LCR Meter and its function 2. To know the construction of LCR Meter and how LCR Meter works II. BASIC THEORY LCR meter is an electronic electrical measurement to measure resistance, inductance and capacitance value.
26 00 00 Electrical General Requirements 26 01 00 Basic Electrical Systems Testing By Electrical Contactor 26 05 00 Basic Electrical Materials and Methods 26 08 00 Commissioning of Electrical Systems 26 10 00 Medium-Voltage Electrical Distribution 26 20 00 Electrical Service & Distribution 26 29 00 Variable Speed Drives 26 30 00 Standby Power .
Annual Men’s Day Sunday, October 26, 2008 Order of Service Devotion Men’s Day Praise Team Responsive Reading Psalm 1 Congregational Singing This Little Light of Mine Selection Men’s Day Choir Altar Prayer Dance Selection Creations of God Announcements Bro. Robert Shields Pastoral Observations Message Rev. Jeffery A. Lang, Senior Pastor Southside Church & International Ministries Jackson .
